37 Neb. 353 | Neb. | 1893
Victor G. Lantry brought this suit in the district court of Douglas county against James M. Parker, to quiet hie title to a tract of land designated as outlot 215 in the city of Florence. In his petition plaintiff alleged title and possession in himself, and averred that the defendant claimed under a tax deed, which was void and conveyed no title. The defendant, by a counter-claim, alleged title in himself' by adverse possession, and alleged that shortly before the' commencement of the suit his possession was forcibly invaded by agents of the plaintiff. The prayer was for an injunction restraining the plaintiff from molesting defendant in his possession of said tract, and for general relief. The district court found all the issues for the defendant, dismissed plaintiff’s petition, quieted title in defendant, and enjioned plaintiff from asserting any interest in the property, and from interfering with defendant’s possession.
Several questions are presented as to the admissibility of the evidence offered by plaintiff to establish his paper title. These questions it will not be necessary to determine.
In Nebraska the law is settled that the operation of the statute of limitations is to vest absolute title in the occupant, when he has maintained an actual, continued, notorious, and adverse possession under claim of ownership for the statutory period. (Horbach v. Miller, 4 Neb., 31; Gatling v. Lane, 17 Id., 77.) And the operation of the statute being to vest title in the occupant, a title so acquired may be made the basis of an affirmative claim for relief, as well as it may be interposed as a defense. (Gregory v.
The evidence is in some respects conflicting — so much so that a finding either way upon this issue would probably have to be sustained. Upon the part of the defendant the evidence tended to show that defendant commenced to use the land in 1862 as a pasture and continued such use until about 1870; that from that year he had used it continuously as hay laud. In 1874 the defendant bought the land at tax sale, and in 1876 a tax deed was issued to him, the deed being void because of several defects admitted to be fatal. Since obtaining this deed, the evidence tends to show that every year the grass has been cut by Parker’s agents upon so much of the land as permitted this use; that the land is high and somewhat rough; that it is partially surrounded by other land óf Parker’s, and that all this land is best adapted to the purposes of grazing and growing hay; that the particular tract in controversy has been so used by Parker continuously in the same manner that he has used the other land owned or claimed by him adjacent thereto; that while the particular tract has never been entirely enclosed by defendant, Parker has at different periods erected fences and plowed strips in such a manner as to clearly indicate that he was treating the land in connection with his other property, and as- forming a portion of a more extended tract. The evidence also tends to show that Parker has paid all the taxes, and has at times warned herders to keep off the land, and has distrained cattle of others grazing thereon. This evidence is, we think, sufficient to justify the trial court in finding that defendant had the notorious, continuous, and adverse possession of the land for the statutory period. The law does not require that possession shall be evidenced by a complete enclosure, nor
It is said that the evidence does not show that hay was cut from all of the land, and that the actual possession exercised cannot be extended by construction to the unused portion, because the tax deed void on its face was insufficient to afford color of title. This question has already ■been settled. The case of Sutton v. Stone, 4 Neb., 319, merely holds that a void tax deed will not support the special limitation provided by the revenue law, and to the same effect is the case cited by plaintiff of Redfield v. Parks, 132 U. S., 239. In Gatling v. Lane, 17 Neb., 77, and in ■ the same ease on rehearing, 17 Neb., 80, it is distinctly .held that a tax deed, although void, does constitute color ■ of title under the general statutes of limitation.
It is also contended that the defendant cannot claim the . benefit of the statute because he has resided without the , state during nearly the whole of the period since the tax deed was obtained. The proof shows such to be the fact, the possession being through defendant’s agents. This contention is founded upon section 20 of the Code of Civil ■ Procedure, providing that if, when a cause of action
Upon a similar question the supreme court of Indiana says, in Essig v. Lower, 120 Ind., 239 : “While the decree is not in rem strictly speaking, yet it must be conceded that it fixed and settled the title to the land then in controversy, and to that extent partakes of the nature of a judgment in rem.” So the supreme court of the United States, in Boswell’s Lessee v. Otis, 9 How. [U. S.], 336*, said: “A bill for the specific execution of a contract to convey real estate is not strictly a proceeding in rem, in ordinary cases; but where such a procedure is authorized by statute, on publication, without personal service of process, it is, substantially, of that character.”
In Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S., 734, Mr. Justice Field says: “It is true that in a strict sense a proceeding in rem is one taken directly against property, and has for its object the disposition of the property without reference to the title of individual claimants; but in a larger and a more general sense the terms are applied to actions between parties where the direct object is to reach and dispose of property owned by them, or of some interest therein. Such are cases commenced by attachment against the property of debtors, or instituted to partition real estate, foreclose a mortgage, or enforce a lien. So far as they affect property in the state, they are substantially proceedings in rem, in the broader sense which we have mentioned.”
Under sections 51 and 77 of the Code our statutory action of ejectment may be brought against a non-resident and service obtained by publication. These statutes are based upon the same principle as that relating to suits to quiet title. They are valid for the same reasons, and the nature of the action, when service by publication is resorted to, is, so far as this discussion is concerned, the same. In.
Affirmed.