96 N.J.L. 231 | N.J. | 1921
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The plaintiff in error was convicted of murder of the first degree, without a recommendation by the jury, that the punishment be imprisonment for life. He was found guilty of killing Edith Janney on August 21st, 1918, in the vicinity of West Milton avenue, in the city of Rahway. Her companion, a man named Arthur Kupfer, was killed at the same time. The plaintiff in error, with Charles Perchand, were jointly indicted for the crime. When the trial of the case was moved the prosecutor of the pleas applied for a sever
The soundness of this mode of procedure is forcibly vindicated by Chief Justice Magie, speaking for this court, in the case of Clifford v. State, 61 N. J. L. 217. But it is argued the statute (Pamph. L. 1911, p. 220; Comp. Stat. Supp., p. 840) has changed the law on this point. But our reading of the provisions of the statute appealed to satisfies us that it has application on this point only to civil cases. True it is, the first section of that statute provides that challenges for any cause whatever, in any action or suit, civil or criminal, in any court of this state, may be made at any time before the juror is actually sworn. The next two sections refer to civil suits or actions. The words in section 3 “such peremptory challenge” manifestly refer to section 2, i. e., a. civil suit or action in any court of this state. The first section is a copy of the act of 1887: Comp. Stat., p. 2978, ¶ 43A. The remaining sections were added when' the statute was passed by the legislature in 1911. Clifford v. State, supra, was followed by this ’court as late as 1919 in the case of State v. Palmieri, 93 N. J. L. 195. There was n'o error in the ruling of the trial court on this point.
Hext, it is argued it was harmful error to exclude on the cross-examination of the witness Charles Perchand the following question: “At the time you g’ave the statement in writing to Galation, of the prosecutor’s office, did he tell you that the defendant here had told him that you were the man that had committed that crime ?” It is argued by the plaintiff in error that this question was proper cross-examination. The answer of the state is, that it was immaterial what was told to the witness Perchand at the time he gave a statement in the prosecutor’s office, as no reference to. the statement was made in Perchand’s direct examination. The statement itself was not offered by the state or referred to in any way. The record
“(A Don’t you know that Brandon had written from Auburn prison a letter to Galation, in the prosecutor’s office, in which he charged you and your brother and Steve with the murder at Rahway, don’t yon know that?
“’.1. 1 don’t know anything of the sort.
“Mr. McDermit—I will put Galation on the stand; I have got the letter.
“(A You were informed at Auburn prison that this man, who was in Auburn prison, had written toi the prosecutor’s office of Union county charging you and your brother and Steve with the commission of this crime?
“.1. I was not.
“(A Yever knew that?
“.!. I was not informed.
“(A You never knew that he had written a letter from the Aubnrn prison charging you people with this murder, is that right ?
“J. 1 never knew that.
“(A Did you ever hear it before I told you now?
'll. I don’t believe he has ever written a letter of that kind.
“(A Did you ever hear it before I told you now?
“A. YoY
It may be conceded tliat the rejected question was competent and proper on cross-examination, either to show the mental attitude of the witness or for the purpose of contradiction. To affect the credibility of the witness by showing his answer to he untrue. But both of these purposes have been accomplished by the testimony above referred to. It is difficult to see how1 the defendant could possibly be injured. We think this was not legal error. What Chief Justice Beasley said, speaking for this court in the case of Hunter v. State, 10 N. J. L. 495, 543, is pertinent, that in addition to the existence of error in law, it must be shown that such error was or might have been prejudicial to the defence on the merits,
The next contention is with relation to the testimony of Edward H. Schwartz, the finger print expert. He qualified as such expert. His testimony was that in the last fifteen or twenty years he had examined about fifteen thousand subjects, “meaning ten fingers to a subject.” He testified that he had taken the finger prints of the defendant; he had compared them wjth the finger prints found on the door of the automobile, and they were the same. He produced photographs of those finger prints. They were admitted in evidence. The argument rna'dc is, that this testimony was incompetent, so far as the finger prints on the automjobile door were concerned, because the door itself ought to have been .produced, but this has been decided b}r our Supreme Court the other way, in the case of State v. Connors, 87 N. J. L. 419. In that case it was held competent to show by a photograph the finger prints upon the column or balcony post of a house without the column being produced in court. We can see no distinction in principle why the photograph of finger prints on an immovable body may be admissible, while those on a substance that can be moved may not be admissible. It is not unlike the case of State v. Hill, 65 Id. 626. That case upheld proof that certain articles taken from the prisoner’s coat pocket were admissible, although the coat was not but could have been produced. This class of evidence was examined, and discussed by this court in the case of State v. Cerciello, 86 Id. 310. There is a scientific basis for the system of finger-print identification. The courts are justified in admitting this class of evidence. This method of identification is in such general and common use that the courts cannot refuse toi take judicial cognizance of it. People v. Jennings, 252 Ill. 534; 43 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1206; 16 C. J. 755, ¶ 550; People v. Roach, 215 N. Y. 592. The expert, Edward H. Schwartz, was asked the following question: “What is considered the probability of two prints, eacli taken from different persons, being similar or alike?” to which the answer was, “the Encyclopedia Britannica gives ■
The only other point that seems to, call for1 a reference in this discussion is the alleged error in admitting the evidence of Dr. .Ray T. Monger, with relation to the two bullet wounds found in the body of Arthur Kupfer, the dead girl’s companion, because it related to a homicide other than that for which the defendant was being tried; but this, did not render the testimony incompetent. The admission of this, testimony was for the trial judge to determine, subject to review in case of legal injury to the defendant, We think this testimony was properly admitted by the trial judge. State v. Deliso, 75 N. J. L. 808, 817. The record reveals that Charles Perchand, a witness for the state, had already testified the defendant was guilty of the double killing, proof of the locality of the wounds,, their description in the two bodies and the similar character of the weapon used were 'merely confirmatory of ('liarles Perchand’s testimony. This evidence was, properly permitted to he given.
The criticism aimed at the charge of the trial judge K not justified when the entire charge is read. Our reading of tlie charge satisfies us that it contains only accurate statements of the law, their proper application to, the facts, within the rules laid down by this court for the guidance of trial courts.
The result is the judgment of the Union County Court of Oyer and Terminer is affirmed.
For affirmance—Ti-ie Chancellor, Trenchard, Mjnturn, Black, Katzenbacii, White, Heppeniietmer, Williams, Gardner, JJ. 9.
■ For reversal—The Chief Justice, Sayayze, Parker, I\alisoi-i, JJ. 1.