Case Information
*1 Filed 3/10/16
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION EIGHT
LAMAR CENTRAL OUTDOOR, LLC, B260074 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BS142238) v.
CITY OF LOS ANGELES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles.
Luis Lavin, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney, Terry Kaufmann Macias, Assistant City Attorney, Kenneth T. Fong and Michael J. Bostrom, Deputy City Attorneys, for Defendant and Appellant.
Best Best & Krieger, Todd R. Leishman; Greene Espel and John M. Baker for American Planning Association and International Municipal Lawyers Association as Amici Curiae for Defendant and Appellant.
Law Offices of Jeffrey L. Aran and Jeffrey L. Aran for California Sign Association and International Sign Association as Amici Curiae for Defendant and Appellant.
Meyers, Nave, Riback, Silver & Wilson, Deborah J. Fox and Margaret Rosequist for League of California Cities, California State Association of Counties, and American Planning Association California Chapter as Amici Curiae for Defendant and Appellant.
Michael F. Wright for Plaintiff and Respondent.
__________________________________________
SUMMARY
This is another round in the continuing litigation between outdoor advertising companies and the City of Los Angeles over “offsite signs” – billboards with commercial messages in locations other than at a property owner‟s business. In 2002, the city established a permanent ban, with some exceptions, on new offsite signs, including a ban on alterations of legally existing offsite signs (the sign ban). In 2009, the city explicitly banned offsite signs with digital displays.
In this lawsuit, filed in March 2013, plaintiff Lamar Central Outdoor LLC challenged the city‟s denial of 45 applications to convert existing offsite signs to digital signs. Plaintiff contended the sign ban violates the free speech clause of the California Constitution (article I or the free speech clause). Plaintiff argued the distinctions between commercial and noncommercial signs, and between onsite and offsite signs, are content- based and subject to strict scrutiny under United States Supreme Court precedents construing the First Amendment, and that California‟s free speech clause provides more protection than the First Amendment. Plaintiff also contended that the ban‟s “pervasive exceptions” caused the ban to fail even under an intermediate scrutiny test.
The trial court agreed with plaintiff, but we do not. Many authorities have upheld
the constitutionality of this sign ban and other comparable laws. At its core, plaintiff‟s
argument is that these authorities do not control decisions under the California
Constitution, and that they pre-date recent high court precedents –
Reed v. Town of
Gilbert
(2015) __ U.S. __ [
FACTS AND LEGAL BACKGROUND
1. The Sign Ban
The sign ban in the Los Angeles Municipal Code (LAMC or municipal code) prohibits signs if they “[a]re off-site signs, including off-site digital displays, except when off-site signs are specifically permitted pursuant to a relocation agreement . . . . This prohibition shall also apply to alterations, enlargements or conversions to digital displays of legally existing off-site signs, except for alterations that conform to . . . this Code.” (LAMC, § 14.4.4.B.11.)
The municipal code defines an offsite sign as a sign “that displays any message directing attention to a business, product, service, profession, commodity, activity, event, person, institution or any other commercial message, which is generally conducted, sold, manufactured, produced, offered or occurs elsewhere than on the premises where the sign is located.” (LAMC, § 14.4.2.) An onsite sign is “[a] sign that is other than an off-site sign.” ( Ibid. ) The city does not prohibit “an ideological, political or other noncommercial message on a sign otherwise permitted by” its sign regulations. (LAMC, § 14.4.4.A.)
The sign ban contains exceptions. It does not apply “to off-site signs, including off-site digital displays, that are specifically permitted pursuant to a legally adopted specific plan, supplemental use district or an approved development agreement.” (LAMC, § 14.4.4.B.11.) In addition, under the city‟s building code, the sign ban does not apply to “work located primarily in a public way” (LAMC, § 91.101.4), such as public transit shelters and other facilities.
The objectives of the city‟s sign regulations include that “the design, construction, installation, repair and maintenance of signs will not interfere with traffic safety or otherwise endanger public safety,” and that the regulations “will provide reasonable protection to the visual environment by controlling the size, height, spacing and location of signs.” (LAMC, § 14.4.1.A. & B.)
