MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court is defendant McCann Erickson’s motion for summary judgment on plaintiff Beth Lambert’s claim that defendant terminated her employment based on her pregnancy in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), the New *269 York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law §§ 296 et seq. (“NYSHRL”), and the New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107 et seq. (“NYCHRL”). For the reasons stated below, the Court grants defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
BACKGROUND
McCann Erickson (“McCann”), a large advertising agency, hired Beth Lambert (“Lambert”) as a Senior Art Director in its Creative Department on October 30, 2000. (Def.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 1-2.) Lambert was promoted to the position of Creative Director in November 2002. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 90.) McCann terminated Lambert’s employment on March 4, 2005; Lambert estimates that she was eight to ten weeks pregnant at the time of her termination. (Def.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 4, 6.) After Lambert was terminated, McCann hired a man to replace her. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 89.) McCann claims that Lambert was fired because her performance and skills were deficient, and argues that the executives who made the termination decision — Senior Vice President and Director of Creative Services Sallie Mars and Chief Creative Officer Joyce Thomas — were unaware of Lambert’s pregnancy until after they decided to fire her. 1 Moreover, defendant claims that it had considered firing Lambert well before she even became pregnant.
Lambert does not proffer any evidence that Mars and Thomas were in fact aware of her pregnancy but contends that her pregnancy must have played a role in her termination because her supervisors had often praised her and did not complain about her performance until after she began sharing the news that she was pregnant. In addition, Lambert claims that the supervisor to whom she was assigned in December 2004, William Oberlander, found out that she was pregnant in January 2005 and thereafter recommended to Mars and Thomas that she should be let go. Lambert argues that Oberlander had no reason (other than an alleged discriminatory intent) to recommend her termination. The facts relating to the parties’ claims are set forth below and are undisputed except where noted.
I. Lambert’s Employment Record at McCann before She Became Pregnant
Lambert’s employment record at McCann is best described as checkered. She received glowing praise on certain projects and enjoyed the loyal support of certain of her supervisors. For instance, it is clear that Group Creative Director and Senior Vice President Karen Abbate, along with her partner Group Creative Director Jagdish Prabhu, thought highly of plaintiffs abilities. Abbate often praised Lambert’s work (see, e.g., Bernbach Decl. Ex. 10 at 25, 85, 86); Abbate and Prabhu twice tried to convince management not to fire Lambert (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 64, 93); and Abbate testified at her deposition that she believed that Lambert’s performance and creative skills were “good.” (Id. at 60-61.) Andrew Schirmer, a McCann Managing Director, *270 praised work that Lambert had helped create (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 10 at 128), and sent Lambert and her partner, Meg Rogers, an encouraging note after a client rejected an ad they had prepared. 2 (Id. at 131.) Nina DiSesa, McCann’s Chief Creative Officer before Joyce Thomas, praised Lambert’s work at different points in April, June, and July of 2004. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 80.) Steve Ohler, an Executive Creative Director, congratulated Lambert when her work was recognized by a trade publication. (Bernbach Deck Ex. 10 at 22).
The record also shows that in the period before December 2004, Lambert’s supervisors often voiced concerns regarding her performance. In 2002 and 2003, Lambert was involved in three interpersonal disputes with co-workers requiring action by her supervisors. In the fall of 2004, McCann executives, including DiSesa, twice initiated efforts to have Lambert terminated because they believed that her salary outstripped her value to the company. And, in a memo dated October 15, 2004, Mars detailed Ohler’s serious concerns about plaintiffs’ creative skills and her future role with McCann. All this occurred before Lambert became pregnant. Moreover, while it is undisputed that some of Lambert’s supervisors praised her at times before she became pregnant (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 76-82, 211), Lambert points to no evidence that anyone at McCann changed their opinions of her when they learned she became pregnant. 3 More importantly, there is no evidence that Mars or Thomas, who, along with William Oberlander, participated in Lambert’s termination, thought highly of her work before she became pregnant.
