105 Cal. 680 | Cal. | 1895
The complaint in this action is against seventeen defendants, and is in the following language:
“ 1. That on the twenty-fourth day of August, 1892, the plaintiff was, and had been for many years, a resident of the city of Rational City, in the county of San Diego, state of California.
“ 2. That on the night of the twenty-third and twenty-fourth day of August, 1892, she was residing in said city, in her dwelling-house, with her daughters, Cora E. Lamb and Grace Lamb, and her son, Charles Lamb, and was the owner and in the peaceable and quiet possession of said dwelling-house and the lot upon which the same was situated.
“3. That on the night aforesaid, soon after midnight, the defendants forcibly, unlawfully, and without the consent of the plaintiff entered upon her said premises, and
“4. That by the said unlawful and violent acts of the defendants the property of the plaintiff was damaged, she was intimidated and put in great fear for the lives and safety of herself and her said children, to such an extent that she was compelled to abandon her home and seek shelter elsewhere, and has been injured in her good name, and disgraced and humiliated, from which she has suffered great mental anguish and distress, and that her health has been seriously and permanently impaired by said wrongful and unlawful acts.
“5. That by reason of said wrongful acts she has been damaged in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, wherefore the plaintiff demands judgment for fifty thousand dollars.”
To this complaint the defendants demurred upon the grounds, among others: 1. That there is a misjoinder of causes of action in the said complaint, to wit: a cause of action for injuries to property, with a cause of action for injuries to the person of plaintiff, and a cause of action for injuries to the person of her daughters, and a cause of action for injuries to the character of the plaintiff; and that the said several causes of action are improperly united in the said complaint; 2. That the complaint is uncertain in that it cannot be determined in what amount the plaintiff was damaged by the injury to her property, or in what amount she was damaged by the injury to her person, or in what amount she was damaged by the injury to her character, or in what amount she was damaged by the injury done to her daughters; 3. That it is ambiguous in the particulars above stated.
The demurrer was overruled, and the defendants answered jointly. Upon the trial judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the appellants in the sum of four thousand two hundred dollars, from
1. The demurrer should have been sustained. The plaintiff alleges in her complaint that by the wrongful acts of the defendants her property was damaged, her character was injured, and that her health has been permanently impaired. Each of these acts constituted a distinct cause of action for which she is entitled to recover damages, and in her complaint she avers that by reason of all these acts she has been damaged in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, for which she asks judgment against the defendants.
Section 427 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that “the plaintiff may unite several causes of action in the same complaint when they all arise out of . . . .; 5. Injuries to character; 6. Injuries to person; 7. Injuries to property. The causes of action so united must all belong to one only of these classes, and must affect all the parties to the action, and not require different places of trial, and must be separately stated.”
The complaint in the present case is in manifest disregard of this section, and the demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action should have been sustained. The complaint cannot be sustained upon the ground that the action is brought to recover damages merely for a trespass upon the real property of the plaintiff under circumstances of such aggravation as entitle her to exemplary damages. It is not in terms limited to a recovery for such trespass, but the fourth paragraph thereof contains substantive averments of the other grounds of damage above shown; and that the complaint was not so considered by the plaintiff is shown by the fact that at the trial she offered proof of the injuries to her person, and of the effect produced thereby upon her health, not merely at the time of the trespass, but continuing down to the day of the trial. Moreover, if it should be conceded that the complaint was for such a trespass, the demurrer for uncertainty should have been sustained, since there is no averment of the actual
2. The defendants pleaded, by way of abatement, that the plaintiff is a married woman, and that her husband should have been joined as a coplaintiff, in order to entitle her to a recovery for any personal injuries. Section 370 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides: “ When a married woman is party her husband must be joined with her, except: 1. When the action concerns her separate property, or her right or claim to the
The court finds “that at all times mentioned in plaintiff’s complaint, and for many years prior to the commencement of this action, the plaintiff was, and is yet, a married woman and the wife of one David Lamb, who is not joined with the plaintiff as a party to this action; but that the plaintiff and said David Lamb had been living separate and apart from each other at the time of the commencement of this action, and for many years prior thereto, and that the property upon which the trespass was committed by said defendants was the separate property of the plaintiff.” The court did not find the cause of their living separate and apart, and, unless the plaintiff is shown to be within the exception specified in section 370, her husband is a necessary party to any action brought by her other than such as pertains to her separate property. If the plaintiff is living separate and apart from her husband by reason of her own desertion of him she cannot by herself maintain any action for damages to her person. The separate property of the wife is declared in section 162 of the Civil Code to be “all property owned by her before marriage, and that acquired afterwards by gift, bequest, devise, or descent,” and section 164 of the Civil Code declares that “ all other property acquired after marriage” by the wife is community property. Whatever may be the law in other states, in this state the separate property of the wife, which is acquired by her after marriage, is limited to such as she acquires by “ gift, bequest, devise, and descent.” As a right of action for damages for a personal injury is not acquired by either of these modes, it is a part of the “other property acquired after marriage,” and is, therefore, community property. In any action to recover such damages the
