Ladd v. Witte

116 Wis. 35 | Wis. | 1902

Dodge, J.

The respondent objects to the jurisdiction of this court by reason of a failure of jurisdiction in the circuit court over the appeal from the justice of the peace. The objection is that such appeal was ineffectual because of the affidavit of good faith, which was in the following words:

“G. B. Ladd,, the above-named plaintiff and appellant, being duly sworn, on oath says that the appeal in the above-entitled action is made in good faith, and not for the purpose of delay, and that he is the defendant above named.”

That affidavit was signed and sworn to by Mr. Ladd, the appellant. The objection is without force. The statute (sec. 3754, Stats. 1898) requires merely that the appellant, or some person authorized by him, must file with the notice an affidavit that the appeal is made in good faith, and not for delay. That Ladd was the appellant, appeared beyond doubt or controversy from the entire record. The statement that he was defendant was mere surplusage (Nett v. Serwe, 28 Wis. 663), and could not’serve to neutralize or render ineffective the otherwise complete and sufficient affidavit.

The first error assigned is in permitting the cUIendant to amend answer by adding the connterclaim. We discover no error in this ruling; certainly not to the extent of abuse of the discretion vested in the trial court. The counterclaim arose out of the same transaction as did the cause of action stated in the complaint, and, under see. 2656, Stats. 1898, was properly pleadable. In any event, however, such ruling cannot have affected the judgment prejudicially to the plaintiff, for at the close of the evidence the court withdrew the counterclaim from the jury, and directed them not to consider the same or allow anything thereon.

2. Plaintiff assigns as error the giving of several instructions to the jury, namely:

(a) “If you find . . . that the plaintiff, ... as an inducement to be permitted to perform the operation for the defendant, assured or guaranteed relief or the recovery of the infant from that operation, and that the defendant relied upon such statement, . . . you may take those facts and circumstances into consideration in determining the value of the services.”

This instruction evinces such confusion of ideas as is sometimes ascribed to juries, but seems hardly possible to the judicial mind. The slightest reflection makes apparent that the only effect of breach of either a fraudulent or innocent warranty inducing the making of a contract of employment and payment quantum meruit is to defeat any recovery whatever thereon, except where made the basis of recoupment or counterclaim against an agreed price. It could have no possible effect to make either greater or less the actual market value of the service in fact performed. The court had already decided that there was no proof of either broken warranty or unskillfulness and negligence to defeat recovery quantum meruit, and that the only question for the jury was the reasonable value — i. e., customary price — for performing the operation. The quoted instruction invited the jury into that field of meretricious compromise of convictions for damages authorizing them to commute a doubt as to plaintiff’s right- of recovery into a diminution of the amount to which he had absolute legal right, if he recovered at all. If this instruction guided the jury at all, it necessarily guided them to injustice, — to awarding an amount other than the true reasonable value of 'the service rendered by plaintiff. Preju: dieial error therein is obvious.

(b) “In case you should be of the opinion that the services of the plaintiff were of value to the defendant, you must determine the value of such services, under all the credible evidence in the case, at any amount up to the amount of $100.00.”

While the direction to determine the value of the service upon all the evidence is correct, and is unassailed, appellant complains of the expression, “at any amount up to the amount of $100.00,” as indicating to the jury that there existed evidence to justify any sum between zero and $100; while, as he contends, there was no evidence to support any finding less than $50. We think the instruction not necessarily obnoxious to this criticism. The court may be understood to mean any amount having support from evidence, and, so construed, the duty of the jury was accurately expressed. A cautionary phrase to such effect might well have been added to assure a right understanding by the jury, but we cannot think its omission reversible error. The hypothesis on which this instruction is predicated, viz., “in case you should be of the opinion that the services of the plaintiff were of value to the defendant,” is most unfortunate, and misleading. It certainly tended to confine the jury to consideration of what and how much benefit resulted to the defendant from this fruitless incision into the body of his new-born child, whose death was certain without the operation, but equally occurred, it notwithstanding. That is not at. all the test. So that a surgical operation be conceived and performed with due skill and care, the price to be paid therefor does not depend on the result. The event so generally lies with the forces of nature that all intelligent men know and understand that the surgeon is not responsible therefor. In absence of express agreement, the surgeon who brings to such a service due skill and care earns the reasonable and customary price therefor, whether the outcome be beneficial to the patient or the reverse. Plaintiff requested a direct and plain instruction that the jury must be guided solely by the evidence relating to the value of services. It was error to incumber such direction by the hypothesis just discussed.

(c) In connection with the last considered instruction, plaintiff complains of another, not very clearly assigned as specific error, though the subject of due exception, which is likely to be important upon another trial, and ought not to pass without consideration. It is as follows:

“The opinions of experts as to the value of the services of the plaintiff are not conclusive upon you. Such opinions are advisory only. You must, in the end, use your own judgment in determining the value of the services, guided by the credible evidence in the case, and assisted by opinions of the experts.”

