Roy Langston, Paul Burns, and Belford Scott were sued to compensate personal injuries sustained by Henry Moseley. The court directed a verdict against Burns and Scott and the jury assessed damages at $3,000. Prom this phase of the controversy there is no appeal. Langston’s negligence was submitted to the fact-finders and a verdict in Moseley’s favor for $3,000 was returned. Prom a judgment on the verdict comes this appeal.
Langston was driving across a street intersection in Osceola and had passed the line used by pedestrians when he realized that the red signal light was against him. In an effort to mend the situation he hacked five or sis feet and in doing so drove against and under the front bumper of Burns’ car, locking them. Burns endeavored to disengage the ears. According to Langston, Burns was “raising up and down on the bumpers” when he (Langostón) got out of his car. He started to the rear, but testified that he did not go all the way back. On the contrary, he acted on Burns’ suggestion to back his car slightly to relieve the tension. Langston says that it was while he was undertaking to do this that Scott negligently ran into his car.
Henry Moseley’s version of the transaction resulting in his injury is that he was standing not far from the interlocked cars when Burns undertook to disengage them. Langston was standing on the traffic side of the automobile, while Bums was on the right, behind the Langston car. Burns called him to assist in separating the bumpers. Moseley walked in front of Langston’s car and Langston, as he followed, said, “You get up here” — indicating the bumpers. Burns was on the opposite side when Moseley was told where to go. Moseley Avas quite certain that Langston told him there Avasn’t any danger. While Moseley, assisted by Burns, was on the bumpers shaking them, Scott hit the Langston car, the impact knocking Moseley to the paving. Dr. C. W. Silverblatt- testified that the injury was considered serious, involving an ankle joint. Treatment required the application of a plaster cast, which was kept in place for about eight weeks.
Langston was positive that he did not tell Moseley to get on the bumper, and that he gave no assurance of safety, but this Avas contradicted and presented a factual issue for the jury’s determination.
There Avas testimony that Moseley, when he responded to the request for as'istance, was on the street or traffic side of the two cars, while Burns Avas on the opposite side. Burns admitted calling to Moseley, but did not knoAV Avkether Langston had asked for help. Traffic created considerable noise and it AAms possible for Langston to have called Avithout attracting the attention of this witness. In several respects Burns contradicted statements made by Langston.
We think the court’s instructions — complained of by appellant — were proper in the circumstances. Langston was not entitled to a directed verdict. The jury was told that if it found that Burns and Langston, in their endeavor to disengage the bumpers, were engaged in a joint enterprise, and that if in furtherance of this purpose either of them asked for Moseley’s assistance, then, if these contentions should be established, and if Moseley were placed in danger, and the defendants Burns and Langston did not use ordinary care to warn him of peril a reasonably prudent person would have apprehended, Langston would be liable. Appellant thinks the instructions were inconsistent and confusing, but we do not find them open to this objection. Neither may error be predicated upon the court’s action in explaining to the jury why separate verdicts should be given.
It was for the jury to say whether Langston, whose act in backing his car into Burns’ bumper and impeding traffic, cast upon this defendant the duty of keeping a lookout. It is conceded that this was not done. The fact that Scott violated a traffic regulation by imprudently driving on the wrong side of the street to avoid injury to himself or to others when suddenly confronted with a speeding car wa*, of course, a circumstance to be considered in ascertaining whether there was want of prudence in placing appellee in a precarious position without reckoning traffic dangers.
It has long been the rule that where the negligence of two or more persons concurs to produce harm, either is liable to the injured person. Missouri Pacific Railroad Company v. Riley,
A person responsible for only one of several causes combining to produce injury is liable if, without his negligent act, injury would not have attended. Phillips Petroleum Company v. Berry,
Affirmed.
I cannot agree with the majority opinion because it ignores pertinent facts and recognized principles of law. Essentially the fact situation is this: Appellant asked appellee to help disengage the rear bumper of his car which was then sitting on the proper side of the street. While appellee was so engaged Scott drove his car [not from the rear of appellant’s car where danger might have been expected] from across the street and into appellant’s car, injuring appellee. This presents a typical situation calling for a discussion of “proximate cause” and “efficient intervening cause,” neither of which were discussed in the majority opinion. The majority opinion erroneously assumes that the negligence of appellant and Scott were both concurrent and efficient.
With no exceptions to the contrary, the reports of this state and other states are replete with enunciations of the law of negligence which preclude a recovery here. In the early case of Martin v. Railway Company,
“The mere failure of the defendant to perform its contract with the compress company was in no wise the juridical cause of the fire. There was no direct connection between the neglect of the defendant to furnish transportation according to its contract and the fire. The failure to furnish cars was one of a series of antecedent events without which, as the result proves, the fire probably would not have happened, for if the cotton had been removed there might have been no fire. But it was not the direct and proximate cause, and did not make the defendant responsible for losses caused by the fire.”
