Langston v. StateLangston v. State
- Reporters:
- , , ,
- Before:
- Beasley
Langston was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute,
He contends that the evidence at trial was circumstantial, and that the trial court’s refusal to give his requested charge on circumstantial evidence was therefore error.
The evidence at trial in support of the conviction showed that at approximately 9:45 p.m., a police detective patrolling a known drug area in Augusta observed Langston leaning into the driver’s window of a car stopped in the roadway. The detective testified that when the police car pulled up behind the stopped car the driver sped away and Langston stepped back to the curb, dropping both hands to his sides. He noticed that Langston had paper money clutched in his left hand, and that a small plastic bag containing a piece of plastic was on the ground about two inches from Langston’s foot. Langston was the only person on that side of the street. The paper money in Langston’s hand was a $20 bill, and the plastic in the bag contained eight pieces of what later proved to be crack cocaine. Langston also had about $90 in a pocket.
Langston, his own sole witness, testified that he was just teasing the young lady in the car, whom he knew, with the $20 bill, that he had no cocaine, and that the cocaine retrieved was more than a car length away from where he was standing.
No direct evidence was presented that the cocaine had been in Langston’s possession or that he intended to distribute it. Rather, these elements were proved circumstantially, by inferences from the evidence presented.
Appellant requested the trial court to charge the jury that “[wjhere all the facts and circumstances of the case, and all reasonable deductions therefrom, present two equal theories, one of guilt and the other of innocence, then the jury must acquit the accused.”
This charge does not accurately state the principle addressed. First, it relates to the weight of the evidence and therefore is not an accurate statement of the “two theories” principle. That principle does not require that the two “theories” be “equal.” See, e.g.,
Davis v. State,
13 Ga. App. 142 (1), 143 (78 SE 866) (1913). This inaccuracy alone would be reason enough for the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury to use it.
Daniels v. State,
184 Ga. App. 689, 690 (1) (362
Second, even an accurate version of the charge “has been criticized from the date it was written.”
Booker v. State,
156 Ga. App. 40, 42 (4) (274 SE2d 84) (1980), rev’d on other grounds 247 Ga. 74 (274 SE2d 334) (1981). Although
Booker
states that the charge is taken from
Davis,
the court in
Davis
describes the evidentiary yardstick for circumstantial evidence as “well settled.” In
Davis,
there was only circumstantial evidence that defendant
sold
the liquor.
Allen v. State,
13 Ga. App. 657, 658 (79 SE 769) (1913), decided only three months after
Davis,
cites
Riley v. State,
1 Ga. App. 651 (57 SE 1031) (1907), for the same principle. The holding in
Riley,
however, is that when the evidence of guilt is entirely circumstantial, the jury must be charged on the applicable
statute,
section 984 of the Penal Code of 1895. Id. at 655. Section 984 is the predecessor statute to, and contains the exact wording as, the present
Subsequent cases took, out of context, language used in
Riley
to support and explain its holding, including the statement that “[circumstantial evidence is worth nothing in a criminal case, if the circumstances are reasonably consistent with the hypothesis of innocence, as well as the hypothesis of guilt.” Supra at 655. Such cases paraphrased that language, which was not intended as a jury charge, and created a poor substitute for the clear principle embodied in the statute. See
Carr v. State,
119 Ga. App. 540, 544 (167 SE2d 707) (1969). In addition to being cited for its holding that the statute must be charged,
Riley
also began appearing regularly as supporting authority for the “two theories” explicatory language. See, e.g.,
Middleton v. State,
7 Ga. App. 1, 2-3 (1) (66 SE 22) (1909);
Thomas v. State,
8 Ga. App. 95, 96 (68 SE 522) (1910). Eventually, the “two theories” description was submitted as a proper charge on the law of circumstantial evidence, in lieu of a charge on the statute itself. Although
Instructions to the jury, particularly those explaining difficult concepts, are to be “the lamp ... to guide [the jury’s] feet in journeying through the testimony in search of a legal verdict.” Riley, supra at 655. “[T]he charge of the court must contain such clear, apt, and definite exposition of the specific principles of law applicable to the case as will enable the jury to deal with the real issue in the case and properly to decide it.” Glaze v. State, 2 Ga. App. 704, 709 (58 SE 1126) (1907). Instructions must be given in straightforward, lay language, in as easily comprehensible terms as possible. Otherwise there is created the danger that the jury’s deliberations will be derailed from a legally correct track.
The statutory language of
This problem is now exacerbated because of the Supreme Court’s recent holding in
Robinson v. State,
261 Ga. 698 (410 SE2d 116) (1991), that a charge on the law of circumstantial evidence must be given on request even where there is also direct evidence as to the elements and it has not been impeached. The likelihood that this charge may confuse or mislead the jury is increased manifold. Id. at 699-700. If a “two-theories” charge is given in a case where there is unimpeached direct as well as circumstantial evidence, a risk is created that the jury may apply this standard as well to the direct evidence. It only applies when all of the evidence of guilt is circumstantial or when the jury is authorized to discredit the direct evidence and must base its decision on circumstantial evidence of guilt. Where the evidence of the elements is direct, the principle in
Here, the evidence of the elements of possession and intent was wholly circumstantial. The requested charge was not accurate. A charge on
Nevertheless, this was not “a close or doubtful” case.
Germany v. State,
235 Ga. 836, 840-844 (2) (221 SE2d 817) (1976). As to the circumstantial evidence, that is, discounting defendant’s description of the distance between himself and the cocaine and his denial, and accepting instead the officer’s testimony, as the jury was authorized to do, it is not a reasonable hypothesis that the cocaine found two inches from defendant’s foot had not been in his possession, was unbeknownst to him, and was not intended by him to be distributed. No reasonable hypothesis of innocence as to these circumstances was offered, and none appears. The trial court charged the jury fully and fairly on the presumption of innocence, reasonable doubt, and the State’s burden to prove every material allegation of the indictment and every essential element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, as well as on circumstantial evidence as referenced above. Thus, the failure to charge on
Judgment affirmed.
McMurray, P. J., and Cooper, J., concur.