Alice E. Clark (wife of appellee) was injured while shopping in appellant’s store in Washington City. Her husband (appellee) expended money in her cure. Instead of instituting separate actions, as would have been necessary prior to the adoption of the new Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. following section 723c, Mrs. Clark and her husband brought a joint action against appellant. 1 In the complaint, Mrs. Clark alleged negligence on the part of the store owner and claimed damages for her injury, and Mr. Clark claimed damages for his out-of-pocket expenses and loss of services. Appellant denied negligence, and alleged contributory negligence on the part of Mrs. Clark. The case was submitted to a jury and a verdict. returned against the wife, but in favor of the husband for $500. Appellant, on the last day allowed under the rules, filed a written motion for judgment against the husband or, in the alternative, for a new trial in the husband’s case. The motion was overruled, and this appeal followed.
In this court, appellant’s argument is summarized as follows: “A husband’s right to recover damages consequent upon injuries received by his wife is predicated upon the premise .that the wife’s injury is. one for which she would be entitled to- recover compensation in her own right. Therefore, when the verdict against the wife indicates that, either because of absence' o.f negligence on the part of the defendant, or because of contributory negligence on the part of the wife, she is not entitled to, recover, there can be no independent recovery by the husband, and the defendant is entitled to judgment against the husband, notwithstanding a verdict in his favor.”
1. The subject is not new, nor are the decisions uniform. Counsel for appellant cite a number of cases in which it is held that an essential element of the claim of the husband is that there be an injury for which the wife can recover damages, and that, if she cannot recover, either because there was no negligence or because she was herself guilty of contributory negligence, the husband is not entitled to' recover his damages. The cases cited to sustain the rule are printed in the footnote. 2
Counsel argue that it follows from this rule that an adverse adjudication in the wife’s cause is conclusive on the husband and bars his right to a recovery. But with great deference to this view, we think it unsound. It overlooks various factors which, when considered and properly weighed, show that it is contrary to reason and to the weight of authority. The common law right of a husband to recover the damages to himself in consequence of an injury to his wife is too well established to require the citation of authority.- Equally well established is the right of the wife, un-. der present day statutes, to recover the damages to - herself for injuries negligently im flicted on her person. In' the prosecution of
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these separate and independent rights there is no privity, and a judgment against one is not a bar to an action by the other. Erickson v. Buckley,
The principle which sustains this rule is that neither the parties nor the causes are the same. There is no privity in blood, representation, estate, or law. The right of the wife to bring and control her own action is subject legally to no interference on the part of the husband. He is not a necessary party to her suit. Her judgment is her sole property. Conversely, the husband derives no title to his claim from or through the wife. She can neither control nor release it. His judgment is his sole property. Therefore, the doctrine of res judicata is inapplicable, and her failure to recover in her action does not bar his. 3
2. Unless, then, the fact that in the present action the husband and wife sued jointly calls for the application of some other principle, there is no merit in appellant’s argument that judgment against the husband must follow the verdict and judgment against the wife. We are of opinion that the bringing of a single joint action under the new rules does not affect the respective rights of the parties. At common law, the two causes of action could not have been joined.- That they now may be, does not change the result. The causes remain as separate and distinct as if commenced separately. Rule' 20 neither has, nor was intended to have,- any effect on the substantive rights of the parties, and itself states that judgment, may be given “for one or more of the plaintiffs according to their respective rights to relief”. Obviously, therefore, it is simply a procedural rule, the sole purpose of which is to remove the procedural obstacles of the common law.
But appellant also says that its motion should have been granted because the two verdicts are inconsistent. That they are inconsistent is obvious. The same jury listened to the same argument and the same evidence at the same time in both causes and rendered two irreconcilable verdicts. They either mistakenly or arbitrarily failed to perform their duty. Both verdicts cannot be right, and in such circumstances courts have set aside both and awarded new trials. Lanning v. Trenton & Mercer County T. Corp.,
Affirmed.
Notes
“Rule 20. Permissive Joinder of Parties
“(a) Permissive Joinder. All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief jointly, severally,, or in the .alternative in respect of or'-arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series- of, transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all of them will-arise in the action. All persons may be joined in one action as defendants if there is asserted against them' jointly, severally, or in the alternative, any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and- if any question of law or fact common to all of them will arise in the action. A plaintiff or defendant need not be interested in obtaining or defending'against all the relief demanded. Judgment may be given for one or more of the plaintiffs according to their respective fights' to relief, and against one or more defendants according to their respective liabilities.
.“(b) Separate Trials. The court may make such orders as will prevent a party from being embarrassed, delayed, or put to expense by the' inclusion of a party against whom he asserts no claim- and who asserts no claim against him, and may order separate- trials or make other orders to prevent delay or prejudice.”
Rossman v. Newbon,
Erickson v. Buckley,