Landers v. Ohio River R., 46 W. Va. 492

46 W. Va. 492 | W. Va. | 1899

Lead Opinion

McWhorter, Judge:

This -was an action for damages for personal injuries to John Landers, an infant, who sued in the Circuit Court of Mason County by William H. Landers, his next friend, against the Ohio River Railroad Company, in which he laid his damages at twenty thousand dollars. The case was tried at a special term of said court, held in November, 1895, and a verdict was rendered for plaintiff for eight hundred dollars, upon which judgment was rendered on the 7th day of December, 1895. The declaration contained four-counts, to which, and to each count, defendant demurred, which demurrers the • court overruled, and which overruling is assigned by the appellant as error; but, as counsel for appellant points out no ground for sustaining it, and does not rely upon it in bis brief, and as tbe declaration seems to be in good form,following in a general way, andas nearly as may be, Hogg, PL & Forms, pp. 344-346, and I tbink sufficiently alleging good cause of action, I see no ■reasons for disturbing tbe action of tbe court in overrul-ling tbe demurrer.

It appears from tbe record that on tbe evening of July 17, 1893, at tbe town of Point Pleasant, in said county, a through freight train of tbe defendant, containing about 27 cars, came into tbe yard from tbe southward, remaining a few moments, or a short time, and, as it pulled out on its regular run going north from tbe station, tbe plaintiff, a boy or young man of about 17 years of age, who lived with bis father, near Pomeroy, Ohio, a few miles above Point Pleasant, and who, in company with a young man, Charles Sanley, bad walked down to tbe latter town that day “in search of work,” and failing to find it, and desiring to return home, having no money to pay bis fare, climbed on tbe train, and stood on tbe ladder between tbe cars. Some eighteen or twenty others got on at tbe same time. Plaintiff testifies: That be was standing alone between tbe cars. “There was a fellow standing there talking to tbe conductor, and be was standing there talking to him, and I seen him [the conductor] talking and point-in at me,” and the fellow who was talking to tbe conductor “came right there to me, and kicked me off tbe train.” That the conductor, when pointing towards plaintiff, said something; but plaintiff could not tell what it was on account of tbe train making so much racket. Says be kicked him in tbe back, between tbe shoulders, and that be fell on the side next tbe river, and, when he went to get up, saw there was something wrong with bis left ankle, tried to get up, and could not. Some fellows came and “packed” him up by tbe flour mill. Did not know who picked him up. Two doctors came, and pulled around on bis foot, and got it to tbe place as near as they could, bandaged it up, and gave him some medicine to put on it, and Robert Johnson took him to bis home, and kept him over night. The next day was sent up on a boat to Enterprise, and hauled home in an express from there. That after be got home Dr. Shafer treated him, made two visits, dressed bis ankle, put salvé on it, and bandaged it up again; left salve, and directions how to treat it; put it on a pillow on a chair. Was in the house over three-weeks, and over five weeks before he could'walk without a crutch; then used a cane. Suffered greatly. Said it' pained him very much in cloudy weather, and hurt him so-he could not sleep of nights much, and kept a good strong bandage on it all the time. Could not get around as well as before he was hurt. Could not wear boots, nor lace-shoe tight, but had to keep it loose. Says, when the man came to him, he was doing nothing but standing and riding on the train, and he said to him, “You get off of here, you d— s— of a b — ,” and whaled away, and kicked him off; that the train was running at right good speed. Dr. E. J. Mossman was called to him, with Dr. Neale. Mossman testifies that they found the large bone broken, and a fracture and dislocation of the ankle joint. The smaller bone on the outer side was driven down over the bones of the ankle; in other words, there seemed to be a jamming, of tim-bones of the ankle joint up between the other two, — the bones of the leg. The ligaments were very much torn by reason of this fracture, — by reason of' this break, — and even when he saw it there was considerable swelling. Dr. Mossman was corroborated by Dr. Neale, both of whom testified^ as to the condition of the injury at the time of the-trial, as did also Dr. L. V. Guthrie, showing that it was-still asevere injury, giving more or less trouble, and that it was a permanent injury. Several other physicians al-so testified as to the condition of the injury at the time of the-trial, corroborating the testimony as to the permanency of the injury, and the effect of it in the future of his life.. The question is as to the liability of the defendant, and the correctness of the rulings of the court, and whether there is evidence tending to support the verdict of the jury. If the liability^ is established, the judgment is reasonable-enough, and is not complained of as to amount.

