Lackland v. Hadley

260 Mo. 539 | Mo. | 1914

Lead Opinion

OPINION.

I.

BOND, J.

(after stating the facts-as above). — It is perfectly clear that the only question on this appeal is the interest of Henry Shaw, and the proper enforcement thereof under the terms of his two deeds whereby the property including the outer rim or strip of 200 feet was vested in fee in the city for the purposes and upon the conditions expressed in the deeds. It cannot be. that Mr. Shaw by his will could devise any particle of the estate which he did not possess after his grant of the lands in question, nor could he transmit to his residuary devisees, the plaintiffs, any other remedy for the enforcement of the interests and rights retained by him than he had at the time of his death. With this in mind, the only thing left in this case is to determine from the language of the two instruments what interest or estate passed to the grantees, or was reserved to the grantor. The meaning of these words is not aided.or helped by the conclusion reached by ■ this court when it conceded the power of the trustees to whom a great estate had been conveyed in furtherance of a different eharity described in the last will of Henry Shaw to vary the details of its administration, for that case (151 Mo. 210) presented only the question of the powrnr of the trustees who held a fee simple title for the sustention of a charity, to vary their administration from a method of substantial sale by a leasing with a covenant for perpetual renewal, to a sale outright to meet the necessities of a definitely created and established charity. This the court permitted them to do in order to prevent the frustration of the paramount purpose of the donor. Mr. Shaw, a childless and wifeless man, was a lover of flowers, and had devoted much of his life to their cultivation, and had laid out on his residence grounds a botanical garden and constructed a library and museum thereon. This and the remainder of his vast estate was devised by him to the trustees named in his will for the perpetual maintenance of a botanical garden, accessible to the public under the restrictions contained in his will. In its ruling upon the case then presented (151 Mo. 210), the court held that the title-holding trustees, who were directed in the will to. lease the real estate conveyed to them for a term of sixty years, with a covenant for perpetual renewal, were entitled, upon the impossibility of effecting such leases, to make an alienation of the property for the support of the eharity. That ruling merely gave the power to vary the method of administration of the trust, but not to alter the purposes or objects of the charity, nor to change its character as created by its founder. But in the instant case the plaintiffs are no.t asking to. be -allowed to sell any real estate conveyed to them on account of the impossibility of the performance of any duty with which they have been charged in respect to it, for this real estate was conveyed not to plaintiffs, but to another trustee, who, and not plaintiffs, was charged in the deed .devoting it to a wholly different charity, with the duty to lease it for a particular purpose — ornamental to the park — and pay the rent realized in that mode only to a grantor of- whom the plaintiffs are merely the assignees. The plaintiffs in this case occupied no such status as they did in that case. There they desired to convey the fee vested in them, to subserve a charity which was richly endowed but hampered in the use of its property. Here, the defendant city is the trustee of a public charity wholly disconnected with the other, of which it is the conjoint founder with the donor of the land (for it made it a park by paying $360,000 to improve it and appropriates $25,000 annually for its maintenance) and since it has turned out that defendant cannot rent for a special purpose which would enable plaintiffs, as assignees, to secure the rent thus collected, they are seeking to cause defendants to sell the property and give them the total proceeds estimated at $816,000, if the fee is sold. In other words, in the case cited'plaintiffs sought to be granted, in the performance of their duties as trustees, the right to vary in the matter of administration, a trust of property to which they had title. Here they are seeking to obtain property to which another trustee holds the title, for another charity, although they admit such other trustee, holding the title for a definite charitable and public trust, has without fault been unable to find tenants for a special leasing required by its charitable appropriation and pay the rent to plaintiffs as assignees of the grantor, Henry Shaw. Here, plaintiffs seek to obtain a title .or its proceeds, which was not given to them. In the case cited they sought to dispose of an asset which belonged to them, and the full title to which was vested in them. It is evident that the decision in Lackland v. Walker, supra, bears no analogy to the case in hand and sheds no light on the meaning of the words contained in the two instruments under, consideration. We, therefore, will look to the instruments themselves to ascertain their legal import.