2. The Legal Background
Among the many lawsuits generated by the city‟s sign ban and related ordinances
were three challenges in federal court, in differing contexts, to the constitutionality of the
sign ban. In each case, the Ninth Circuit found no constitutional violation. (See
Metro
Lights, L.L.C
.
v. City of Los Angeles
(9th Cir. 2009)
The Ninth Circuit cases relied on high court jurisprudence, particularly
Central
Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Services Commission
(1980)
In
Central Hudson
, the high court reiterated its previously recognized “
„ “commonsense” distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction, which
occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation, and other varieties of
speech.‟ ” (
Central Hudson, supra,
In Metromedia II , the high court considered the constitutionality of a San Diego ordinance that banned offsite signs, with 12 exemptions (including “government signs” and “signs located at public bus stops”), but allowed onsite commercial signs.
(
Metromedia II, supra
,
3. Plaintiff’s Lawsuit
Undeterred by the sign ban and these federal precedents, in March and April 2013, plaintiff submitted 45 applications to convert some of its offsite signs to digital signs. The city denied all the applications.
Plaintiff filed a petition for writ of mandate and complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief. Its first amended petition alleged five causes of action, three of them based on the free speech clause, and the others based on the equal protection and due process provisions, of the California Constitution. As plaintiff tells us, all five causes of action “were based on two defects in the [sign] Ban: it is content- and speaker-based and it is subject to exceptions that have a significant, adverse effect on safety and aesthetics.”
In October 2013, after taking discovery, plaintiff filed a motion for issuance of a writ of mandate ordering the city to issue the 45 permits. Its motion included four declarations and accompanying exhibits evidencing several exceptions to the sign ban. The exceptions plaintiff cited were these:
First, a 2006 settlement between the city and two outdoor advertising companies
(CBS Outdoor and Clear Channel Outdoor) allowed the two companies to convert up to
840 signs to digital signs despite the ban. (The superior court voided this settlement in
2009, a decision affirmed by this court in 2012. (See
Summit Media LLC v. City of Los
1
The high court found the ordinance unconstitutional on its face because of its
treatment of noncommercial signs. While excepting onsite commercial signs from the
ban, the ordinance had no similar exception for noncommercial messages, and in addition
contained exceptions for some kinds of noncommercial signs but not others.
Consequently, the ordinance “reaches too far into the realm of protected speech . . . .”
(
Metromedia II, supra,
Angeles
(2012)
Second, a 2001 agreement (the “street furniture exception”) gave one outdoor
advertising company the exclusive right to place advertising panels at city transit stops.
(This is the agreement that was the subject of the unsuccessful challenge to the sign ban
in
Metro Lights, supra,
Third, plaintiff showed that the city allows street banners, by permit, to advertise community, charitable, and nonprofit events, using the city‟s light poles. (LAMC, § 62.132(a)&(b).) The banners may include the name and logo of a for-profit sponsoring entity, limited to 20 percent of the area of the banner. (LAMC, § 62.132(r).) The rules and regulations governing street banners state that permits are only to be issued for events “which serve a civic and public interest . . . .” Plaintiff calculated the total square footage of the 7,875 street banners on display in the city on July 22, 2013, as 189,000 square feet (using the maximum size of 24 square feet).
Fourth, the city‟s 364 buses are available for signage under a contract between the city and Titan Outdoor LLC. A Titan inventory report showing sales in 2012 indicated that 17,246 square feet of sign space had been made available by the city.
Finally, plaintiff produced evidence that, between December 2000 (when the city first banned offsite signs on an interim basis) and 2009, the city issued permits for 151 “other” offsite signs, only four of which were located in special use districts. Plaintiff defined these “other” offsite signs as “non-digital CBS and Clear Channel („other‟) offsite signs . . . ,” and calculated the area of the 147 signs at 85,309 square feet. (The trial court noted that the city “submitted no evidence explaining why these signs were allowed to be erected or converted.”)
4. The Trial Court’s Ruling
The trial court found the sign ban violated the free speech clause of the California Constitution, and granted the writ of mandate. The court concluded the sign ban was a content-based regulation that could not withstand strict scrutiny analysis. The court was “neither required nor inclined to follow the Ninth Circuit‟s decisions,” and disagreed with the Vanguard case (which found the analysis under article I was the same as the analysis under the First Amendment). The trial court found “no persuasive authority establishing that distinctions between onsite and offsite signs and commercial and noncommercial subjects are not content-based under article I.”