A. Lambert’s Relationship with her Co-workers
Defendant has represented that Lambert was terminated, in part, because she was not a “team player.” (Bernbach Deck Ex. 16 at 2; Mars Aff. ¶¶ 17-21.) In an email memorializing Lambert’s termination on March 4, 2005, Sallie Mars noted complaints regarding Lambert’s behavior toward her co-workers. (Mars Aff. Ex. F.) Lambert acknowledges that complaints were made about her but alleges that she was not at fault in the three disputes defendant has identified.
Sometime in 2002, Lambert’s interpersonal problems with Cori Ranzer, a McCann assistant producer, required the intervention of Peter Friedman, McCann’s Director of Broadcast Production. (Lambert Deck ¶ 5; Bernbach Deck Ex. 2 (“Mars Tr.”) at 58-59.) But, Lambert contends that Friedman concluded that Ranzer was at fault. (Lambert Deck ¶ 5.) Lambert’s partnership with Jeff Taylor also drew the attention of her supervisors. It is undisputed that Lambert and Taylor’s working relationship was often volatile, that it was punctuated by at least one public screaming match, and that it eventually “fractured.” (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 112, 114; Mars Tr. 35.) Karen Abbate recalled a meeting with Taylor in the fall of 2002 at which Taylor said that Lambert “was crazy and was Satan.” (Bernbach *271 Decl. Ex. 4 at 19, 79-80.) Predictably, Lambert and Taylor each complained about the performance and behavior of the other to Sallie Mars. (Mars Tr. 71, 73.) Mars testified that because she believed that Taylor was the more talented of the pair, she credited Taylor’s complaints over Lambert’s as she “[could] understand that the stronger partner would be frustrated with the weaker partner.” (Id. at 73.) Lambert was never disciplined for her dysfunctional working relationship with Taylor or Ranzer, and she received a promotion in November 2002 and a raise in June 2003.' 4 (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 90, 92, 116.) However, in the March 2005 termination e-mail, Mars noted that Lambert’s involvement in verbal fights with Taylor and Ranzer prompted Mars to start recording complaints she received about Lambert as she felt that a “pattern [was] emerging.” (Mars Aff. Ex. F.)
Among the complaints that Mars recorded are e-mails written by Mars, dated July 22, 2003, and September 4, 2003, that summarize two separate conversations that McCann supervisors had with Lambert regarding a single incident. (Mars Aff. Ex. F; Bernbach Decl. Exs. 14, 17.) In the first conversation, on July 22, 2003, Mars and Steve Ohler — at that time, one of Lambert’s supervisors — spoke to Lambert about her behavior toward McCann’s production staff. (Def.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 28-30.) According to the e-mail-Mars wrote to memorialize the meeting for Lambert’s personnel file, Peter Friedman had complained that Lambert was “not a team player,” that she acted “like a princess, asking producers to work the schedule around her manicure appointments,” and that she treated the producers “like they are her lackeys.” (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 14.) According to Friedman, Lambert’s behavior “cause[d] problems” and hurt McCann’s credibility with its vendors. (Id.) In particular, Mr. Friedman had described one incident where Lambert asked for an elliptical exercise machine to be brought to her hotel room, and then Lambert “went nuts when the hotel wouldn’t pay for it.” (Id.) The e-mail notes that at the meeting, Lambert called the elliptical incident a “colossal misunderstanding.” (Id.) Mars and Ohler advised Lambert that “she must take responsibility for the consistent reaction that people have had toward her” and that she should alert her supervisors to interpersonal problems as they occur “rather than taking her feelings out in a passive/aggressive way by treating the producers like fools.” (Id.)