II. What Mr. Shaw and the city of St. Louis designed to do, under the authority of the State, was the establishment of a park for the common benefit of the public, a proper civic motive on the part of the city, and a philanthropic benefaction by Mr. Shaw. This is demonstrated by the fact that the precaution (though unnecessary) was taken to apply to the Legislature for an act establishing and naming the park, describing the lands to be conveyed, providing a board of control and management, authorizing the city to expend immediately and subsequently the sums mentioned in the act, exempting the entire property from any burdens of taxation, and providing further that “it shall be held in fee by the city.” In pursuance of this act Mr. Shaw executed his deed of indenture to the city, conveying to it the lands by the same description contained in the enabling act, and imposed, among others, a condition that 200 feet in width on the outer portion of said lands should be leased by the city in specified lots, on terms of' thirty years before renewal, for the purpose of villa residences, and the- city should pay over the rents for such leasing “forever to Henry Shaw and his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns.” The indenture then provides that if any of said conditions are broken in the lifetime of Shaw “the said property and all its improvements thereon shall at once revert to said Shaw and absolutely vest in him in fee as if the conveyance had not been made;” but if violated after his death then a similar reverter should take place to an appointee of Shaw for the use of the Botanical Garden, or to it if then incorporated. It is not necessary to consider any pf the other conditions upon which the fee was vested in the city, except the ones above quoted relating to the leasing of the strip by the board of commissioners, for all the others have been fully performed. The one in question moreover has been expressly and specially restricted by the deed poll made by Mr. Shaw three years after the execution of his indenture with the city to a “willful violation” by the city or said commissioners of the requirement to lease said strip for villa residences and pay the rents to' him or whomsoever he may appoint. The grantor in said deed also expressly reserved the right to enforce that condition as to leasing by mandamus or other appropriate remedy. This partial waiver and modification of the conditions in question by Mr. Shaw is an absolute estoppel by deed as against him or his assigns, the plaintiffs. Such was the purpose and effect of his confirmatory deed. It was executed to relax the stringency of the condition of forfeiture which had been inserted in the prior deed of indenture between the city and Mr. Shaw. It was clearly out of the power of . Mr. Shaw by his subsequent confirmatory deed, nor did he attempt so to do, to alter the title which the city got under the prior deed. He might and did modify his .right to invoke a breach of the condition of his former deed, but he could not change the character of the title previously vested in the city.

What then was the title under the first conveyance ? That instrument by its terms and as the sequence of the enabling act, shows that it was framed to perpetuate a public charity in the form of a designated park. This was the primary and paramount purpose of Henry Shaw, to achieve which he gave the State Legislature the exact boundary of the land which he intended to donate, and obtained authority from it for the city to take such lands and provide at its expense for their improvement and maintenance, and to hold them in fee simple title and free from any form of taxation for the-charitable purposes described. As the giver of the soil for park purposes Mr. Shaw felt entitled to have a voice in its control and management. This he secured by a life membership on its board of commissioners, and the appointment by himself of all other members. He desired to impress his personal views in the improvement of a part of the land — its outer border of 200 feet. This he designed to be an ornament to the park by being made the site of villa residences. He required the board of commissioners, composed of himself and his appointees, to make leases for such edifices at thirty years before renewal, and provided that the rents thus derived shóuld be paid to himself or his assigns. His controlling object was the establishment of the park, whose government was retained in his hands. He believed that a most artistic effect would be added to the general plan of the park if it should have a border of picturesque residences with “passageways through leading to the inner park grounds.” His idea was that this would enhance the beauty of the approaches to the park which he evidently beheld with the “prophetic eye of taste” as a scene of driveways, walks, fountains, rare forestry, temples, pools, grass plots, playgrounds, all encircled with embowered villas and winding entrances. The thought dominating his mind was the effect of a colorful and exquisite border as an adjunct to that park, to establish which he had invoked the power of the State and the financial aid of the city and its services as the holder of the title in fee of the land donated to this great public charity. From a reading of the act and the deeds under which this charity was created, it cannot be imagined that Mr. Shaw had any other motive in reserving to himself and his assigns the rent for the villas than to dispose of an incidental revenue derived from an ornamentation of a part of the grounds which he conveyed to the trustee for the public park. He was not concerned about adding to his private fortune. He was a philantropist, not a miser. What engrossed his. mind was the project of beautifying the park by entrances to its inner drives and courses through a picturesque setting in harmony with the flowers and forestry within. lie designed the park and its surround ings to present the view of a single landscape. Had he desired money out of this property he would not have conveyed it to the trustees of the park, but would have reserved it to himself to be devoted to trade or utilitarian uses. That he parted with the titles to carry out his purpose to make this strip an cvmiliary to the park is also shown by his conduct. For over twenty years he managed and ruled the park through its board. During that period he never sought in any way to disturb the conveyances which he made to this land, though he knew no leasing had been made of it and no rents paid over to him, for the duty to do. this was cast upon himself.