Acknowledging the authorities that recognize the onsite-offsite distinction as
content neutral under the First Amendment, the trial court was “not inclined to extend
this characterization to article I.” And the sign ban could not withstand strict scrutiny,
under which “a content-based speech restriction must be „necessary to serve a compelling
state interest and . . . narrowly drawn to achieve that end.‟ ” (
Fashion Valley Mall, LLC
v. National Labor Relations Bd.
(2007)
The trial court also found that, even if the Central Hudson test were used, the sign ban could not survive the third and fourth prongs of its intermediate scrutiny test. First, the city “failed to demonstrate that the Ban directly advances the city‟s asserted interests” in traffic safety and protecting the visual environment. This was because the city “failed to present any evidence” that the exceptions described in plaintiff‟s evidence “have not contributed to the City‟s traffic hazards and visual blight.” The sign ban also failed the fourth prong of the Central Hudson test, the court said, because it is “more extensive than necessary to serve the City‟s interests.” The court observed that an offsite sign displaying any commercial content would be subject to the ban “even if some of the *9 displayed messages are noncommercial in nature,” so the sign ban “stifles otherwise protected speech in the guise of promoting traffic safety and visual esthetics.”
Judgment was entered prohibiting the city from enforcing the sign ban, and ordering the city to process plaintiff‟s pending permit applications without regard to the sign ban.
The city filed a timely appeal. We granted applications by several parties – American Planning Association and International Municipal Lawyers Association; California Sign Association and International Sign Association; and League of California Cities, California State Association of Counties, and American Planning Association California Chapter – to file amicus curiae briefs in support of the city.
DISCUSSION
We begin with several preliminary points.
First, after the city filed its reply brief, plaintiff filed a motion “to strike or ignore improper factual arguments raised” at pages 30 to 42 of the city‟s reply brief. Specifically, plaintiff contends that the city, “disguis[ing] this tactic as ordinary responses” to plaintiff‟s arguments, “is really . . . challenging the trial court’s findings and the evidence in the record for the first time ” in its reply brief, when plaintiff “has no opportunity to respond.”
We decline to strike any part of the city‟s brief, but we will not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief. Here, for the most part, the city‟s argument is proper. The city merely argues that, contrary to the trial court‟s conclusions, the exceptions to the sign ban do not render it underinclusive. This is an argument about ultimate conclusions of law, not disputed factual findings. The only arguably inappropriate factual discussion in the city‟s reply brief – arguably inappropriate because it did not appear in the city‟s opening brief – concerns the terms of the city‟s now-voided settlement agreement with CBS and Clear Channel, and the 147 “other signs” that were permitted between 2001 and 2009. The city tries to explain, from the record, why most of the permits for those 147 signs were legitimate, in the face of the trial court‟s statement that the city “has submitted no evidence explaining why these signs were *10 allowed to be erected or converted.” We will not consider this factual argument, and note that, in the end, these 147 signs are not a significant factor in our analysis of the constitutionality of the sign ban under the free speech clause. (See discussion at p. 25, post .)
Second, along with its opening brief, the city requested judicial notice of several items: (1) the municipal codes of nine other California cities (to demonstrate that treating offsite commercial signs differently from onsite commercial and noncommercial signs is a wide-spread practice in California); (2) a provision of the city‟s municipal code that “constitutes the City‟s policy for creating sign districts where offsite commercial messages may be displayed”; (3) the free speech provisions of the constitutions of Florida, Indiana and Texas (states whose provisions are similar to California‟s and whose courts have allowed distinctions between onsite and offsite signs); and (4) the fact that the land area of the city is 468.67 square miles as indicated by the 2010 census (“to provide context to the trial court‟s finding that the City has permitted 460,000 square feet of offsite signs since adopting its ban in 2001”).
Plaintiff does not object to the second and third items, and so we grant the request.
Plaintiff opposes judicial notice of the municipal code provisions of other cities, asserting
this is “new evidence.” We deny the request for judicial notice of the municipal codes of
other cities as unnecessary. One cannot read the case law in this area without
understanding that municipal and statewide distinctions between onsite and offsite signs
are common. (See
Metromedia I, supra,
Plaintiff also objects to the census data showing the size of the city, contending it is “too late, and simply unfair, for the City to sneak such new evidence in on appeal.” Plaintiff also argues the total area of the city is irrelevant, and the only relevant comparison is “the number of exempt signs vs. the amount of „available sign space,‟ ” as to which the city offered no evidence. We grant the request to take judicial notice of the *11 census data showing the total area of the city. Even without the specific data, it would be pointless to pretend we do not know that the City of Los Angeles is a very large metropolis indeed. We do not consider this “sneak[ing] new evidence in on appeal.”