3. At the close of the testimony the defendants presented to the court certain propositions which they requested the court to declare as legal principles applicable to the facts of the case, and to render its decision in accordance therewith; and, upon the refusal of the court so to rule, they took exceptions, and have brought the matters here by a bill of exceptions. In New York, and perhaps other states, such practice is authorized by statute (N. Y. Civ. Code, sec. 1023), but we are of the opinion that it is not authorized by the Code of Civil Procedure of this state. There is no express provision to that effect, and the provision that the decision of the court may be reviewed through exceptions taken to its rulings upon the admission of evidence during the trial, or through an exception to the decision itself, either on the ground of insufficiency of evidence or disregard of law, affords to the losing party ample opportunity for securing a proper consideration, by the trial court in the first instance upon a motion for a new trial, or by this court upon an ■ appeal, of all the principles of law applicable to the facts of the case. If the facts found by the court do not under any principle of law sustain the judgment, this can be shown on appeal without any bill of exceptions setting forth the failure of the trial court to make application of the proper legal principles; and, if its decision upon any controverted question of fact results from a failure to properly apply the law applicable thereto, or from a consideration of evidence not entitled to be considered, this error can be reviewed through a bill of exceptions in which is specified such error of law, or that the evidence is insufficient, either by reason of its incompetency or irrelevancy, to sustain the decision. In the present case, after it had been shown that the plaintiff was a married woman, the objection to a recovery by her of any damages for injury to her person or character could have been presented upon making it to appear that evidence of such
We are aware that in Touchard v. Crow, 20 Cal. 150, 163, 81 Am. Dec. 108, the court suggested that when a case was tried by a court without a jury, if counsel desired certain points of law to be considered as applicable to the facts established, the proper course would be to present them in the form of propositions; but it was not even suggested by the court that the refusal to entertain such propositions, or to rule upon them, could be made the subject of an exception, or afterwards incorporated into a bill of exceptions. This case was subsequently referred to in Estate of Page, 57 Cal. 238, and in Wilson v. Wilson, 64 Cal. 92, where some similar suggestions were made, but in neither of these cases was the question presented for decision or decided by the court. In each of them the procedure that had been adopted was held to be erroneous; and the suggestions of the court must be regarded as tentative rather than as a rule to be followed. In 1866 the legislature, by an amendment to section 180 of the Practice Act (Stats, of 1866, p. 844), provided that parties to an action might request the court to make findings of fact upon designated points, and that an exception could be taken to the refusal of the court to make such findings; but this is the only approach to the practice taken in the present case that has ever been authorized in this state. This procedure ceased to be operative when the codes came into operation in 1873.
4. As the case is to be sent back for a new trial certain errors of the court deserve to be noticed.
The court should have excluded the testimony of the plaintiff and other witnesses concerning the condition of her health and strength subsequent to the date of the trespass. As we have shown above, damages for an injury to her person cannot be included with an action for damages affecting her property, and can be re
The court also erred in refusing to allow the defendants to introduce evidence for the purpose of showing their motives and purpose in going to the house of the plaintiff and doing what was there done. When this
The evidence of conversations had with certain of the defendants, in the absence of the others, subsequent to the occurrence, should 'have been excluded. This evidence, so far as it tended to show the purpose or inten
It is claimed that the evidence fails to show any right of recovery against the appellant Warren Kimball. As a new trial is to be had, it would not be proper to comment upon the sufficiency of the evidence to establish his liability. If, in fact, he did no act to promote or encourage the trespass, and was merely a spectator while it was being committed by others, he would not be guilty of the trespass. In Cooper v. Johnson, 81 Mo. 489, the court said “ that one was present and witnessed the trespass, but neither by word, sign, nor act, nor in any other manner, signified his approval of it, does not render him liable. He is not, by his mere silence, to be held as countenancing the act.” His subsequent declarations of approval do not make him liable. (Cooley on Torts, 2d ed., 146.)
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed and a new trial granted.
McFarland, J., Van Fleet, J., and Beatty, C. J., concurred.