Witness William Orr was asked if he saw John Lan-ders on the train that started north that evening, and says: “No; I didn’t see him on- the train. I saw him when he struck the ground. I saw him when he got' off the train. * * * State what took place; what, if anything,you heard Mr. Murray, the conductor, say upon that occasion.. Well, when I saw the train there, I went to get on the train to go to Mason City, and Mr. Murray hallooed to get off" there. I got off. He said, ‘Kick them s — s of b — s off, J don’t know who he meant. He didn’t mean me, for 1 was already off. I looked up the track there, and .1 seen this man coming out. I seen him coming out tumbling over, it looked like to me/- I run to him,” — and states: After the command was given, he saw a man he thought, was a brakeman, who had been helping to do the work in the yard, come up, and i't looked to him like he got his foot-down this way, and kicked. Saw his foot go through the-car. The man was on the car right above the man who-tumbled out. Witness was on the ground about two car lengths from Murray when he made the remark. Witness thinks he saw the man who did the kicking going-south that morning, but may be mistaken. Saw him come-in on the train from the southland, after he did the kicking, saw him-going north on the train. Thinks the train was moving sis or eight miles an hour. Two others jumped off when witness did, when Murray “hallooed” to get off.. Ed. Wright, witness, -was firing at Equity Mill. Was standing in the engine room at the mill, and saw a man coming from the engine to the rear of the train. He stepped, across to the coupling of the c'ars. Didn’t see the man that he kicked. He took hold of the brake with his left hand, and reached back, and kicked, and saw tire boy come out,, and he came out like a bird, too. It was the plaintiff.. After filling the furnace, went to the boy, who was lying there, holding his leg up with his hand. Train was going-sis to eight miles an hour. Robert Adkins saw the train going up; saw a couple of fellows on the train; did not know exactly, at the time, that one of them was John Landers; was standing within' about 15 feet of Murray, who was talking to a fellow, with light clothes on, on the-train, on an oil tank, and the fellow stepped off from him, about twTo or three steps, and he pointed out towards, this fellow, whose head and neck was sticking over the-box car, and he halloed out, and said, “Kick that G-- — • d— s— of a b — ■ off there.” When Murray gave the order, he ran out on the cars, and kicked this fellow off. John Eads says William Murray was conductor on the train.. Witness wTas standing on the ground, could not tell how close to the car on which the conductor was, but in hearing distance, and beard the conductor say to the fellow with light clothes on, “Kick that s— of a b— off between the cars.” The man went between the cars, and John Landers came out on the side towards witness. When the train passed, witness went to him. A crowd gathered around him. Drs. Mossman and Neale came and examined his leg.