Third, as the city observes, when we review the validity of a law based on undisputed facts, our review is de novo.
And so we turn to the substantive issues before us.
1. The Governing Principles
We have already described the legal authorities that, to date, have uniformly concluded that distinctions between commercial and noncommercial speech, and distinctions between onsite and offsite billboards, do not offend established First Amendment principles. Plaintiff, however, contends that we should not follow Metromedia II , that both the California Supreme Court and recent decisions of the high court “have rejected its rationale,” and that in any event the commercial-noncommercial and onsite-offsite distinctions violate California‟s free speech clause.
Before addressing plaintiff‟s specific arguments, we describe the high court cases on which plaintiff‟s theory principally relies.
In
Reed
, the high court invalidated a town‟s sign ordinance banning outdoor signs
without a permit, but exempting 23 categories of signs from that requirement. (
Reed,
supra,
Reed
concluded the town could not demonstrate that the differing restrictions on
the three categories of signs furthered a compelling governmental interest and was
narrowly tailored to achieve that end. (
Reed, supra,
In
Reed
, the entire court agreed that the sign code could not stand.
2
Notably, three
of the six justices in the majority “add[ed] a few words of further explanation,” and listed
“some rules that would
not
be content-based . . . .” (
Reed, supra,
The second high court case undermining
Metromedia II
, plaintiff tells us, is
Sorrell, supra,
2. Application of Reed and Sorrell
Neither Reed nor Sorrell supports the notion that sign ordinances may no longer distinguish between commercial and noncommercial speech, or between onsite and offsite signs. We note several points about Sorrell and Reed .
First, Sorrell stands for the proposition that, when commercial speech is regulated based on its content , the regulation is subject to “heightened scrutiny.” ( Sorrell, supra, 131 S.Ct. at pp. 2665, 2667 [Vermont‟s law “does not simply have an effect on speech, but is directed at certain content and is aimed at particular speakers ,” and “that circumstance is sufficient to justify application of heightened scrutiny”], italics added.)
Here, the city‟s sign ordinance is not directed at the content of any commercial
sign, or at any particular speaker – unlike the case in
Sorrell
, where the regulation was
directed at a certain content (pharmacy records disclosing doctors‟ prescribing practices)
and was aimed at particular speakers (pharmaceutical companies). The broad categories
of “commercial” and “noncommercial” are plainly not what
Sorrell
means by “speech
with a particular content . . . .” (
Sorrell, supra,
Second, Sorrell did not even purport to overrule Central Hudson ‟s distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech. ( Central Hudson, supra, 447 U.S. at p. 562.) Indeed, in the end, Sorrell applied Central Hudson . While holding that “heightened scrutiny” was appropriate because of the content- and speaker-based nature of the commercial regulation, Sorrell did not describe the contours of “heightened scrutiny.” Instead, addressing the state‟s argument that its law burdened only commercial speech, the court stated that “the outcome is the same whether a special commercial speech inquiry or a stricter form of judicial scrutiny is applied.” ( Sorrell, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p. 2667; id. at pp. 2667-2668 [“To sustain the targeted, content-based burden [the Vermont statute] imposes on protected expression, the State must show at least that the statute directly advances a substantial governmental interest and that the measure is *14 drawn to achieve that interest,” citing, inter alia, Central Hudson ].) The statute did not directly advance either of the state‟s asserted interests. 3
In short, while
Sorrell
clearly tells us that “heightened scrutiny” is appropriate for
commercial regulations that are content- and speaker-based, it does
not
tell us that
ordinances may not distinguish between commercial and noncommercial speech.