Lambert does not contest that the email accurately reflects what was said at the July 22, 2003 meeting, or how her supervisors felt about her behavior at the time. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 30-33.) Rather, Lambert states that Mars and Ohler were wrong to find fault with her behavior and that Friedman later admitted that he had “jumped the gun” in raising the issue, and that he would “clear things *272 up” with Mars and Ohler. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 28-30, 145-46.) Mars recorded her understanding of plaintiffs conversation with Friedman in a September 4,2003 e-mail reporting that Friedman had said that “he had a good long talk with [Lambert] and they are now on good terms.” (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 17.) While a crisis was averted, it appears that Lambert’s job had been at stake. One of the supervisors that supported Lambert, Karen Abbate, interceded on Lambert’s behalf by emphasizing her hard work on a valuable account. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 66.) According to Abbate, Steve Ohler had been considering terminating Lambert before Abbate and Prabhu’s intercession “protected,” or even “saved,” Lambert’s job. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 64, 93.) 5
B. Lambert’s Value to McCann
By the fall of 2004, however, Lambert’s position at McCann was again at risk, and, indeed a decision was made to let her go. In an e-mail on September 14, 2004, Nina DiSesa, then Chief Creative Officer, informed Mars and Thomas that she would discuss the “decision to let [Lambert] and [her partner] Meg [Rogers] go” with Karen Abbate and Jagdish Prabhu. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 25.) In a follow-up e-mail, DiSesa reported that Abbate and Prabhu protested the decision, pointing to Lambert’s good work for one of McCann’s clients. (Id.) The e-mails demonstrate that DiSesa believed that Lambert and Rogers’ salaries outstripped their value to McCann. (Id.) No action was taken, however, and shortly thereafter Joyce Thomas replaced DiSesa as Chief Creative Officer. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 230.) In October 2004, Thomas raised the possibility of firing Lambert and Rogers anew, telling Ab-bate that the account they were working on did not justify their salaries. (Id.; Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 98-99.) Again Abbate and Prabhu asked that Lambert’s termination be reconsidered in light of Lambert’s recent work, and again Abbate believed she had “saved” Lambert’s job. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 93-94.) Thomas later told Abbate that by splitting Rogers and Lambert’s time between the pharmaceuticals group and Abbate and Prabhu’s group, McCann could justify their salaries. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 232.)
While the rescinded decision to terminate Lambert in the Fall of 2004 was strongly influenced by financial considerations, the record indicates that Lambert’s job performance was also at issue. Thus, in her e-mail recording her intention to terminate Lambert, DiSesa singled out Lambert and Rogers as a pair whose work could be better done by another team. (Bernbach Deck Ex. 25.) This observation is consistent with Mars’s testimony that in 2003 and 2004, DiSesa said that she believed that “Lambert was not conceptual, [that] she didn’t have good ideas[, and that s]he didn’t contribute enough to the pitches.” 6 (Horowitz Aff. Ex. N at 54-56, *273 Dec. 21, 2006.) Similarly, Thomas testified that she was unsatisfied with Lambert’s work for her in 2004 on a pitch for Verizon, and she complained about its poor quality to DiSesa. 7 (Horowitz Aff. Ex. C at 69, Mar. 2, 2007.) There is no testimony that these judgments, even if incorrectly held, were tainted by discriminatory intent.
C. The Unsent Corrective Action Memo of October 15, 2004
At the time that Lambert’s termination was being considered in the Fall of 2004, Sallie Mars drafted a Corrective Action Memo, dated October 15, 2004, on behalf of herself and Steve Ohler, that is deeply critical of Lambert’s work. The memo states that its authors had “reviewed [Lambert’s] work on several occasions and it is not of the caliber we expect from someone at her level.” (Mars Aff. Ex. B.) In particular, the memo criticizes Lambert’s work on a project for Verizon Wireless. (Id.) The memo concludes that “given the past 5 years, a 30 day period of turn around will be insufficient to change our opinion of [Lambert].” (Id.) It is uncon-troverted that the memo was never delivered to Lambert, presumably reflecting that the decision to terminate Lambert at that time was reversed. As with other criticisms of her performance, Lambert contends that the negative evaluations in the memo are false. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 15.) Lambert also states that the memo incorrectly asserts that her supervisors had previously spoken to her about her performance. (Lambert Decl. ¶¶ 6-7.) As noted, however, plaintiff does not proffer any evidence that any actions in 2004 by her supervisors were discriminatory. She contests, however, the true date of the October 15, 2004 memo, implying that it was actually written in March 2005 to create a false record justifying her termination. (Pl.’s Opp’n 30-31.) This allegation is discussed infra.