This instruction is not without apparent support from certain language contained in the opinion in Moore v. Ellis, 89 Wis. 108, 61 N. W. 291, but it is in direct contradiction of what was decided in the later case of Wurdemann v. Barnes, 92 Wis. 206, 207, 66 N. W. Ill, where the court held that, there being no evidence of value of a physician’s services except his own, no question thereon for the jury existed. The same proposition was decided in La Chappelle v. Warehouse & B. S. Co. 95 Wis. 518, 526, 70 N. W. 589, where an expert having testified to a certain value, and no other evidence having been given, it was held that the trial court rightly instructed the jury to adopt that value. This seeming conflict between our own decisions largely disappears, however, upon a full understanding of the situation to which was applied the language used in Moore v. Ellis. There the evidence had taken a wide range, and there was extreme divergence be•tween tbe opinions of witnesses, and considerable dispute as to tbe facts constituting tbe true hypothesis upon which such opinions should be based. It appeared that the plaintiff’s professional services were largely in the way of collection of indebtedness and enforcement of mortgages, as to some of which it was claimed that he had made the loans and received a commission therefor from the borrower. Some of plaintiff’s experts fixed his reasonable compensation at ten per cent, upon all sums collected. Some of defendant’s experts testified to a customary charge of one per cent., and many of them that no charge at all was customary for collecting in loans on the making of which a commission had already been received by the attorney. So that the remarks in the opinion as to the mere advisory force of expert evidence of value, if undisputed, were wholly obiter, and must ‘be considered as the expression merely of the writer of the -opinion, and not as an authoritative decision of the court. 'Two antithetic decisions of the supreme court of Michigan are instructive. The first—Wood v. Barker, 49 Mich. 295, 13 N. W. 597—was closely identical in its facts with the case •at bar. It was a suit for compensation quantum meruit by a •consulting surgeon, the value of whose services was testified to by himself and the general practitioner whom he aided. No evidence of other experts was offered, nor was there any substantial conflict as to the character of his services, or the circumstances under which they were rendered. The court there said:

“There can be no presumption of law concerning the value •of a surgeon’s services, and there is no presumption that a jury can ascertain it without testimony of some kind from persons knowing something about such value. . . . We •ean see no sufficient reason for the suggestion that all of this [expert] testimony might be disregarded, and there is no rule which would allow the jury to' entirely ignore the testimony, and at the same time to form an independent conclu-sion without testimony upon a matter which required proof beyond tbeir conjectures or their opinions. . . . There can be no safety to any one if juries are to use their own unguided views on such matters.”

In Walbridge v. Barrett, 118 Mich. 433, 76 N. W. 973, there was presented an action for attorney’s fees in conducting a suit for personal injuries. There it was held error to-refuse an instruction quite similar to that given in the present case. The court said:

“Had there been no testimony of the value of plaintiffs services aside from that of the attorneys, the case would undoubtedly have been ruled by Wood v. Barker, 49 Mich. 295, 13 N. W. 597; but there was other evidence bearing upon the value of the services. [Reciting rendition of bills, agreements as to per diems, and conflicting proof of details of the; work done.] Under these circumstances the rule in Wood v. Barker was not applicable, and the court' should have instructed the jury that the opinions of the attorneys were not conclusive.”

In line with this latter case and with the real decision in Moore v. Ellis, 89 Wis. 108, 61 N. W. 291, are the cases of Head v. Hargrave, 105 U. S. 45, and The Conqueror, 166 U.S. 110, 132, 17 Sup. Ct. 510. In those cases it is pointed out that the testimony of experts was, at the best, not to the fact of value, but to the fact of their opinions, and therefore that the fact of value is one to be deduced by the jury from the various evidentiary facts presented before them, inclusive of the fact that certain expert persons have certain opinions thereon. In the absence of such conflicting evidentiary facts, however, there seems to be no answer to the logic of Wood v. Barker that jurymen, as such, have no- presumptive knowledge upon the subject of the value of professional services, and must be guided by the evidence offered upon the trial, and consequently are not at liberty to disregard the same and enter the field of their own uninstructed conjecture. That view seems to have been tacitly adopted by this court in the two cases above cited, — Wurdemann v. Barnes, 92 Wis. 206, 66 N. W. Ill; and La Chappelle v. Warehouse & B. S. Co. 95 Wis. 518, 70 N. W. 589. Such rule is not in conflict" with another doctrine, laid down in Remington v. Eastern R. Co. 109 Wis. 154, 162, 84 N. W. 898, 85 N. W. 321, that-upon trials to the court the opinions of experts as to the value of professional services of lawyers are never conclusive, forthe reason that the judge himself has personal expert knowledge on the subject, — a principle recognized and applied in. Speiser v. Merchants’ Exch. Bank, 110 Wis. 506, 523, 86 N. W. 243, Richardson v. Tyson, 110 Wis. 572, 588, 86 N. W. 250, and other cases. The present case is clearly within the-•class of Wurdemann v. Barnes, La Chappelle v. W. & B. S. Co., and Wood v. Barker, for there was no evidence whatever in conflict with that of the two physicians — one disinterested —that, in their opinion, the customary and reasonable value of the services rendered exceeded $50. True, those witnesses-testified that, in their opinion, the value exceeded $100, but in that respect there may be said to have been conflict, for their previous testimony indicated that at another time they believed it to be less, but never less than the $50. Following,. therefore, the precedents of our own cases, and adopting the-reasoning of Wood v. Barker, we cannot avoid the conclusion-that the instruction given was erroneous, and should not be-repeated upon a new trial. Whether appellant’s method of presenting his case has been such as to preclude a reversal on: this ground need not be decided, since that results in any event for other reasons already stated.

3. Error is also assigned upon refusal of several of plaintiff’s requests for instruction. These either were sufficiently-covered by the general charge, or were not justified by the evidence, except, perhaps, the fourth, which was to the effect that plaintiff was not precluded from recovering more by reason of having originally sent his bill for but $50. Such instruction would, of course, have correctly stated the law, and might well have been given to- assure full understanding by ■the jury. We cannot say, however, that its refusal was reversible error, for technically it is covered by the instruction to allow such sum as the evidence proved the value of the services to be up to $100.

By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.