4
Nor,
of course, did
Sorrell
have anything to do with billboard regulation, making no mention
3
Sorrell
concluded neither of the state‟s two justifications (protection of medical
privacy, and policy goals of improved public health and reduced healthcare costs)
“withstands scrutiny.” (
Sorrell, supra,
4 Plaintiff also cites City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc. (1993) 507 U.S. 410 ( Discovery Network ) for the proposition that restrictions distinguishing between commercial and noncommercial content are subject to “heightened scrutiny” under the First Amendment. That is not the case. In Discovery Network , the high court invalidated a “sweeping ban on the use of newsracks that distribute „commercial handbills,‟ but not „newspapers,‟ ” observing that “whether any particular newsrack falls within the ban is determined by the content of the publication resting inside that newsrack,” and “[t]hus, by any commonsense understanding of the term, the ban in this case is „content based.‟ ” ( Discovery Network, at p. 429.) The high court found the categorical ban on newsracks dispensing commercial handbills had only a minimal impact on the overall number of newsracks (removing 62 commercial newsracks, while 1,500 to 2,000 newsracks dispensing newspapers remained in place). ( Id. at p. 418.) This ban “place[d] too much importance on the distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech” in a case where “the distinction bears no relationship whatsoever to the particular interests that the city has asserted,” and was “therefore an impermissible means of responding to the city‟s admittedly legitimate interests.” ( Id. at p. 424.) The court concluded the ban on commercial newsracks “cannot withstand scrutiny under Central Hudson and Fox ,” so the court had no need to decide whether the city‟s policy should be subjected to more exacting review. ( Id. at p. 416, fn. 11.) The court also distinguished Metromedia II , noting that “[u]nlike this case, which involves discrimination between commercial and noncommercial speech, the „offsite-onsite‟ distinction involved disparate treatment of two types of commercial speech,” and neither of the bases for that disparate treatment “has any application to the disparate treatment of newsracks in this case.” ( Discovery Network, at p. 425, fn. 20.)
of
Metromedia II
or its approval of the distinction between commercial and
noncommercial speech, and between onsite and offsite commercial signs. This should
come as no surprise, given that “[e]ach method of communicating ideas is „a law unto
itself‟ and that law must reflect the „differing natures, values, abuses and dangers of each
method.” (
Metromedia II, supra,
Third,
Reed
is of no help to plaintiff either. Like
Sorrell
, it does not purport to
eliminate the distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech. It does not
involve commercial speech, and does not even mention
Central Hudson
.
Reed
required
strict scrutiny of a sign ordinance that was “content-based on its face,” treating various
kinds of noncommercial signs differently depending on their subject matter. (
Reed,
supra,
On this state of the law, we necessarily reject plaintiff‟s contention that “[u]nder
Reed
, the Ban is content-based and subject to strict scrutiny.”
5
After briefing, plaintiff directed our attention to
Retail Digital Network, LLC v.
Appelsmith
(9th Cir. 2016)
Notably, but not surprisingly, several district court cases decided after
Reed
have
found
Reed
does not apply to billboard bans. (
Citizens for Free Speech, LLC v. County of
Alameda
(N.D.Cal. 2015)
The second branch of plaintiff‟s argument for the application of strict scrutiny to
the sign ban asserts that the California Supreme Court “held the commercial-
noncommercial distinction content-based” in
Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego
(1982)
a. Metromedia III
As we have mentioned (see fn. 1,
ante
), the high court in
Metromedia II
remanded
the case involving the San Diego ordinance to our Supreme Court, noting the court “may
sustain the ordinance by limiting its reach to commercial speech, assuming the ordinance
is susceptible to this treatment.” (
Metromedia II, supra,
Plaintiff relies on two observations the court made in
Metromedia III
. One was
that the city council‟s intent was to eliminate signs that distracted pedestrians and
motorists and blighted the aesthetic character of the city, and that “the commercial or
noncommercial character of the billboard‟s message is largely irrelevant to these goals.”
(
Metromedia III, supra,
From these two statements, plaintiff asserts that Metromedia III “stands for three propositions”: that the commercial-noncommercial distinction is content-based, triggering strict scrutiny; that the commercial-noncommercial distinction is “largely irrelevant” to safety and aesthetics, so that the sign ban cannot withstand either strict scrutiny or intermediate scrutiny; and that Metromedia III rejected Metromedia II ‟s *18 distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech. Metromedia III did nothing of the sort.
Both of the quoted observations in Metromedia III occurred in the context of determining whether the San Diego ordinance was severable. Neither observation came close to constituting a holding that commercial-noncommercial or onsite-offsite distinctions are “content-based” or subject to strict scrutiny. The court had no occasion to, and did not, express an opinion on either point, and as we know, cases are not authority for propositions they have not considered. Nor does the court‟s mention of potential “serious constitutional problems” in distinguishing commercial from noncommercial speech constitute a holding that there is no such distinction. The court‟s later cases clearly indicate otherwise.