II. Lambert’ Pregnancy and her Transfer to Oberlander’s Group
Having barely escaped termination in September and October of 2004, Lambert was looking for new assignments. (Bernbach Deck Ex. 1 at 57-58 (Vol. I).) On December 1, 2004, McCann hired William Oberlander as an Executive Group Creative Director. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 38A.) Lambert asked to do some work with Oberlander, and, by the end of December 2004 she learned that she had been transferred to Oberlander’s group. 8 (Id. ¶¶ 39A, 244.) At the end of December 2004, Lambert also learned she was pregnant, though she did not begin informing her colleagues of her pregnancy until January 2005. (Id. ¶ 260.) Lambert did not tell Mars, Thomas, or Oberlander that she was pregnant until March 2005. She told Oberlander on March 3 at a cocktail reception and Mars and Thomas on March 4 at the meeting in which she was terminated. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 8(a), (e); Bernbach Decl. Ex. 1 at 129-31 (Vol. I), Ex. 30.) However, Lambert claims that Oberlander knew she was pregnant by January 11, 2005 when it is undisputed that he made a *274 preliminary recommendation to Thomas that Lambert be let go. (Horowitz Aff. Ex. Y, Dec. 21, 2006.) Although Oberlan-der could not recall a precise date, he remembered seeing a sonogram on the windowsill of Lambert’s office. (PL’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 264, 266; Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 97.) Oberlander recognized the printout as a sonogram based on seeing sonograms in connection with the births of his own children. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 97.) However Oberlander did not ask Lambert about the sonogram, and she did not say anything about it to him. (Id. at 97-98.) Although Lambert did not refer to this in her depositions, she submitted an affidavit with her opposition to defendant’s motion for summary judgment stating that she only displayed the sonogram on her windowsill for a few days in early January. 9 (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 101; Lambert Decl. ¶ 9.) Lambert claims that Mars and Thomas must have learned that Lambert was pregnant from others at McCann. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 8(a).) However, there is no evidence in the record to contradict their testimony that they were first informed of Lambert’s pregnancy at the March 4 termination meeting. It is undisputed that two of the McCann employees that Lambert told — Karen Abbate and Amanda Ricciarini (not coincidentally the only two whose deposition testimony is before the Court) — did not tell anyone at McCann about Lambert’s pregnancy. (Def.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 51-52.) Abbate’s testimony that she did not share news of Lambert’s pregnancy with others at McCann is particularly important, as Lambert testified that she assumed that Mars learned of Lambert’s pregnancy from Ab-bate. (Horowitz Aff. Ex. K 114-16, Dec. 21, 2006.)
The timing of Oberlander’s viewing of the sonogram is relevant because it was on or about January 11, 2005 that he initially voiced the opinion that Lambert be replaced. In a January 11, 2005 e-mail, Joyce Thomas wrote to Oberlander, “[a]s we discussed last night, if [Lambert] does not have a role in your group, Sallie [Mars] and I will let her know that her time here is running out.” (Horowitz Aff. Ex. Y, Dec. 21, 2006.) Oberlander responded that day that his “instinct [was] to let [Lambert] go and replace her w[ith] a conceptual yet visually design-y art director.” (Id.) Although Oberlander had not yet worked with Lambert (PL’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 245, 247), he testified that Mars or Thomas had already told him that Lambert lacked the “conceptual ability to deliver great ideas.” (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 33.) Additionally, Oberlander testified that Jeff Taylor, David Levy, and Ted Mendelson, three other members of his *275 new group, resisted the idea of working with Lambert because “they thought that she was not a very good eoneeptualizer.” (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 35.) According to Oberlander, the feedback he received from his new colleagues at McCann led him to believe that Lambert had not been able to move successfully from executing ads as a designer to conceiving ads as a creative director. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 40.) Thus Oberlander testified that the preliminary recommendation in his January 11 e-mail was based on his impression that that Lambert was “damaged goods” and that she had a “terrible reputation.” (Horowitz Aff. Ex. P at 42-44, 56-58, Dec. 21, 2006.)
Mars recalled telling Oberlander that Lambert was a “very design oriented art director” but she stated that she had not said “anything negative.” (Mars Tr. 133-34.) Thomas did not recall making any specific criticisms of Lambert to Oberlan-der. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 3 at 95.) Taylor, Levy and Mendelson did not testify, although the record indicates that Taylor held Lambert in extremely low regard. 10 (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 19, 79-80.) In any event, Lambert acknowledges that Ob-erlander told her directly in February 2005 that he did not want her in his group because he did not believe that she was a conceptual thinker. (Bernbach Aff. Ex. 1 at 148-50 (Vol. I).)