To put the matter at rest he expressly covenanted that no forfeiture should arise as to this condition except for “willful violation.”

To our minds it is patently plain that the first and fundmental purpose of Henry Shaw was the creation of a park; that in pursuance of that controlling object he desired to improve the outer rim of the lands deeded to the park in a particular suggested by his own taste, and which he thought would embellish the park. His charity in this instance was the park. His method of furthering it by an ornamental border was a mere suggestion of his own fancy, which if impossible of accomplishment he did not intend to be used as an instrument to despoil a beneficent public charity of which he was a co-founder, and which expressed his primary purposes.

III.

The language of his deed of gift conditioning the continuance of the estate upon a future compliance with certain conditions* including the one as to leasing this strip, brings that requirement directly within the definition of a condition subsequent. .Such a condition if it has any effect, defeats a vested estate. The rule for determining a condition subsequent is thus expressed by a standard authority: “If the act or condition required does not necessarily precede the vesting' of the estate, but may accompany or follow it, and if the act may as well be done after as before the vesting of the estate, or if from the nature of the act to be performed, and the time require'd for its performance, it is evidently the intention of the parties that the es-. tate shall vest, and the grantee perform the act after taking possession, then the condition is subsequent.” [2 Washburn on Real Property (6 Ed.), sec. 941, p. 7.]

The habendum clause of the indenture referring to this and ether conditions is, to-wit: “To have and to hold'the same unto the said city of St. Louis in absolute property in fee so long as the said city shall conform and comply with the following conditions annexed to said grant, to-wit. ’ ’ If anything could add to the certainty and definiteness of the foreg*oing language, it is comprised in the following provision of the deed with reference to the breach of any of the conditions upon which the property was conveyed, to-wit: “It is hereby expressly provided and this conveyance is-made upon the express condition that if said conditions upon which said conveyance is made or any of them shall be violated in the lifetime of said Henry Shaw, the said property and all improvements thereon shall at once revert to said Shaw, and absolutely vest in him in fee'as if the conveyance had not been made and if said conditions or any of them shall be violated after the death of said Shaw, then the said estate hereby conveyed and all improvements therein shall go to and be vested in whomsoever said Shaw may appoint for the use of the Missouri Botanical Garden or directly in said Garden whenever the said is incorporated as authorized by law.” *