We recognize, of course, that the terms “commercial” and “noncommercial” necessarily refer, in the broadest sense, to the “content” of a sign. But plainly the term “content-based,” in free speech jurisprudence to date, ordinarily does not refer to whether speech is commercial or noncommercial. The term “content-based” refers, as Reed tells us, to the “topic discussed or the idea or message expressed” or to “specific subject matter” ( Reed, supra, 135 S.Ct. at pp. 2227, 2230), or as Sorrell tells us, to “particular content,” or “certain content” or “a particular viewpoint” ( Sorrell, supra, 131 S.Ct. at pp. 2663, 2665, 2664). There is nothing in Metromedia III to suggest that the distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech is “content-based” for purposes of requiring courts to apply strict scrutiny to a billboard ordinance distinguishing between the two.
The noteworthy point is that five justices in
Metromedia II
agreed that San Diego
could distinguish between onsite and offsite commercial signs, and two dissenting
justices would have upheld the San Diego ordinance in its entirety (as our Supreme Court
had also done). (See
Discovery Network, supra,
b. The California free speech clause
Plaintiff nevertheless insists that the onsite-offsite distinction is content-based
under California‟s free speech clause, emphasizing that article I gives every person the
right to freely speak “on all subjects.”
6
For this proposition, plaintiff cites authority from
the Supreme Court of Oregon, so holding under the Oregon Constitution (art. I, § 8),
which prohibits laws restricting the right to speak freely “on any subject whatever.”
(
Outdoor Media Dimensions, Inc. v. Department of Transportation
(2006)
While the trial court found the Oregon decision both “instructive” and
“persuasive,” we do not. The Oregon court relied solely on its own state court precedents
construing the Oregon Constitution, neither citing nor discussing any of the many federal
authorities construing the First Amendment and finding the onsite-offsite distinction is
not content-based. (
Outdoor Media, supra,
Our own Supreme Court, in
Metromedia I
– the 1980 decision reversed by the
high court because of the ordinance‟s application to noncommercial speech – found the
San Diego ordinance “[did] not abridge freedom of speech under the California
Constitution.” (
Metromedia I, supra,
Plaintiff dismisses Metromedia I , telling us it is “not good law” and “has no precedential weight” because of the high court‟s reversal. That is true, of course, to the extent Metromedia I approved the San Diego ordinance in its application to noncommercial speech. But we see no basis for finding Metromedia I ‟s rationale under article I, in its application to commercial signs, has been “repudiated.” Only another California Supreme Court or high court decision could do so, and none does.
Unlike the Oregon Supreme Court, decisions of the California Supreme Court give
“respectful consideration” to First Amendment precedents when analyzing claims under
article I. (
Beeman v. Anthem Prescription Management, LLC
(2013)
Further, plaintiff is mistaken when it asserts that article I “does not recognize the
U.S. Supreme Court‟s „commercial speech/noncommercial speech dichotomy.‟ ” Many
cases in other free speech contexts show otherwise. For example, in
Kasky v. Nike, Inc.
(2002)
Our colleagues in the Fourth District have recently rejected a claim that a city‟s
ban on all new offsite commercial billboards violated California‟s free speech clause,
affirming a preliminary injunction requiring the defendants to cease using and remove a
billboard erected without a permit. (
City of Corona v. AMG Outdoor Advertising, Inc.
(2016)
In sum, we now have California precedent finding an onsite-offsite distinction
does not violate article I, and in any event we would not follow Oregon precedent that
gives no consideration to federal authorities that our own Supreme Court instructs us to
consider for their persuasive value. We note in addition that other states have free speech
clauses similar to ours, and courts in those states have upheld ordinances against both
state and federal constitutional challenges to an onsite-offsite distinction. (See, e.g.,
Texas Dept. of Transportation v. Barber
(Tex. 2003)
4. Intermediate Scrutiny of the Sign Ban
Plaintiff argues, and the trial court concluded, that the sign ban in any event fails intermediate scrutiny under the Central Hudson test. Again we disagree.
The trial court‟s principal rationale for finding the sign ban “does not directly advance the City‟s interests” was, in essence, that it was underinclusive: that is, there were too many exceptions to the ban that also contribute to traffic hazards and visual blight. Thus the trial court observed that the city “has permitted approximately 460,000 square feet worth of off-site signs to be erected since 2001,” and the city failed to demonstrate that those 15,000 offsite signs, “in addition to the on-site, noncommercial, and exempted off-site signs that are posted throughout Los Angeles, have not contributed to the City‟s traffic hazards and visual blight.”