At the beginning of February, Oberlan-der assigned Lambert and others to develop a pitch for Intel. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement 11269.) Lambert was assigned to work with a relatively inexperienced copywriter named Aaron Spratt. (Id. ¶ 272.) Soon after, Sallie Mars told Lambert that Ober-lander did not want Lambert in his group because she was not “creative enough.” (Id. ¶ 269.) The pitch for Intel, Mars told Lambert, would be a test of Lambert’s creative abilities. (Id. ¶ 270.) If Lambert did not perform well, she would be let go. (Id.; Bernbach Decl. Ex. 1 at 146 (Vol. I).) Lambert told Mars that she was upset with the situation and asked Mars how Oberlander could have already decided that Lambert was not good enough. (Bernbach Aff. Ex. 1 at 146-47 (Vol. I).) Within a few days, Lambert confronted Oberlander. (Id. at 147-48.) In particular, she complained that she would be tested based on her work while paired with the more junior Spratt. (Id.) Oberlander advised Lambert to make the best of the situation. Lambert’s work with Spratt was not selected for presentation to Intel. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 275.)
III. Lambert’s Termination
Mars and Thomas terminated Lambert in a meeting on March 4, 2005. (Def.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 4; Horowitz Aff. Ex. K at 135-37, Dec. 21, 2006.) Although Oberlan-der did not attend the meeting, as Mars testified, the decision to terminate Lambert was “a group decision” made by Mars, Thomas, and Oberlander. (Horowitz Aff. Ex. N at 38, Dec. 21, 2006.) Thomas, the most senior of the three, testified that she made the final decision. (Horowitz Aff. Ex. O at 39, Dec. 21, 2006.)
In an e-mail written the night of the termination meeting, Mars memorialized her understanding of what was said at the meeting and summarized the reasons for Lambert’s termination. (Mars Aff. Ex. F at 1.) Mars reported that Thomas told Lambert that she was not a “go-to” person in the Creative Department and that Thomas had tried to find a place for her within the department but was unable to do so. (Id.) According to the e-mail, Lam *276 bert protested that her work had been well-received and complained that she had not been given a fair opportunity to prove herself on the Intel pitch. (Id.) Plaintiff also revealed to Mars and Thomas that she was pregnant, and in a conversation with Mars later that day, asked to retain her position during the course of her pregnancy before taking maternity leave. (Id. at 2.) Mars told Lambert that she was not entitled to preferential treatment because she was pregnant; Mars explained that she had been able to change jobs when she was five months pregnant. (Id.) Plaintiff does not dispute Mars’s account of the termination meeting, though her deposition testimony reveals a greater focus on her performance on the Intel pitch; plaintiff described the “sum and substance” of the meeting as follows: “The Intel pitch is over, you failed, you didn’t produce what was expected of you. And now ... we’re letting you go as we told you we would ....” (Horowitz Aff. Ex. K at 161, Dec. 21, 2006.)
In the termination e-mail, Mars noted that she and Thomas had attempted to place plaintiff on projects run by Karen Abbate and Matt Lester, but that Abbate “was not thrilled with the prospect” and that Lester was not interested. (Mars Aff. Ex. F at 1.) Mars also wrote that all of the creative directors she had spoken with— Karen Abbate, Jagdish Prabhu, Steve Ohler, Bill Oberlander, Andrew Schirmer, Nina DiSesa and others — said that plaintiff was “not a great thinker, not conceptual” and that plaintiff was “more of a designer.” (Id.) Additionally, Mars wrote that plaintiff had been on termination lists since 2003 and had been the subject of email complaints and an official corrective action memo. (Id.)