The foregoing clauses of the deed show that the estate was fully vested when the deed was made, and provide that it shall remain vested “so long’’ as certain conditions of a nature which could not be performed until after the vesting of the estate is observed. It further provides for a future reverter of the property. This language of the deed contains every element necessary to create a condition subsequent, and cannot be distinguished therefrom under the definition above-quoted. While legal exactitude postulates that the condition as to the leasing of the strip is simply a condition subsequent, and, therefore, neither Henry Shaw nor his heirs could take advantage, except by a re-entry or equivalent acts, for a breach, yet plaintiffs would be in no better position if we were able to construe the deed to have simply created a covenant to pay rent received for a specified renting, to Mr. Shaw, which was assigned to them.- The reason is that if the requirement as to paying the rent received for villa residences is not á condition of the continuance of the estate in the grantee, then it cannot trench upon that estate and the present action is wholly misconceived. This suit is necessarily predicated upon the theory that the title to the strip sought to be sold is in equity vested in the plaintiffs, who are asking for the proceeds of its sale. But no-title whatever could accrue to plaintiffs if the clause in question was simply a collateral covenant or obligation assumed on the part of the city. For on that hypothesis, its nonperformance could not affect the title conveyed, but would simply furnish a basis for an action for damages at law. A covenant to pay rent to Mr. Shaw or his assigns for a specified use of the property, whether observed or not observed, could have no relation whatever to the title conveyed for charitable purposes. It might involve a question of liability, but it could not in the nature of things, disturb the title vested in the trustee, nor defeat the charitable purpose for which it was granted and held for the trustee. Taking either of the horns of the dilemma that the language under review, of the donating deed, created either a condition subsequent (which we think it did) or that it created only an obligation, on the title holder (the city) to pay the rent which it might receive from this prescribed method of leasing, and the result is, equally inescapable that plaintiffs are not entitled to enforce either the condition or the covenant, since there has been no willful refusal either to lease the property or to pay the rent, and that is the test which Mr. Shaw fixed as the standard of obligation on the part of the city.

Our conclusion is that whether the provision as to leasing this strip was a condition subsequent or a mere covenant or agreement on the part of the trastee, in either event no redress can be granted in the present action, it not being claimed that defendants have “willfully” refrained from renting the property for villa purposes and paying over its proceeds, and that being the only ground on which plaintiff' would have a shadow of right to sue defendants either at law or in equity.

IY.

The error which runs through all. the contentions of appellants is that they seemingly overlook the real nature of their relations to the property which they seek to sell or sequester. When their assignor, Mr. Shaw, reserved a' right in himself and his assigns to the incidental earnings of a part of the land donated by him to the trustee'for a public park,-he did not thereby detract one whit from the title which he had vested in the trustee for the public charity. He merely said to this trustee in effect: “Make a part of the property held by you for the public park an ornamental inclosure, with inlets and outlets to the recreation grounds of the park. Whatever rent yon collect by following my directions as to the improvements of this beautifying border, you will pay to me or my assigns.” In so stating in substance, Mr. Shaw would be addressing himself, for he was the head and the selector of the executive board of the park, and charged with the duty of its entire government, and specially charged with the duty as to making such leases of the ornamental rim of the land given by him to the park. He did not during his whole life, perform that requirement. And, as has been shown, three years after assuming the management of the park, by his solemn deed he released the city as trustee of the land, from any obligation arising out of this clause of his deed, except a “willful” refusal, and reserved to himself only the right to resort tó mandamus or other appropriate remedy to enforce action as to the leasing, if he so desired: Upon his death, appellants as his assignees became entitled only to' enforce this requirement in the method- to which he had restricted it, and by the means which he had fixed in his lifetime. The misconception of appellants .is as to the nature of the interest transmitted to them. It was at most a mere succession to the rights of contract which existed between the city and Mr. Shaw under the two deeds executed by him. The rights thus devolved by Mr. Shaw were not greater by being assigned to the appellants, than if he had given them to a faithful servant or a personal friend. The fortuitous fact that appellants happened to he the trustees of the title to the bulk of Mr. Shaw’s estate for the use of another charity prompted by his aesthetic nature and disposition, gave them no higher right as assignee of. the asset sought to he reached in this suit, than any individual would have had to whom Mr. Shaw might have made a similar assignment. If Mr. Shaw in his lifetime had filed a petition seeking, as in this case, to forfeit the title in the city and to sell this part of the land which had been contributed by him to this public park, and on the faith of which the State exempted every portion of it from taxation, and the city expended up to the present time about a million and half dollars in development and in maintenance, would he not have assumed in so doing an attitude beyond the scope of any equitable relief, in view of the terms of his grant and its acceptance, and his oiun conduct in refraining from making any such leases or attempting to make any, conplecl with a statement in such a petition that it was impossible to make them? We think the question answers itself, and that it cannot be seriously urged that a court of equity would, upon such a showing, virtually decree a forfeiture of the title to a part of the land conveyed by him in carrying out his object of creating a public charity for the common benefit of the people of the city, and at such costs to them.