Metromedia II
, and the Ninth Circuit cases that have repeatedly found the city‟s
sign ban constitutional, reject the notion that the sign ban does not directly advance the
city‟s interests, and so do we. And while we recognize that these cases are not
controlling under California‟s free speech clause, they are persuasive. Thus, as
Metromedia II
observed, “whether onsite advertising is permitted or not, the prohibition
of offsite advertising is directly related to the stated objectives of traffic safety and
esthetics.” (
Metromedia II, supra,
The same is true of the other exceptions the trial court and plaintiff cite. As
Metro Lights
explains, “a regulation may have exceptions that „undermine and
counteract‟ the interest the government claims it adopted the law to further; such a
regulation cannot „directly and materially advance its aim.‟ ” (
Metro Lights, supra,
551
F.3d at p. 905;
id.
at p. 906 [an ordinance is unconstitutionally underinclusive if the
exceptions “ „ensure[] that the [regulation] will fail to achieve [its] end‟ ”]; see
Greater
New Orleans Broadcasting Assn. v. United States
(1999)
A regulation is not underinclusive simply because it has exceptions. Here, more than 40 percent of the 460,000 square feet of excepted offsite signs (half of the 15,000 signs) cited by the trial court consist of street banners advertising community, charitable, and nonprofit events (7,875 banners, at 189,000 square feet). Another 36 percent of the square footage consists of street furniture signs at city transit stops (7,858 signs, or 166,366 square feet).
As
Metro Lights
explains, the street furniture exception “does not weaken the
direct link between the City‟s objectives and its general prohibition of offsite
advertising.” (
Metro Lights, supra,
We are presented with no reason to disagree with the
Metro Lights
analysis, and
the same principles necessarily apply to the city‟s exceptions for street banners
advertising community, charitable and nonprofit events, as well as the advertising on the
city‟s 364 buses. (The city tells us that it does not regulate signs displayed on vehicles
and confined to the vehicle‟s surface area, private or public.) There is no basis to
*24
conclude that any of these exceptions “work[s] at inexorable cross-purposes” (
Metro
Lights, supra,
That leaves, as unexplained exceptions to the sign ban, the 147 offsite billboards
belonging to other outdoor advertising companies that received some type of permit since
the initiation of the sign ban in 2001. These unexplained billboards amount to about
85,000 square feet of signage in the entire City of Los Angeles. We cannot invalidate the
sign ban based on these 147 permitted exceptions, improper or not. If any of them were
improperly permitted, other remedies exist to correct the impropriety. If they were
properly permitted, for whatever legal reason, we cannot conclude the 147 permitted
exceptions “ „ensure[] that the [sign ban] will fail to achieve [its] end,‟ ” or that the sign
ban “does not „materially advance its aim.‟ ” (
Metro Lights, supra,
Plaintiff insists the sign ban is underinclusive under
City of Fresno v. Press
Communications, Inc.
(1994)
Finally, plaintiff contends the sign ban is more extensive than necessary to serve the city‟s interests, violating the fourth prong of the Central Hudson test. Plaintiff cites the trial court‟s statement that plaintiff‟s permit applications “would be denied under the Ban‟s onsite-offsite distinction even if it wanted to display offsite commercial messages only 1% of the time,” so that “the Ban stifles otherwise protected speech [i.e., noncommercial speech] in the guise of promoting traffic safety and visual esthetics.” We reject that rationale as entirely speculative and unsupported by pertinent legal authority. Under the sign ban, a noncommercial sign is allowed wherever a commercial sign is allowed. The high court has plainly held that what is required is not the “least restrictive means,” but rather a reasonable fit between the legislature‟s ends and the means chosen to accomplish those ends. ( Fox, supra, 492 U.S. at pp. 471, 480.) That exists here.
In sum, the city‟s offsite sign ban is not content-based, and therefore is not subject to strict scrutiny or heightened scrutiny under high court or California Supreme Court precedent. Consistent with the many authorities finding no constitutional infirmity under the First Amendment in the distinction between offsite and onsite signs, we reach a like conclusion under the free speech clause of the California Constitution.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court with directions to issue an order denying plaintiff‟s petition for a writ of mandate. The City shall recover its costs on appeal.
GRIMES, J.
WE CONCUR:
BIGELOW, P. J.
FLIER, J.