ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
THIS CAUSE came before the Court upon Defendant’s Motion for .Summary Judgment (ECF No. 45) (the “Motion”). Plaintiff filed a Response (ECF No. 69) and Defendant filed a Reply (ECF No. 80). The Motion is therefore ripe for review. UPON CONSIDERATION of the Motion, Plaintiffs Response, Defendant’s Reply, Plaintiffs Complaint (ECF No. 1), other pertinent portions of the record, and being otherwise fully advised in the premises, the Court enters the following Order.
I. BACKGROUND
On October 8, 2012, Plaintiff and his girlfriend were walking through Defendant’s cruise ship at the end of a four-day cruise to Mexico. Pl.’s Resp. at 1. Plaintiff and his girlfriend had eaten breakfast'and were returning to their cabin at approximately 8:30 aun.
Plaintiff was seventy-one years old at the time and has mobility problems, Lancaster Dep. at 31-32, 64, 52-54, so his girlfriend walked in front of him as they traversed the crowded Corridor. The Corridor was crowded enough that Plaintiff had to weave back and forth in order to progress. Id. at 96. Unfortunately, Plaintiff tripped over what he believes to be a piece of luggage and hit his head on the ship’s deck. Id. at 93-97. He was treated in the ship’s hospital and alleges he suffered a traumatic brain injury. Id. at 110,121; Compl. ¶ 32.
Plaintiff filed a one-count Complaint (ECF No. 1) alleging a negligence claim against Defendant for (1) failing to adequately warn passengers of the dangers of crowding during debarkation, and (2) failing to take adequate precautions and follow proper procedures to prevent a crowd from forming in the Corridor. Compl. ¶ 33.G. Defendant moves for summary judgment.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where there is “no genuine issue as to any
The moving party bears the burden of meeting this standard, id., and the district court views the evidence and makes all factual inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Tyson Foods,
III. ANALYSIS
To establish a claim for negligence, a maritime plaintiff must show: (1) the defendant had a duty to protect the plaintiff from a particular injury; (2) the defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach actually and proximately caused the plaintiffs injury; and (4) the plaintiff suffered actual harm. Chaparro v. Carnival Corp.,
A. Duty
1. Duty to Warn
As one of the two theories for his negligence claim, Plaintiff argues that Defendant breached its duty to adequately warn passengers about the dangers of crowded corridors during debarkation. Compl. ¶ 33.G. Specifically, Plaintiff points to (1) the piece of luggage and (2) the crowd in the Corridor, as the dangers about which he should have been warned. Defendant argues that summary judgment is appropriate because Defendant owed no duty to warn Plaintiff about the dangers of the crowd or the luggage given that they are open and obvious conditions. Mot. at 9-12.
Under maritime law, cruise ship operators must warn passengers of known dangers that are neither apparent nor obvious to passengers. Aronson v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc.,
Here, both the luggage and the crowd are open and obvious conditions, thus Defendant owed no duty to warn Plaintiff of them. Plaintiff exited the elevator to the Corridor and saw that there was a crowd of twenty to twenty-five people in the process of disembarking from the cruise ship. The fact that a bag of luggage may be lying on the ground amongst a crowd is discernible through common sense and the ordinary use of eyesight.
As for the crowd, there likewise was nothing hidden about it or the danger it presented. The crowd in the Corridor was so congested that Plaintiff could only make progress by weaving'back and forth as he walked. Lancaster Dep. at 96. However, crowds and the dangers they present are open and obvious by nature. For instance, the obscuring of objects on the ground is an obvious consequence when too many people occupy a confined area. Defendant therefore had no duty to warn Plaintiff of the crowd or its dangers.
Accordingly, Defendant owed no duty, as a matter of law, to warn Plaintiff of the luggage or the crowd. The Court therefore GRANTS summary judgment against Plaintiffs duty to warn theory.
2. General Duty of Reasonable Care
The Court’s analysis does not end with the duty to warn inquiry, however, because Defendant still owed Plaintiff a general duty of reasonable care. In particular, Defendant owed its passengers the ordinary duty not to unreasonably create or cause (through selecting and dictating the manner of debarkation) a hazardous condition that in turn injures a passenger. See Keefe v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc.,
In other words, Defendant also has a duty not to unreasonably create or allow a crowd to form in the Corridor such that the crowding causes injuries to passengers. This duty is discharged not by warnings, but rather by implementing and exercising the due level of debarking safety procedures intended to prevent crowding. This would include an adequate level of: signage; safety videos; debarking videos, announcements, and instructions; Defendant’s own debarking protocols; and debarking crowd-management personnel. See generally Boenninghausen Dep. Accordingly, because Defendant owed Plaintiff the aforementioned general duty of reasonable care, summary judgment against this element, as a whole, is DENIED. As stated previously, however, Plaintiffs duty to warn theory is precluded by summary judgment.