William Murray, who is admitted and proved by both parties to have been conductor of the train, is introduced by appellant as a witness, and denies that he gave orders to kick plaintiff off the train, or to put any person off, or that he made any such remark as is attributed to him by several of appellee’s witnesses, who claim to have been near to him, and heard him direct that they be kicked off, and says he knew nothing of any person being put off the train in the yards at Point Pleasant, or above the yards, until he got to Camden, some miles above. James Sharpneck says he was front brakeman on the train; that the train was moving six or eight miles an hour; that he kicked no person off, and did not tell any one to put any body off. J. R. Cawley was brakeman on rear of the train, and heard Conductor Murray, while standing on the ground, tell some fellows, while pulling out of the side' track, that he wanted them hobos to stay off the train, or keep off, or something of that kind. The witness was also standing on the ground and heard him “halloo.” This was while they were making up the train. That witness did not kick anybody off, nor put anybody off the train, nor direct anybody else to put off or kick off anybody, but knew nothing about it until, three or four days afterwards, he heard in Parkersburg that some fellow was hurt. William Crass, witness for appellant, was allowed by the conductor to go on the train from the yards at Huntington, and assisted the brakeman, for being carried up to Marietta. Says he ordered the men off, but used no means to put them off, and they jumped off at their own accord; that he had no authority to put them off; that the conductor did not authorize him to do so; that, when the men jumped off, he was within about three feet of them. Witness was on top of the car, and they were between the two on the deadwood. Says that man did not get off in the right way, as he ought. He stood on the deadwood, and just jumped off. He didn’t catch hold of the handhold or footholds, but just jumped oh!. The defendant, also introduced Val. Barrick, who states: That he was yard master at Point Pleasant. That he had, under the rules of the company, control of all trains while in the yard. That he had charge of that train until it left the yard. That, when it started, he was standing at the pen-stock talking with William Murray, the conductor. That Murray climbed up the ladder, got onto the box car next to the engine, gave the engineer a signal to call for a signal from the rear end of the train. That the yard limits are a half mile north of where appellee was hurt. Saw Landers when he came out from between the cars. Saw a man on top of the "cars above him. The man above him was not in the employ of the company. That a train like that would make a very loud noise, so it would be almost impossible to.hear anything around close to where it was. Heard Murray say to a crowd of fellows walking over from the river bank, leisurely along, “You hobos want to stay off that train to-night,” and they turned and walked back towards the river. As soon as the engineer got on his engine and Avhistled for brakes, and started the train, Murray ran to catch this box car. That he got on, and the fellows that he told not to, turned around, and made a rush for the train, and by the time he got to the train, the train was half gone by, and they commenced grabbing for handholds, and some grabbed them, and they couldn’t make it.- They would let go, and run back, and try it again, before they got to the pen stock. Witness says he had control of the train as yard master while it was in the yard. The condutor had control after it started.

The court, on motion of the plaintiff, gave to the jury the following instructions, designated below as 1, 2, 3, and 4, contained in bills of exceptions Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, and the giving of which, being objected to by the defendant, constitute assignments of error Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively: “(1) The jury are hereby instructed that if they believe, from the evidence, that the plaintiff, John Landers, got aboard of one of the Ohio River Railroad Company’s north-bound freight trains in the month of July, 1893, without any right or permission to do so from the defendant, or any of its employes, and was a trespasser thereon; and if they further believe, from the evidence, that while tbe said Landers was on the said train he was kicked or forced therefrom by an order or command given by the conductor on said train, and while said train was in motion, and moving at a rate of speed rendering it unsafe or dangerous to eject the said Landers by force or violence therefrom; and if they further believe that said Landers was ejected by force or violence from said train by the order or command of the conductor thereof, and that, in consequence of being so ejected from said train, said Landers sustained any physical injuries, — then the jury should find for the plaintiff, and assess his damages at such sum as. will be commensurate with such injuries, not exceeding, however, the sum sued for in this action. (2) The jury are further instructed that, in the absence of proof t.o the contrary, the power or authority to eject any and all trespassers from the freight train upon which” the plaintiff, Landers, was attempting to ride, after the train had been signaled to leave the yards at Point Pleasant by the conductor, and was in motion, and going north on the main track on its regular trip, and upon which such conductor had tallen his position, belonged to the conductor thereof,, as such conductor could not exercise this power or authority ,so as needlessly or wantonly to cause injury to another,, even to a trespasser on his train; and if the jury believe,, from the evidence, that such conductor did exercise such power or authority by commanding or ordering said Lan-ders to be kicked .or forced from said train while the said train was going at such a rate of speed as to make it unsafe or dangerous to life or limb to thus eject said Landers, from the said train, and if the jury further believe, from the evidence, that said Landers was so- forced or ejected from said train, and thereby and in consequence thereof sustained personal and physical injury, the jury are authorized, under such circumstances, to find a verdict for the plaintiff, and to assess his damages at such a sum as the evidence may justify* not exceeding the sum claimed in the declaration. (3) The jury are further instructed that in tins State, when a railroad train is running on the main line of its road in the course of its regular run, and is manned by a conductor, engineer, fireman, and brakeman, like the one shown in the evidence here, in the absence of proof to the contrary,all power tO' eject rests impliedly, under tbe law, with the conductor, and such power must be exercised either by such conductor or some one else acting under or by his order or command. (4) The jury are instructed that the special instruction offered in evidence, reading as follows: 'Agents .and yard masters will have charge of and direct movements of all trains and trainmen in Parkersburg, Point Pleasant, G-uyandotte, and Huntington yards,’ — does not take away the power and. authority implied, possessed under the law by the conductor of a through freight train to protect and care for his. own train, while the same may have been on the main line of the railroad; and if the jury believe, from the evidence, that the same was running on the main track, going on its regular run north, with the conductor and the rest of the crew aboard, after the yard master had signaled the conductor to leave, then such conductor, after his train had started and was moving on the main line on its through run (although it may have been at the time within the yard limits of the railroad company), had the authority to order a trespasser from his train; and if the jury believe, from the evidence, that said conductor ordered the plaintiff ejected from his said train under such circumstances, then such, conductor was acting in the line of his duty, and within the-scope of his duty, and within the scope of Ms implied powers, in the absence of evidence conferring such authority upon some one else then on the train.”