In a suit in equity brought to recover title to property conveyed on condition to support the grantor, which was not complied with during the lifetime of the grantee, this court said: “The answer to this is, that a court of equity never lends its aid to enforce forfeiture under any circumstances (Livingston v. Tompkins, 4 Johns. Chan. 415); and as we cannot consider this a proceeding at law to recover the possession of the land upon the legal title that would have reverted to the plaintiff upon an entry for the breach of the condition, the judgment must be reversed and the petition dismissed. ’ ’ [Messersmith v. Messersmith, 22 Mo. l. c. 372.] That doctrine has never been departed from in this State (Sease v. Cleveland Foundry Co., 141 Mo. l. c. 496; Moberly v. Trenton, 181 Mo. l. c. 646; 1 Pomeroy’s Equity [2 Ed.], secs. 459, 460; 2 Story’s Equity [13 Ed.], p. 652), and furnishes the correct solution of the question raised on .this appeal. For however disguised, whether by terming the claim made by appellants a covenant or reservation in trust, it necessarily means one and the same thing, that they are seeking to cancel the conveyances of their assignor of the fee simple title to the property in question subject to charitable uses, in order to obtain for themselves the “net proceeds” of the sale of the property by “authority” of a decree of this court. To that relief they are not entitled, either under the pleadings or evidence conT tained in this record, nor would their petition have survived a general demurrer.

V.

Before disposing of this appeal we will consider the cases cited by appellants.

Clarke v. Inhabitants of the Town of Brookfield, 81 Mo. l. c. 509, cited in appellants’ brief, simply reaffirms the rule that an illegal condition or one made impossible by inevitable accident, or by the act of the grantor, will be held void, and no reverter of the estate of the grantee can take place for the nonperformance of valid conditions. That doctrine cannot be invoked by appellants for two reasons: First, none of the conditions of this deed have been violated, there being no willful default by defendants; secondly, equity may for good reasons relieve against forfeitures, it does not enforce them. Moreover, if there was a failure for'twenty-one years to comply with this requirement,it 'w&s-caused by the nonaetion of the grantor in the deed himself.

In Studdard v. Wells, 120 Mo. 25, Judge Black, speaking for the court, correctly held that when the language of a deed relied upon to create a condition subsequent did not in express terms or by clear implication show the intention of the parties to create such a condition, it would be held to be only a- covenant between the parties, the reason given by him being that otherwise a vested estate would be defeated, which was against the policy of the law if it could be avoided by • any reasonable construction of the terms of the grant. That case is conclusive against the right of appellants to recover in this suit for it distinctly shows that the reason the courts are adverse, to upholding a condition subsequent is that it will have the effect, if upheld, of divesting the title of a grantee, whereas ■ a covenant does not. If, therefore, by any stretch of construction (which we do not concede) the clause of the deed relating to the payment to Shaw, or his assigns, of rents collected on villa leasings could be held to be only a contract obligation, or anything else less than a condition subsequent, it would for that very reason have no effect upon the title of the grantee in the deed, which would he wholly undisturbed either by its performance or nonperformance, and áppellants would be relegated to another action if they could show any breach of such covenant. And this is precisely what was done in a suit broug'ht to forfeit the title of a grantee and annul the deed to him for an alleged breach of covenant which it was claimed was the cause of the deed. After reviewing the eases and pointing out the distinction arguendo between conditions subsequent, which would uproot a vested title, and covenants or other obligations between the parties, which would not have that effect, it was ruled that the deed then before the court disclosed that the clause relied upon to defeat it was merely a covenant. Wherefore, this court dismissed the suit in equity for the reason that it whs not the proper forum for the recovery of damages for the nonperformance of a covenant and that a breach of a mere covenant, even if it went to the whole deed, did not annul it. [Haydon v. Railroad, 222 Mo. l. c. 145.] Th'at no suit can be maintained in equity to set aside a deed for breaches of an independent covenant for which it was given, is the settled law, and was also ruled in Anderson v. Gaines, 156 Mo. l. c. 670, 671.

