219 P. 807 | Or. | 1923
The point urged by plaintiff upon appeal is that of alleged error because of the court’s order vacating its decree.
The decree in the case at bar was rendered, entered and set aside at the same term of the Circuit Court. The decree vacated was based upon a complaint that was insufficient to sustain a decree annulling a bigamons marriage.
It is a well-established legal principle that judgments and decrees remain under the control of the court which gave them, throughout the
“It is well settled that any order or determination of a court, although it be a final judgment or decree, may be altered, modified or reversed by the court making it, at any time during the term at which it is made: Deering & Co. v. Quivey (Deering v. Creighton), 26 Or. 556 (38 Pac. 710); Ayers v. Lund, 49 Or. 303 (86 Pac. 806, 124 Am. St. Rep. 1046); Zelig v. Blue Point Oyster Co., 61 Or. 535 (113 Pac. 852, 122 Pac. 756); First Christian Church v. Robb, 69 Or. 283 (138 Pac. 856). The reason is based on the old common-law fiction that the whole term is considered as being but one period of time, all parts of which are ever present before the presiding judge, who makes of it but one transaction, with the condition that when it has lapsed, either by adjournment sine die or by operation of law, the whole matter has passed from the bosom of the court and beyond its control. This much is true only of final judgments or decrees fully disposing of the whole litigation.” Anderson v. Anderson, 89 Or. 654, 657 (175 Pac. 287).
There is an unbroken line of authorities to this effect. The law is well settled in both federal and state courts.
The plaintiff challenges the authority of the district attorney to defend on any ground other than that of fraud or collusion.
“In any suit for the dissolution of the marriage contract, or to have the same declared void, the state is to be deemed a party defendant, and the party plaintiff in such suit shall cause the summons to be served upon the district attorney of the district within which the suit is commenced, or his duly appointed deputy, at least ten days before the term at which the defendant is required to appear and answer.*150 It shall he the duty of such district attorney, so far as may be necessary to prevent fraud or collusion in such suit, to control the proceedings on the part of the defense, and, in case the defendant does not appear therein or defend against the same in good faith, to make a defense therein on behalf of the state * # .” Section 1020, Or. L.
The language of the statute is plain, and the duty of the district attorney is manifest.
In Keeley v. Keeley, 97 Or. 596, 599 (192 Pac. 490), Mr. Justice Benson, in expressing the opinion of the court, wrote the following relative to the duty of the district attorney:
“It will therefore be observed that in every suit for divorce in which the marriage defendant makes default, it is the imperative duty of the district attorney to make a defense.”
To like effect is Smythe v. Smythe, 80 Or. 150 (149 Pac. 516, 156 Pac. 785, Ann. Cas. 1918D, 1094).
Under the provisions of Section 1020, Or. L., quoted above, it is always the duty of the district attorney to defend against either collusion or fraud in a divorce suit, and, to that extent, to control the proceedings on the part of.the defendant, and whenever the defendant makes default or neglects to defend in good faith against the charge contained in the complaint for a divorce, the district attorney should always make a defense on behalf of the State of Oregon. The reason of the statute is based on the theory that a divorce suit is a triangular proceeding. Under our law, the plaintiff, the defendant and the State of Oregon are all deemed parties. It is the policy of the state to preserve the married status. In carrying out such policy, the statute expressly empowers and directs the district attorney to defend
This proceeding was instituted for the purpose of annulling- an “attempt” at marriage between the plaintiff and the defendant herein.
Our statute provides that—
“A husband or wife may maintain a suit against the other for dissolution of the marriage contract, or to have the same declared void, as provided in this chapter. ’ ’ . Section 501, Or. L.
It is next provided that—
“All marriages which are prohibited by law * * on account of either of them having a former husband or wife then living, * * shall, if solemnized within this state, be absolutely void.” Section 502, Or. L.