B. Breach
Plaintiff argues that the standard of care Defendant owed Plaintiff is that of “the highest duty of care,” which Plaintiff contends stems from the passenger-common carrier relationship. Pl.’s Resp. at 3-7. This is incorrect and is an issue this Court already addressed in its Order on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. See August 19, 2014 Order (ECF No. 25). It is well-settled that a shipowner owes its passengers the duty of exercising ordinary reasonable care under the circumstances. Kermarec v. Compagnie Generole Transatlantique,
As stated previously, Defendant has a duty not to unreasonably create or allow crowds to form in its corridors in a manner hazardous to passengers. The precautions necessary to adhere to this standard include, among other things, maintaining an adequate degree of: signage; safety videos; debarking videos, announcements, and instructions; debarking protocols; and debarking crowd-management personnel. See generally Boenninghausen Dep. Thus, to survive summary judgment, a reasonable juror viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff must be able to conclude that Defendant failed to utilize a reasonable amount of the aforementioned precautions. Specifically, Plaintiff argues only that Defendant failed to have a sufficient number of crowd-management personnel to ensure that it could identify and break up the crowd. Consequently, there must be evidence in the record that: (1) there were no crowd-management personnel in the Corridor at the time Plaintiff was injured; (2) if a crowd-management attendant had been in the Corridor, he or she would have disbursed the crowd; and (3) it would have been feasible to have a crowd-management attendant in the Corridor.
First, Defendant does not dispute that there were no crowd-management personnel in' the Corridor at the time Plaintiff fell. Def.’s Reply at 10.
Second, there is evidence in the record that if a crowd-management attendant had been in the Corridor he or she would have disbursed the crowd. Boenninghausen Dep. at 190-91, 200-03. Defendant dedicates staff during debarkation specifically to break up any congestion in the ship’s corridors. Id.
Third, there is evidence in the record that it is feasible to dedicate more personnel to crowd-management during debarkation. Id. at 151-52, 157, 174, 201. For instance, Defendant’s Corporate Representative stated that Defendant dedicates at least ten crowd-management personnel to the area near the Corridor during its emergency “muster” drill, id. at 151-52, whereas it dedicates only four or five to that area during debarkation. See id. at 157, 174, 201.
Viewing the foregoing evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a reasonable juror could find that Defendant failed to exercise due care by failing to maintain sufficient crowd-management personnel in and around the Corridor, the result of which was the crowding that caused Plaintiff to fall.
C. Cause
Plaintiff alleges that the crowding in the Corridor caused him to stumble over a piece of luggage. Compl. ¶¶ 30, 32. • Defendant argues that there is no evidence of causation because “there is no evidence that Plaintiff actually tripped over a piece of luggage,” as opposed to tripping on his own. Mot. at 5. Importantly, Defendant does not argue that it did not cause the crowding via its debarking procedures.
Defendant’s argument fails because there is evidence in the record sufficient for a reasonable juror to conclude that Plaintiff tripped on luggage. Although Plaintiff stated at one point in his deposition that he never saw what he tripped over, Lancaster Dep. at 105, he also stated
D. Harm
The Parties do not dispute that Plaintiff was injured as a result of his fall. The measure of damages, however, is an issue solely within the trier of fact’s purview.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, it is:
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART as follows:
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs duty to warn theory of negligence; and
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED as to Plaintiffs reasonable care theory of negligence.
Notes
. Plaintiff states in his deposition that he was on his way to breakfast but states in his Response that he was returning from breakfast. It is irrelevant for purposes of this Order whether Plaintiff was going to breakfast or returning from breakfast at the time.
. “Debarkation” is the term the Parties use to describe the process whereby passengers leave or disembark from the cruise ship en masse.
. Though analysis of whether a condition is open and obvious is not applied from the subjective standpoint of what Plaintiff actually perceived, the Court notes that Plaintiff saw
. As noted before, passengers were required to be packed and out of their rooms by 8:30 a.m., but the times during which passengers were actually allowed to begin exiting the ship were designated and staggered.