That appellee was a trespasser on the train is admitted, and the conductor of the train had the right to eject him therefrom, no- more force being used than necessary, and, though injury result to him from a lawful ejection, it is not a ground of action. Grogan v. Railway Co., 39 W. Va. 415, (19 S. E. 563). "Nevertheless, although the person injured be a tresspasser, the railway will be liable to him if its servants, in the exercise of authority delegated to them, expel him with unnecessary violence.” Patt. By. Acc. Law» 189. Appellant insists that instruction No. 1 is erroneous “because it predicates recovery upon the fact that the train was moving at a rate of speed rendering it unsafe and dangerous to eject the plaintiff when the command was given, and not when he was kicked- off.” A careful reading of said instruction will show that it is not susceptible of -such construction. “If they further believe, from the evidence, that while the said Landers was on the said train he was kicked or forced •therefrom by an order or command given by the conductor on said train, while .said train was in motion,” etc. The word “and” refers back to the manner of executing the command, and not to the command. If the word “and” had been left' out, it might be construed to mean that the command was given while the train was in motion; but it would be a total perversion of the meaning of the instruction, and the jury would never think of applying suck a meaning. Appellant says it is bad “because it tells the jury that if they believe, from the evidence, that Landers was ejected by force or violence from the train by the order or command of the conductor thereof, and that, in consequence of his being so ejected, he sustained injury, the company is liable.” This objection might apply if the train were standing, but if he was so ejected when the train was in motion, at a rate of speed rendering it unsafe or dangerous to eject him by force or violence therefrom, the objection does not apply. Further, he isays it is bad “because there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that it was moving at a speed rendering it unsafe and dangerous to eject a trespasser.” That is a question for the minds of the jury. The evidence of quite all the witnesses on both sides is that the train was moving about six to eight miles an hour. One of appellant’s witnesses put it at five or six miles an hour. Appellant says: “The company is not liable unless the force used was excessive, resulting in unnecessary injury as a natural consequence> or was applied at a time and under circumstances as to make unnecessary injury a natural consequence; and this instruction does not predicate liability upon either of these elements, but upon force, resulting in injury, alone.” Patt. Ry. Acc. Law, 190, speaking of injury to trespassers: “If his injuries are the result of the violence with which the railway’s servants have expelled him from the railway’s cars or premises, or if those injuries were caused by the circumstances under which he was expelled, as, for instance, from a train in motion, then the railway is liable to him therefor,” — provided, of course, that the servant was acting in the exercise of authority delegated to him by the railway.

Objection is made to instruction No 2 “because the word ‘needlessly’ is indefinite, uncertain, and misleading, for its meaning in this connection cannot be fixed and determined,” and that it says that if “Landers was so forced or ejected from said train”; the word “so” being intended to refer to what precedes, but that “so ejected,” in the connection in which it is used, might mean that he was ejected by force, but not while the train was going at a dangerous speed, and not by the command of the conductor. The evidence is conflicting in many respects, but all the witnesses agree that this man left the train while it was in motion at a rate of not less than five to six miles an hour, and only one witness mentions a rate that low, while all the others put it at six to eight miles, and the jury were t-he judges whether the rate was such as to make his ejection unsafe or dangerous and the instruction could not mislead. Instruction No. 3 is objected to by appellant because “it tells the jury that the power to eject rests with the conductor, and if any one is ejected, the conductor must have done it, because lie has the power.” While this instruction might have been constructed differently, to bring out a little more clearly than was intended by the court, — i. e. that in order to make the appellant liable the power must have been exercised either by the conductor, who had the authority, or by his direction, — this is all it could mean, taken as it stands, and, taken in connection with the other instructions given for plaintiff, the jury could not be misled by it. It is not inconsistent with the other instructions, or any of them.