Now, passing to Section 504, Or. L., it is enacted that—
“A marriage may be declared void from the beginning, at the suit of either party, for any of the causes specified in Section 502, and whether so declared or not shall be deemed and held to be void in any action, suit or proceeding whatever in which the same may come in question. * * ”
Section 9721, paragraph 1, Or. L., prohibits marriage “when either party thereto had a wife or husband living at the time of such marriage.”
“If any person having a former husband or wife living shall marry another person, # * such person shall be deemed guilty of polygamy.” Section 2073, Or. L.
The provisions of the foregoing statute include a bigamous marriage.
Polygamy has been defined by a standard authority as—
*152 “the having of a plurality of wives or husbands at the same time; usually, the marriage of a man to more than one woman, or the practice of having several wives at the same time.” Webster’s New International Dictionary.
Again: “The offense of having at one time two husbands or wives, the one de jure and the other de facto, is often or commonly termed ‘bigamy,’ though equally well designated by the broader word ‘polygamy.’ ” 1 Bishop on Marriage, Divorce and Separation, § 717.
“Strictly speaking, bigamy means ‘twice married,’ as its derivation shows.” Anderson’s Law Dictionary.
From Keezer on Marriage and Divorce (2 ed.), page 206, we take the following definition of marriage :
“Stephen defines the word ‘marries’ as meaning going through a form of marriage which the law of the place where such form is used recognizes as binding, whether the parties are, by that law, competent to contract marriage or not, and although by their fraud the form employed may, apart from the bigamy, have been insufficient to constitute a binding marriage. * * It is enough that the accused obtained a license to marry and the service was performed by a minister. ’ ’
•The marriage relation between the plaintiff and Lahey is the basis of this suit. Without a marriage of the parties, there is nothing to nullify: 2 Bishop, Marriage and Divorce, § 732. The plaintiff fails to allege that she ever did marry John E. Lahey, from whom she" seeks a divorce. Her pleading alleges an “attempt” to marry him. An “attempt” to marry falls short of the consummated act of marrying.
“Attempt: * * an ineffectual act; * * an act tending toward the accomplishment of a purpose*153 which exceeds a mere intent or design, but falls short of an execution of it.” 6 C. J. 547, 548.
She bases her complaint upon an “attempted marriage.” She should have alleged a marriage with Lahey, or facts showing a marriage, although such marriage is bigamous and void. The statutes hereinbefore cited all refer to “marriages,” and not mere “attempts.” In paragraph 2 of her complaint, she alleges her marriage to White, the former husband. In paragraph 3 she avers:
“That thereafter, believing that her husband (White) was dead (plaintiff) attempted to enter into a marriage contract with the defendant herein on the 6th day of June, 1918.”
In paragraph 5 she assumes, without alleging, a “proposed marriage,” and in her prayer she asks that her “proposed marriage be annulled.”
Neither the lower court nor this court is empowered to annul a bigamous or a polygamous marriage in the absence of an adequate pleading. Plaintiff alleges that she was married to Robert J. White about the-day of April, 1916, but nowhere does it appear from her complaint that while White was still living and her undivorced husband she married the defendant, John E. Lahey. According to her testimony, she is seeking relief from a bigamous marriage, but she cannot obtain relief from her relation with John E. Lahey on that ground without showing in her complaint that she was married to him, and that both Robert J. White and John E. Lahey were her husbands at one and the same time. Without two marriages and two husbands, there would be no bigamous marriage. Her testimony tends to show that when she married White he was an employee of
As we have seen, an essential element in the maintenance of this suit is plaintiff’s marriage with the defendant, which she fails to aver. If the plaintiff married a second husband while the first husband was alive and undivorced, her second marriage, under the statute, is void. There axe no rights of third persons involved herein. For the effect of a void marriage, see a valuable note by Freeman, 96 Am. St. Rep. 267-277.
This case is affirmed, without costs. Affirmed.
. 'Collusio'n as bar to deeree of divoree, see notes in 2 A. L. R. 699; 60 L. E. A. 267, 395; 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 535; L. R. A. 1917B, 469.
. TXnlawfud, invalid or bigamous marriages as void or voidable, see note in L* R. A. 1916C, 690, 711.