Under these authorities, appellants have no standing in a court of equity under the allegations of their _ pleadings, and the evidence adduced on the trial. Whether any ground for mandamus, or other appropriate remedy reserved by the grantor, exists now or may arise hereafter in favor of appellants as his assigns, does not appear in the present case, and will not be prejudged by our conclusion herein, which is that the judgment of the circuit court is too broad in its terms in that it should not have passed on any issue in the present action which might .have arisen in other proceedings. It will, therefore, be reversed and the cause remanded with directions to dismiss appellants’ petition.

All concur; Graves, J., in separate opinion in which all concur except Walker and Woodson, JJ., who dissent in a separate opinion, by Walker, J.

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Concurrence Opinion

CONCURRING OPINION.

GRAVES, J.

— If I understand fully my brother • Bond’s opinion he reaches the right result. I believe that his views are my views, but for fear that his very concise way of stating things may not fully present my ideas I add a few words. I believe that the fee simple title to this 200-foot rim is in the city of St. Louis. By the first deed made there might have been broad rights reserved tó Mr. Shaw and his assignees. By the second deed this first deed in this respect was shorn oí much of its apparent potency, but whether this ‘ ‘ shearing” touches the rim tract might be a question. But to my mind there is one thing clear throughout this whole transaction, and that is that Mr. Shaw intended to not only make this 200-foot rim an ornament to the park, but he likewise desired such ornament to produce some revenue for the other child of his creation, the Botanical Garden. To this end he required that leases should be made, and the proceeds paid to him in his lifetime, and thereafter by his will to the Botanical Garden. In modifying his first deed he did not undertake to destroy all his rights or interest in this 200-foot rim. If he did not do more, he at least clearly left upon the city the duty to lease this rim in the manner designated in the first deed, but he may have limited his rights (a matter we leave open because of some peculiar language in the second deed) to a suit to compel performance in a case of a willful neglect to do this thing. It is a clear duty upon the part of the city to make an attempt^ in good faith, to rent this rim property as provided for in that first deed, and when so rented to pay over the rentals to the Botanical Garden. Unfortunately the pleadings in the case here proceed upon the theory that such cannot be done. Admissions in equity against common knowledge will not bind the conscience of the chancellor. ' The provision as to leasing does not limit the lease to a thirty-year period alone, but provides for renewals at the end of such periods. In my judgment, it is folly to say that ■ ground leases could not be made for a period of thirty years, with privilege in the lessee to renew the lease for a like period or periods at some reasonable rental value, and conditioned upon the placing of the villa residences on the lots as described in the deed. Extravagant rents might not be secured for these ground leases, but substantial annual rents could be secured, and to these rents the Botanical Garden is entitled.

This cannot be decreed in the instant case, because of the pleadings, but I add these few words, because I feel that Mr. Shaw has at least properly reserved for the Botanical Garden a remedy to enforce this right which he always had, and because my brother’s opinion does not emphasize this view. The opinion states that there may be a right to enforce the performance of this duty to rent. I desire to add that there is not only a duty imposed to rent, but that a clear right is reserved to enforce this duty/when there has been a willful neglect. This right was first in Shaw and by his will passed to the Botanical Garden.: Nor could the city escape this duty by showing an attempt to rent at fanciful prices. If the city, can get any substantial ground rental for the use of the described lots, it is its duty to rent. It should try to rent at reasonable or even low rental sums provided it can procure the erection of ornamental villa residences on these lots. Shaw intended not only to beautify the park by these villa residences, but to get some revenues for himself and assignees. His idea was to beautify the park, and at the same time support and maintain his other charity, the Botanical Garden. He was looking into the future, and what the future-will realize of his dreams, if dreams they should be called, should be left open for realization. It is clear that the instant judgment upon any theory should be reversed and the petition dismissed. With these added observations, I concur.

Lamm, G. J., and Brown, Bond and Faris, JJ., concur in these views also.

SEPARATE OPINION.

WALKER, J.