Lambert argues that, contrary to Mars’s claim that Lambert’s supervisors doubted her conceptual skills, Nina DiSesa, Andrew Schirmer, Steve Ohler, and Karen Abbate praised Lambert’s performance. While Lambert has presented evidence that DiSesa praised Lambert’s work at different points in April, June and July of 2004 (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 80), as recited above, by September 14, 2004, DiSesa clearly believed that Lambert was expendable and that another team could do better work. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 25.) Evidence of Ohler’s positive assessment of plaintiffs work is similarly limited, in August 2003, Ohler congratulated Lambert when her work was recognized by a trade publication (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 10 at 22), and in April 2004, Rogers reported that Ohler did not blame Lambert and her team for Verizon’s negative reaction to their pitch. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 20.) Although she testified that she was concerned by plaintiffs interpersonal problems, Abbate did testify that she believed that Lambert’s performance and creative skills were “good,” and, as discussed above, did not hesitate to speak up for Lambert. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 4 at 60-61.)
DISCUSSION
I. Summary Judgment Standard
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), summary judgment may be granted “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). “The plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment ... against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
A fact is considered “material” for purposes of Rule 56 if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
II. Title VII
Title VII provides in relevant part that “[i]it shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer ... to discharge any individual ... because of such individual’s ... sex.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Employment discrimination claims brought under the NYSHRL and NYCHRL are evaluated under the same standards that govern Title VII.
Weinstock v. Columbia University,
Plaintiff must also be able to point to some admissible evidence from which a rational jury could infer that the employer knew that the plaintiff was pregnant.
See Woodman v. WWOR-TV, Inc.,
*278
If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, defendant bears a burden “to articulate a legitimate, clear, specific, and non-discriminatory reason for discharging the employee.”
Id.
Defendant’s burden is “one of production, not persuasion; it can involve no credibility assessment.”
Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods.,
However, a “plaintiffs prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the employer’s asserted justification is false,” will not always be adequate to defeat a motion for summary judgment.
Reeves,
III. Application
Plaintiff has produced evidence sufficient to meet the four elements required to make out a prima facie case of pregnancy discrimination: (1) she was pregnant; (2) she satisfactorily performed her duties as Creative Director; (3) she was discharged; and (4) she was terminated after she became pregnant, and her position was ultimately filled by a non-pregnant employee. Whether plaintiff has submitted sufficient evidence of a McCann’s knowledge of her pregnancy is a somewhat closer question. It is undisputed that Oberlander saw sonograms in Lambert’s office. Though Oberlander testified that he could not tell what the sonograms depicted, he recognized them from his experience with his own children. There is also some evidence in the form of Lambert’s affidavit that the sonograms were on her windowsill for a “handful of days” “in early January.” (Lambert Decl. ¶ 9, Jan. 24, 2007.) While circumstantial (and relatively weak), this evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to Oberlander’s knowledge of plaintiffs pregnancy, as a jury could infer that Oberlander surmised that the sonograms indicated that Lambert (and not a friend or family member) was pregnant, and further, that this event took place before he made his initial recommendation on January 11 that plaintiff be let go.
Therefore, defendant was required to submit a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for Lambert’s termination. Here defendant met its burden of production by putting forth evidence that Lambert was fired for poor performance.
See, e.g., Saulpaugh v. Monroe Cmty. Hosp.,
In assessing whether there remain genuine issues of material fact, one uncontroverted fact stands out: Mars and Thomas did not know that Lambert was pregnant until after they fired her. There is simply no evidence in the record to support an inference that Mars or Thomas knew plaintiff was pregnant before the termination meeting. Plaintiff never told Mars or Thomas, and plaintiffs conclusory assumption that Abbate would spread the news is rebutted by Abbate’s testimony to the contrary.
See Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup, Int'l, Inc.,
But, it bears emphasis that this taint derives from the impact that the bias-motivated actions or recommendations have on the employment
decision.
It does not arise because one decision-maker’s unspoken bias (or here, the knowledge precedent to such bias) may be imputed to all.
See Woodman,
That Mars and Thomas did not know about plaintiffs pregnancy until the termination meeting makes plaintiffs argument that the October 15, 2004 Corrective Action Memo was fraudulently backdated particularly implausible. An allegation of fabrication of the memo would only make sense if (1) Oberlander’s assessments were motivated by discriminatory animus and *281 thereby tainted his recommendation to Mars and Thomas; (2) Mars and Thomas at some point discovered Oberlander’s discriminatory motive; and (3) Mars then fabricated the memo detailing complaints by Mars and Ohler in October 2004 to cover up discriminatory assessments by Oberlander in January and February 2005. Moreover, this supposed fabrication scheme would have had to have been hatched very quickly, as Mars mentions the corrective action memo in an e-mail she wrote just hours after Lambert’s revelation of her pregnancy at the termination meeting. There is nothing in the record save pure speculation to support this improbable sequence of events.
