29 Ohio St. 13 | Ohio | 1875
We have felt some embarrassment in this-case on account of the indefinite and ambiguous character of the answer, and the uncertain nature of the issues sought to be raised.
The statement in the petition that the notes were in the wrongful possession of the defendant, seems to have been regarded as an averment material to the plaintiffs cause of action upon which issue might be taken.
That statement is inserted in the petition to show the reason why copies of the notes sued on are not attached to- and filed with the petition as provided in section 117 of the code. Copies attached to and filed with the pleading, as required by that section of the code, form no part of the pleading. If the copies are not so attached and filed, the reason thereof must be shown in the pleading. The sufficiency of the reason given for the omission is to be decided by the court, and does not affect the merits of the action.
The fact that the notes were in the possession of the defendant, and that he refused to surrender them, was a sufficient excuse for the plaintiff not furnishing copies, without regard to whether the possession of the defendant was rightful or wrongful.
The answer, therefore, in denying that the possession of the notes by the defendant was wrongful, tendered an immaterial issue.
The remainder of the answer was clearly defective, and. if objected to ought not to have been allowed as a pleading in the ease. Indeed, without such objection, the court would have been well warranted in striking it from the files.
It merely alleged that at the date of the death of the intestate the notes were not, nor was either of them, outstanding against the defendant, and that there was nothing due the plaintiff' upon the notes.
Upon what facts the defendant relied to show the ex-tinguishment of the indebtedness evidenced by the notes is not stated. Whether he meant to rely on the fact of
The making of the notes not being denied, the plaintiff, in the absence of special matter showing their discharge, would be entitled to judgment. The duty of pleading such matter rested on the defendant, as well as the burden of proving it.
In the present case, the defendant, on the tidal, set up as a defense that the intestate while in life had discharged him from his indebtedness on the notes by surrendering them to him as a gift.
This defense he gave evidence tending to prove, and the plaintiff gave evidence tending to disprove.
No question was made either by the parties or by the court that the matter thus sought to be established was not properly in issue by the pleadings. As it might, under the circumstances, work injustice to treat the defendant as in default for answer, we have concluded, though not without hesitation, to regard the pleadings as putting in issue the defense sought to be established at the trial, and to proceed to consider the questions of-error, so far as we deem it necessary to notice them.
And, first, as to the exclusion of the declarations of the intestate, that she intended to give the notes in controversy to the defendant.
In excluding this evidence, we think the court erred. It is true the intention to make a gift, of itself, availeth nothing. So long as the gift remains unexecuted, the intended donee takes nothing. But where the subject of the alleged gift has been delivered, the intention w'ith which the' delivery was made becomes material, and this intention-may be proved by the declarations of the alleged' donor, whether made at the time of the delivery or not. -Nor does'
To constitute a complete gift, the concurrence of two things are necessary: first, the intention to make it; and, secondly, the intention must be executed or carried into effect.
The remaining question of error we shall notice arises on the charge of the court to the jury.
In this also we think the court erred.
The charge assumes, as we understand it, that the presumption arising in favor of the maker of a note or other evidence of debt, from the fact of its being found in his possession, is destroyed or rebutted by the mere fact of the death of the payee or former holder. This is a mistake. The presumption as a general principle is not affected by the fact as to whether the parties who may have been concerned in the paper are living or dead. It would hardly be claimed as a general principle that persons in possession of the notes, bills, and other evidences of debt which they may have given, will be presumed to hold them discharged of liability while the former holders are living, but that on such holders dying the presumption will cease to operate.
In its practical application the presumption may be strong or very weak, according to the circumstances of the particular case. And the amount of evidence required to overcome the presumption in a given case will, in general, depend on the good sense of the jury, subject, of course, to such instruction from the court as the case may require.
On the death of a person his assets of necessity pass into possession or custody of others. If a controversy should arise, as m this case, whether certain notes belonged to the assets of the estate, or whether they had. been released or discharged by the intestate, the burden of proving such discharge would rest on the defendant. And in so far as he relied on his possession of the notes as presumptive evidence of their surrender and discharge by the intestate, the force and effect of the presumption would depend on the
The relation in which the defendant stood to the intestate, and to the notes both before and after the death of the intestate, and the opportunities he may have had of obtaining them otherwise than as he claimed, were important subjects of inquiry. But we do not think the mere opportunity to obtain the notes unlawfully, as matter of lato, destroys the presumption arising from their possession. The effect to be given to such opportunity, taken in connection with the other circumstances, is for the determination of the jury-
The presumption arising from possession has reference solely to the effect of the possession in the absence of all countervailing evidence. The force of the presumption, therefore, in a particular case, will depend on the circumstances of that case.
Leave granted; judgment of the district court, and that of the court of common pleas, reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