— I concur in the result reached in the majority opinion that this case should be reversed and remanded; but I am not in accord with the reasoning by which this conclusion is reached, and finding the divisional opinion of Commissioner Blair more nearly expressive of my views, I have, barring changes in phraseology, adopted same, and file it herewith as my separate opinion.

Appellants constitute the board of trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden, under the will 'of Henry Shaw, deceased. Respondents are the city of St. Louis, the Attorney-General, and the persons constituting the board of commissioners of Tower Grove Park.

This suit was brought to procure a decree authorizing the sale, under restrictions and in lieu of leasing, of a strip of ground 200 feet wide surrounding Tower Grove Park in the city of St. Louis.

The court below denied the relief sought and, on the cross-bill, -gave judgment vesting the title in the strip mentioned in the city of St. Louis, for park purposes. ' •

In 1867, the Legislature passed “An Act to Create, Establish and Provide for the Government of the Tower Grove Park, of the City of St. Louis,” the most pertinent sections of which follow:

“Section 1. As much and such portions of the following described tracts or parcels of land, partly within and mostly without the present corporate limits of the city of St. Louis, to-wit: Bounded by Grand avenue on the east, Arsenal street or road on the south, Magnolia avenue, as now existing, on the north, and the King’s highway, so-called, on the west, in the city and county of St. Louis, as Henry Shaw may see fit to give, .grant and convey, to the city of St. Louis, for the purposes of a public park, shall be known and designated as the Tower Grove Park of St. Louis.

“Section 2. The said park shall be under the exclusive control and management of a board of commissioners, to consist of not less than five nor more than seven persons, who shall be named and styled the Commissioners of the Tower Grove Park, and who shall be appointed as hereinafter provided; but of which commissioners Henry Shaw, the donor to the city of St. Louis of the land for the said park hereby established, during his natural life, and after his death his successor, in the direction of the Missouri Botanical Garden, as he may create the same in any devise or conveyance which he may be authorized by law to make, shall be and constitute one member.

“Section 3. The following named person, Henry Shaw, and such persons as he may select, shall constitute the board of commissioners of said park. They shall hold their offices as such commissioners for five years from the time of the passage of this act, and until their successors are appointed and qualified. No member of said board shall receive any compensation for his services, but each commissioner shall, nevertheless, be entitled to receive for his personal expenses, in visiting and superintending' the said park, a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars per annum. . . .

“Section 18. The said board is hereby authorized to take and hold any gifts, devises or bequests that may be made to said board, upon such trusts and conditions as may be prescribed by the donors or grantors thereof, and agreed to by said board, for the purpose of embellishing or ornamenting said park, and shall annually make in its report a statement in detail of the condition and value of all such gifts, devises or bequests, and of the names of the persons by whom the same are so given, devised or bequeathed. . . .

“Section 24. As soon as the said Henry Shaw shall grant and convey to the city of St. Louis any land contained within the boundaries named in the first section of this act, the said land, and every part thereof so conveyed, so long as the same shall be held in fee by the said city of St.. Louis, and, in consideration of such grant and conveyance by him, shall be exempt from the payment of all State, county, municipal or other taxation imposed or to be. imposed under or by virtue of any law of this State whatsoever. ’ ’

The act further provided for the issuance of bonds by the city in the sum of $360',000', and the payment of this sum to the commissioners of the park, this being the money referred to in section 12 of the act which prescribed that the money so coming into their hands should be applied and used in fencing, improving, ornamenting and beautifying said park. It was also provided that after the lapse of three years from the passage of the act mentioned the city should annually levy and collect a tax sufficient to produce $25,000. to be used for the maintenance of the park.

In 1868 Henry Shaw and James S. Thomas, then mayor of the city of St. Louis, executed a deed to the property in question to the city of St. Louis, and in 1872 Henry Shaw executed a second deed modifying that of 1868. These deeds are set forth in full in the majority opinion.

A plat of Tower Grove Park showing the strip 200 feet wide here involved, indicated thereon by the numbers 2103, 2104, 2107, 2108, 4100', 4101, 4106, 4107, 4108 and 4109, appears opposite page 234, V'olume 151, Missouri Reports, and need not be reproduced here.