Plaintiff argues that there is circumstantial evidence that the memo was fabricated because (1) it was not given to her or discussed with her and (2) the memo contains allegedly false statements regarding the quality of her work and whether her previous performance had been discussed wither her. But alleged inaccuracies do not establish when the memo was created nor obviate the fact that it is dated at precisely the same time that both parties agree that plaintiffs termination was under active discussion. It is beyond dispute that McCann decided internally to fire Lambert in October 2004. It is also undisputed that Mars and Thomas reversed that decision and instead made an effort to find new work for her, including assigning her in December 2004 to Oberlander’s team. Taken together, the evidence in the record would not permit a reasonable inference that the memo was fabricated, much less that the fabrication was intended by Mars to obscure discriminatory recommendations made by Oberlander.
The question then is whether the evidence supports an inference that pregnancy motivated Oberlander’s negative assessment of Lambert, and that this assessment was unwittingly relied upon by Mars and Thomas. It should first be emphasized that plaintiff presents no evidence that Oberlander’s treatment or assessment of her was motivated by her
pregnancy.
Oberlander never said anything negative about plaintiffs pregnancy or anyone else’s. (Def.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 70.);
cf. Abdu-Brisson v. Delta Air Lines,
In sum, plaintiffs only evidence that Oberlander’s stated reasons for recommending plaintiffs termination- — her bad reputation and her unimpressive work on the Intel pitch — are pretext for unlawful pregnancy discrimination is the fact that plaintiff was pregnant and that she was treated unfairly. This is plainly insufficient.
See Lizardo v. Denny’s Inc.,
*283
As noted above, in
Reeves,
the Supreme Court posited that an “employer would be entitled to judgment as a matter of law ... if the plaintiff created only a weak issue of fact as to whether the employer’s reason was untrue and there was abundant and uncontroverted independent evidence that no discrimination had occurred.”
Reeves,
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, defendant’s motion for summary judgment [15] is granted. The Clerk of the Court is requested to close this case.
SO ORDERED.
Notes
. Lambert had been attempting to become pregnant for some time before December 2004, and had been undergoing in vitro fertilization for at least one year before she became pregnant. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶ 239.) Plaintiff does not argue that defendant began discriminating against her on account of her pregnancy (intended or actual) until after Lambert became pregnant (Cf. Pl.'s Opp'n 22-24.) Likewise, while Lambert notes that she was unable to travel as a result of the in vitro process, she does not allege that defendant discriminated against her on this account. (Cf. Pl.’s Opp’n 15; Pl.’s 56, 1 Statement ¶ 239.)
. Lambert argues that Schirmer pleaded for Lambert and her partner Meg Rogers to continue working for him. (Pl.'s 56.1 Statement ¶ 237). The e-mail from Schirmer that Lambert cites for this is proposition indicates that Schirmer wanted Lambert and Rogers to finish a project that they had started for him, but expresses nothing regarding Schirmer’s desire for Lambert or Rogers to work with him in the future. (Bernbach Deck Ex. 26.)
. As noted above, Lambert claims that Oberlander could not have formed an opinion about her work before he learned that she was pregnant as he had recently arrived and had yet to work with her. Pl.'s Opp'n 23-24
. Lambert’s June 2003 raise, which increased her salary from $110,000 to $120,000, was the only pay increase Lambert received while she worked at McCann. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 1 at 208-09 (Vol. I), Ex. 35 at 4.) Mars testified that raises were awarded to those who had done a "good job” and that a formula was applied to determine the amount and frequency of such raises. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 2 at 22-23.) Mars estimated that, absent superlative work, employees in Lambert’s position were eligible for a raise after eighteen to twenty-four months and that the average raise was approximately five percent. (Id. at 23-24.) Thomas testified that for employees making under $150,000 she tries to award a raise every eighteen months, and that a five to ten percent raise would be given for longevity while a fifteen to twenty percent raise would be given on the basis of performance. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 3 at 35-37.) Lambert’s $ 10,-000 increase in salary represented about a nine percent raise.