Instruction No. 4, the subject of bill of exception No. 5, and the assignment No. 6, -is so manifestly proper, and the appellant not attempting to state any grounds of objection , I-deem it unnecessary to discuss it further than to say that the rule of appellant set out in the instruction, in relation to the control of trains, in directing their movements while in the yard, by agents and yard masters, only refers to the yard movements of the train, in switching, arranging, and adjusting the cars, in making up or changing the train, and cannot relate to the protection of the train against intruders and trespassers on the train when moving on the main track, and on its regular run, and after it has been signaled by the yard master to leave, although the train may yet be within the yard limits, which in this case appear to extend a half mile or more north of the starting point.

The seventh assignment, that the court erred in overruling defendant’s objections to certain testimony, set out in bills of exceptions Ros. 7 to 12, inclusive, and which was permitted to go to the jury, — such testimony being that of physicians, as experts, touching the permanency andeffects of the injuries to plaintiff, — is not relied-upon by appellant in the argument.

Neither do counsel rely upon the eighth assignment, set out in bills of exception Nos. 13, 14, and 15, where the -court sustains plaintiff’s objections to certain questions asked of witnesses by appellant; and' I fail to see how either the appellant was injured by the admission of the testimony objected to by appellant, or could have -been benefited by the admission of that offered by it and rejected, or that it was injured by its rejection.

The ninth assignment is that court erred in permitting counsel for plaintiff, in their argument before the jury, to use the language set forth in bills of exception Nos. 16 and 17, and apply the same to defendant and defendant’s witnesses. The language complained of in bill No. 16 is as follows: “A railroad is an artificial being, without life, without soul, as cold as iron, as heartless as marble; that it had no wife, no child, no life; that its management, through its agents, was as devilish as it could be.” And that set forth in bill No. 17 as follows: “During these hard times, when employment was scarce, when railroad men are plenty, when there are those in good employment, it is a great incentive, if they have committed a wrong, to try to help it out, and cover it up, so the road • will not be liable to- discharge them. Every inducement, in trying to get them to misrepresent the facts, if there is a wrong committed, and make the railroad free from damages, is used that can be mustered up within- the human breast.” In Young v. State, 19 Tex. App. 536 (Syl., point 2): “In order to authorize this court to revise errors predicated upon the abuse of counsel of the privilege -of argument, it should be made to appear that the accused requested, and ivas refused, an instruction to tbe jury to disregard tbe unauthorized statements of tbe counsel.” •In discussing tbe matter, tbe court say: “Counsel for defendant excepted to said remarks, and did nothing more;” that counsel should have requested tbe court to instruct tbe .jury that they should not be influenced by tbe remarks so 'objected to. Court further say, if such instruction bad been asked and refused, tbe error would have been sufficient to reverse tbe judgment, but this was not done; •and this was a case in which tbe affirmance of tbe judgment remanded tbe appellant to bis death. In Vannatta v. Duffy, 4 Ind. App. 168, 30 N. E. 807, tbe court bold that: “In order to save tbe question of alleged misconduct on tbe part of counsel in making tbe argument to tbe jury, an ■objection should have been made, and a ruling insisted upon, that tbe remarks -were improper, and that they ■should be withdrawn by counsel and disregarded by tbe .jury, and, failing to obtain a favorable ruling, an exception should have been taken to tbe action of tbe court. After ’this, still other remedies were available. Tbe party could -have moved to set aside the submission, and discharge tbe jury, or he could have asked tbe court to give a special instruction upon the subject of tbe counsel’s objectionable remarks.” In State v. Hull, 18 R. I. 207, Syl. (s. c. 26 Atl. 191): “At tbe trial the attorney general stated to tbe jury that it was the privilege of tbe defendant to testify or not, and then strongly commented on tbe defendant’s ommisson to testify or to adduce evidence. The court condemns tbe conduct of tbe attorney general, but, as tbe record showed no request made by tbe defendant for instructions to the jury to disregard the attorney general’s statements, decline to consider such conduct as a reason for a new trial. If-the appellant desired tbe full benefit of bis exception to tbe language used, it was bis duty to insist that tbe same should be withdrawn from tbe jury, or have tbe court instruct tbe jury to disregard it, and, upon refusal of tbe court to so instruct, to except to tbe .ruling .of tbe court, or to move to set aside tbe submission and discharge tbe jury, because they were prejudiced against tbe appellant by said language; and tbe defendant, having “made no motion to arrest tbe trial on that score.” State v. Chisnell, 36 W. Va, 670, (15 S. E. 415), but proceeded -with the trial “without objection, will not after-wards be heard to object that the trial was vitiated thereby.’'' While I do not think the language complained of is sufficient ground for a new trial, even if appellant had taken all the necessary steps to have the full benefit of his objections, yet, as the matter comes up on the record, and is urged as ground for a reversal of the judgment and granting a new trial, I deem it proper for this court to express, as it has on former occasions, disapprobation of that style of argument before a jury.