In the case of Gage v. Harvey,
“ ‘Supposing that, if it had not been for the intervention of a responsible third party, the defendant’s negligence would have produced no damage to the plaintiff, is the defendant liable to the plaintiff! This question must be answered in the negative; for the general reason that causal connection between negligence and damages is broken by the interposition of independent responsible human action.’ ”
In James v. James,
In Pittsburg Reduction Company v. Horton,
In Wisconsin & Arkansas Lumber Company v. Scott,
“If the alleged defect in this respect was not the true and proximate cause of the injury, it necessarily follows that the court erred in submitting it to the jury as a question of negligence on account of which the plaintiff might recover.”
The same uniform rule on “proximate cause” can he found in any number of our decisions, among some of which are: Meeks v. Graysonia, Nashville & Ashdown Railroad Company,
In the Marsh case, supra, the court quoted with approval from Corpus Juris the following:
“ ‘Intervening cause as proximate cause. But an intervening cause will be regarded as the proximate cause, and the first cause as too remote where the chain of the result cannot he said to be the natural and probable consequence of the primary cause, or one which ought to have been anticipated. The law will not look back from the injurious consequences beyond the last efficient cause, especially where an intelligent and responsible human being has intervened. ’ ”
Our decisions have also laid down a uniform rule by which we may judge what is a proximate cause or an effectual cause. In short the rule is that a person of reasonable intelligence must be able to foresee that damage might result. In the case under consideration regardless of whether or not Langston was negligent in “backing up” it cannot be said that he should have foreseen the possibility of Scott’s car running into his car. In Arkansas Valley Trust Company v. McIlroy,
“ ‘In determining whether an act of a defendant is the proximate cause of an injury the rule is that the injury must be the natural and probable consequence of the act — such a consequence, under the surrounding circumstances of the case, as might and ought to have been foreseen by the defendant as likely to flow from his act.’ ”
In the case of LaGrand v. Arkansas Oak Flooring Company,
In the Meeks case, supra, in this connection, it was said: “It has been uniformly held that, in order to warrant a finding that negligence is the proximate cause of the injury, it must appear that the injury was a natural and probable consequence of the negligence and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of attending circumstances. ’ ’
In the Central Flying Service case, supra, it was said: “Proximate cause has been defined as a cause from which a person of ordinary experience and sagacity could foresee that the result might probably ensue.” The general rule is announced in Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, Thompson, Trustee, v. Davis,
Prom the above it is also obvious that appellee was not injured because of having been placed in an unsafe position or place to work. The law on this point is also well settled in the LaGrand case, supra, at page 592 of the Arkansas Reports. The court in commenting on an instruction of the lower court which stated that the defendant would not be liable “unless, in the exercise of ordinary care under the circumstances it could have anticipated or foreseen that the injury might have occurred.” In approving the instruction the court said: “The master is only required to exercise ordinary care to furnish his employee a safe place in which, and safe tools with which, to do his work, and if the master, in the performance of this duty, has taken every precaution that a man of ordinary care and prudence would take under the same circumstances, then he is not guilty of any negligence.” In the case under consideration it cannot be said that Langston should have foreseen that Scott’s car would run into his car, and, therefore, under this uniform rule he cannot be held liable.
In the case of Missouri Pacific Railroad Company v. Horner,
Although the principles governing the case under consideration have been, as shown above, often and uniformly announced it is necessary to turn to other jurisdictions to find cases where the facts are practically the same in effect as they are here. In all of these cases, as indicated below, it is clearly shown there is no liability in this case. In the case of Venorick v. Revetta, et al.,
“ ‘Where a second actor has become aware of the existence of a potential danger created by the negligence of an original tort-feasor, and thereafter, by an independent act of negligence, brings about an accident, the first tort-feasor is relieved of liability, because the condition created by him was merely a circumstance of the accident and not its proximate cause. ’ ’
The accident happened in open daylight and the court stated that the driver of the second truck became aware of the potential danger created by the parked truck within ample time to have avoided the accident. The court also used language which is highly significant in the case under consideration.
“This likewise disposes of the contention that Revetta failed to take reasonable precautions to warn customers in the vicinity of the truck of approaching traffic. Even if the duty existed, Pendleton’s conscious conduct was a superseding cause.”
The ruling in the above cited case was based on a similar Pennsylvania case, Kline, et al., v. Moyer, et al.,
“ ‘It is well settled that where there has been negligence in the doing of an act, the result of which is the creation of a dangerous condition, no liability will attach to the one responsible for the condition if an injury results which was not caused directly by this act, but rather by the intervening negligent conduct of a third party.’ ”
It was also said, in referring to Albert’s negligence, that “the original negligence of the truck owner [Albert] became a non-causal factor divested of legal significance. ’ ’
The Supreme Court of Minnesota in the case of Goede v. Rondorf, et al.,
The majority, in an apparent effort to bolster an otherwise weak opinion, mention that appellant placed appellee in an unsafe place. Appellee’s own view of this matter was:
“Q. You knew there was danger, two cars tied together, you knew that?
“A. No, sir. Not both cars standing.
‘ ‘ Q. What caused you to fall ?
“A. By the car hitting the car caused me to fall off.
“Q. The thing that actually hurt you, Henry, was when this ear came across the street ?
“A. Yes.”
Thus this anomaly to the law of negligence: M. recovers from L, because of L’s negligence in putting him in an unsafe place to work when M. says it was a safe place.