. There is additional evidence during this time period suggesting that Lambert’s position had been in jeopardy. The Creative Department maintained an unofficial list of un-derperforming employees used for discussing cutbacks. (Mars Tr. 80-86; Bernbach Decl. Ex. 3 at 46-47, 58). According to Mars and Thomas, prior to her termination, Lambert had been on the termination list since 2002 or 2003. (Mars Tr. 85, Bernbach Decl. Ex. 3 at 55.) However, Lambert disputes defendant’s evidence of Lambert's place on the termination lists, as defendant produced only one version of the list (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 24), and Lambert was given a raise and a promotion while on the list. (Pl.'s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 211-12;) On the latter point, Thomas testified that underperforming employees like Lambert were still given raises and promotions. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 3 at 57-58.)
. The Court understands this statement to be relevant not for the truth of the matter asserted but for its effect on the listener, Mars.
. Lambert tries to dispute Thomas’s testimony that she believed that the Verizon work was poor by pointing to Steve Ohler’s alleged perception that Lambert was not to blame for the pitch’s poor reception by the client. (Pl.’s 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 166-70.) Whatever Ohler’s perceptions, it is undisputed that in October 2004 Thomas believed that Lambert was expendable, and that this view was untainted by discriminatory intent.
. Oberlander and Lambert had both worked at another advertising agency, though they had never worked together before Oberlander came to McCann. (Pl.'s 56.1 Statement ¶ 249.)
. Lambert did not testify that she remembered Oberlander seeing the sonogram on her window. (See Bernbach Decl. Ex. 1 at 153— 56 (Vol. I).) Rather, Lambert testified that she believed that Oberlander saw sonograms lying on her desk on a separate occasion when the two were passing papers across Lambert’s desk. (Id.) Lambert assumed that Oberlander had seen the sonograms lying on the desk. (Id. at 154-55.) Oberlander did not recall the incident. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 98, 100.) Lambert did not recall specifically when this second incident occurred, but believed that it occurred before meetings she had with Mars and Oberlander that took place in February 2005. (Horowitz Aff. Ex. K at 151-153, Dec. 21, 2006; Bernbach Deck Ex. 1 at 154-56 (Vol. I) (Lambert's testimony that the incident occurred before she met with Oberlander about the Intel pitch), Bernbach Decl. Ex. 1 at 146-48 (Vol. I) (Lambert’s testimony that she spoke to Oberlander about the Intel pitch within a few days of discussing the matter with Mars), Mars Tr. 141 (Mars's testimony that she spoke to Lambert about Intel in February 2005).) Assuming that Oberlander did see sonograms sitting on plaintiff's desk, there is no evidence suggesting that this would have occurred before he made the preliminary recommendation on January 11 that plaintiff should be let go.
. Likewise, Mendelson complained to Ab-bate about Lambert after working with her on the Intel project. (Horowitz Aff. Ex. D at 89, Mar. 2, 2007.)
. Title VII’s definition of “because of sex” includes “because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth or, or related medical conditions.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k);
see also Saks v. Franklin Covey Co.,
.
Woodman
and
Stainkamp
are in tension with the Second Circuit’s decision in
Gordon v. New York City Board of Education,
. At one point in his deposition, Oberlander stated that he was evaluating plaintiff on "a clean slate” and with a "blank mind.” (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 38.) Plaintiff argues that this testimony was false (and is evidence of discriminatory intent) because it conflicts with Oberlander's testimony that he formed his initial opinion that plaintiff should be replaced on the basis of her reputation. However, there is no inconsistency in Oberlander's testimony: he formed a negative opinion of plaintiff before having worked with her, but agreed with Mars that plaintiff's work would be tested on the Intel pitch. (Bernbach Decl. Ex. 5 at 38-40, 42-43.) Plaintiff's work was not selected for the pitch to Intel and she offers no evidence that this was discriminatory or colored in any way by Oberlander’s negative view of her reputation. Of course, even if plaintiff was judged unfairly on the Intel pitch, this would not provide a basis for relief.
See Alfano v. Costello,