The case of Bess v. Railway Co., 35 W. Va. 492, (14 S. E. 234), is confidently cited by appellant as being conclusive ,of this case in its favor. The cases are similar, in that the plaintiff was a trespasser, and he was ejected from the train by some one on the train when it was in motion, and injured; but in that case, under section 5, chapter 31, of the Code, the jury were required to find, in addition to their general verdict, upon certain particular questions of fact submitted to them, and under the provisions of said section, “where any such separate verdict or special finding shall be inconsistent with the general verdict the former shall control the latter, and the court shall give judgment accordingly.” In the Case of Bess the'special finding was ascertained by this court to be inconsistent with the general verdict, and therefore a new trial was awarded under the statute. In the case at bar there was no special issue, but the case went to the jury on the general issue. The evidence was conflicting, — that of the ap-pellee tending to prove that the ejection was done at the command and direction of the conductor in charge of the train, while the evidence on behalf of the appellant was to the contrary. If the jury believed the evidence on behalf of the appellee, they could not do otherwise than find as they did; the jury alone being the judges of the weight of testimony. In the case of Bess v. Railway Co., supra the court quotes with approval 2 Wood, Ry. Law, 316, that “the conductor of a train, being in charge of and having full control over it, represents the company as to any matter connected with its management or control, and for an act done by him in the line of his duty, as by the ejection of a trespasser, etc., the company would unquestionably be liable; but for the action of a brakeman of the train, wbo, without the direction of the conductor, should remove a trespasser from the train, the company would not be liable, unless express authority to do an act to which the act complained of is incident, is shown, because the act is not one which comes within the scope of his duty.” Appellant claims that the man who' kicked appellee from the train was not an employe of appellant. The evidence tends to prove that he was on the train by permission of the conductor, assisting at the brakes/ and was acting under the immediate direction of the conductor in ejecting appellee from the train.

The second assignment is that the court erred in overruling the appellant’s motion to set aside the verdict because it was contrary to the law and the evidence. In Sheff v. City of Huntington, 16 W. Va. 307, (Syl., point 12): “A new trial, asked on the ground that the verdict is contrary to the evidence, ought to be granted only in a case of plain deviation from right and justice, and not in a doubtful case, merely because the court, if on the jury, would have given a different verdict.” Id. (Syl., point 13): "When a case has been fairly submitted to a jury, and a verdict fairly rendered, it ought not to be interfered with by the court, unless manifest wrong and injustice has. been done, or unless the verdict is plainly not warranted by the evidence or facts proven.” In State v. Hunter, 37 W. Va. 744, (17 S. E. 307 Syl.): “Where a motion for a new trial is made, on the ground that the verdict is contrary to the evidence, and the motion is denied, the opinion of the court which tried the case is on such point entitled to great respect in the Appellate Court; and the Appellate Court, in such case, will grant such new trial only in the case of a plain deviation from right and justice.” The same doctrine is held and discussed bvJuDGE BrANNON, in delivering the opinion of the court in Gilmer v. Sidenstricker, 42 W. Va. 52, (24 S. E. 566), and then again by the same-judge, in State v. Bowyer, 43 W. Va. 182, (27 S. E. 302): “We have power — mere power — to discredit verdicts; but we must be cautious in so doing. Why have juries, if appellate judges are to go into the business of weighing evidence as if by the .ounce and pound? We ought not to do this. It is an abuse of power, and a misconception of our functions and the jury function. The jury institution is sacred under our constitution, and a verdict is to be ■ highly respected * * * And then too, we must not forget :that a learned and experienced judge approved the verdict ■ after witnessing the trial; and his opinion is entitled to : great respect in an Appellate. Court. We must be careful, lest we .set ourselves up as judge and jury, present at "the trial, and usurp their functions.” The judgment should ■be afflrme’d.

---

Rehearing

ON REHEARING-.

There are only two points mentioned in the petition 'for rehearing not before discussed, — one as touching the instruction set forth in bill of exceptions No. 3. Appellant •claims that giving said instruction is reversible error under -a recent decision of this Court, not yet reported (I presume is meant the case of State v. Staley, 32 S. E. 198), because it assumes as true certain material facts stated in the instruction, “and the law propounded by the instruction is based upon the assumption of these facts, without leaving it to the jury to determine whether or not these facts were proved, or for them to find,” and that in said instruction the following facts were assumed: “(1) That Landers was attempting to ride; (2) That the train had been signaled to leave the yard at Point Pleasant by the conductor; (3) that the train was in motion, and going north on the main track oh its regular trip; (4) that the conductor had taken his position upon the train. These were all facts upon which there was no conflicting testimony, proved by .all the witnesses who had testified in the case on both sides, and do not come within the purview of the case ■edited, which holds that the court should not assume as true material facts in issue before the jury, about which there is conflict of testimony, between which it was the province of the jury to decide, nor should the court assume that such facts were not proven, if there was evidence tending to prove them.

It is also claimed that defendant’s instruction referred to in bill of exceptions No. 6 should have been given, and it was error to refuse it, as follows: “The jury are instructed that, before exemplary damages can be awarded plaintiff for an injury, .although the injury inflicted be done wantonly and willfully, the plaintiff must be without fault on his part,” — and says in its petition for rehearing: “This point is not discussed in tbe briefs, nor is it referred to in the opinion of the Court, and, while it is not relied upon for the writ of error, the point clearly arises upon the record, and upon.a rehearing of the case the refusal to give this instruction should be considered by the Court as ground for Reversing the judgment.” The instruction was asked and refused, and, of course, became a part 'of the record, and the point was raised in the record; but the amount of the verdict rendered the ruling of the court in refusing it immaterial, and hence, as stated in the petition, the point is not discussed in the briefs or in the opinion. If this instruction propounds the law correctly, there could be no exemplary damages awarded a trespasser in any case where the injury was inflicted wantonly and willfully; and if the instruction was a proper one, which I by no means concede, the refusal of it did not prejurice the defendant, for surely no punitive or exemplary damages are included in the verdict. If plaintiff is entitled to recover at all, the verdict is not excessive, and only represents compensatory damages. Appellant refers to the dissenting note of Judge BraNNON filed in this case, and to the case there cited of Haluptzok v. Railroad Co., 26 Lawy. Rep. Ann. 730 (s. c. 57 N.W. 144), a Minnesota case, in support of his position that the injury wras not inflicted by the conductor of the train,and therefore defendant is not liable. In that case it is held that, “if a servant who is employed to perform certain work for his master procures another person to assist him, the master is liable for the negligence of the latter, -only when the latter had authority to employ such assistant.” In that case the company was held liable although the agent of the company was not directly authorized to employ the assistant, who was performing the •duties of the agent in moving freight about the depot of defendant, because the assistant had been so long about the depot, although without compensation, except the liberty of the telegraph office, that he was presumed to be there, and so acting with the consent of the general officers. In case at bar the conductor was attending to his duties in person, was not absent, leaving his duties in the hands of an unauthorized agent. The act of ejecting a trespasser, whether done with his own hands, or by another under his order, direction, and in his immediate presence, was his own act, as much so as if be bad kicked him off with bis oAvn foot. I see no good reason for changing my opinion in this case, and still think the judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed.

Affirmed by Divided Court.