At the time of Henry Shaw’s death the land in the vicinity of Tower Grove P’ark was but little improved, being devoted, in the main, to market gardening, except the tract occupied by the Missouri Botanical Garden, which lay northwest of the park and practically adjoined it.

Henry Shaw died in 1889 and by his will (set out in Lackland v. Walker, 151 Mo. l. c. 222 et seq.) he devised to trustees all real estate owned by him at his death “within the following limits, to-wit, Grand avenue on the east, the road running from Grand avenue to the Old Manchester Road, and now known as Mc-Ree avenue dividing United States Survey 1519 and 3294, on the north; Arsenal street or road on the south, and King’s Highway and Old Manchester Road on the west; excepting such interests and estates as I have heretofore conveyed to, the city of St. Louis, by two deeds, one bearing date the 20th of' October, 1868, and the other bearing date July 9’, 1872, and do therein devise to the said city of St. Louis for Tower Grove Park,” and excepting certain other property not in. anywise involved here.

The property described in the two deeds. mentioned was situated within the general boundaries given in the will as quoted. It was not otherwise specifically mentioned in the will, but there was a general residuary clause devising and bequeathing all property of the testator, not otherwise disposed of, to the same trustees. The devise to these trustees included the Missouri Botanical Garden; and the function of the board of trustees thus created by the will was to maintain the .garden, and to that end to administer the other property devised to them for that purpose in the manner prescribed by the testator and deemed by him best fitted to accomplish his expressed purpose “of having for the use of the public a botanical garden easily accessible, which should be forever kept up and' maintained for the cultivation and -propagation of plants, flowers, fruit and forest trees, and other productions of the vegetable kingdom; and a museum and library connected therewith and devoted to the same and the science of Botany, Horticulture and allied objects.”

Since the death of Henry'Shaw much of the property surrounding the park and garden has been platted, sold and improved; streets have been paved; sewers constructed; and, in fact, the city has spread far beyond the property; in the vicinity are numerous streetcar lines connecting this portion of the city with others and making it easily accessible. Property around the park and across the avenues therefrom averages $40 or $50 per front foot in value, and the strip involved is estimated to possess a like value. The evidence is that $816,000 is a conservative estimate of its total value. The petition alleges and-the answer admits that in view of. established custom and individual conviction now prevalent in the city of St. Louis, the method of leasing prescribed by th*e deed of 1868 is impracticable and impossible.

Appellants contend Henry Shaw, in the deed of 1868, reserved a beneficial interest which under the will passed to them as trustees for the garden; and, having offered evidence that the income of the garden from other sources was so depleted by the payment of general and special taxes, paid and to be paid, as to .seriously interfere with the effectuation of Henry Shaw’s plans respecting the garden, pray a . decree authorizing the sale of the strip involved, under proper restrictions, either to the city of .St. Louis, if it desires to buy same for park purposes, or to private persons, the restrictions in the latter case to be of such character as to be in consonance with the purpose of the -grantor expressed in the deed of 1868.

Respondents contend that the requirement as to leasing in the deed of 1868 is a mere condition subsequent; that performance has become impossible and, consequently, the city holds the title relieved of all conditions and limitations; and on the city’s cross-bill the trial court decreed the title in the city.

I. The principal question in this case is as to the nature and extent of the interest the city took under the déed of 1868 in the strip of ground two hundred feet wide which is the subject-matter of this litigation.

The intent of Henry Shaw must be gathered from the entire deed. It expressly provides that the strip mentioned shall be kept leased upon long leases for villa residences in order to make it both "a source of ornament to said park” and a source of revenue.

The habendum clause is full of significance. The city is to hold the land in fee so long as it " complies with the following conditions [already expressly referred to in the granting clause] annexed to said grant, to-wit,” that all of said grant except the strip 200 feet in width shall be and remain a public park, etc., forever ; that no portion of said park shall ever be used for any other than park purposes, nor shall any revenue ever be raised from the use of any portion of said park except such as may be consistent with its said purpose and use and which revenue shall go to the maintenance of said park through the board of commissioners.

“ Fifth, that the board of commissioners of the Tower Grove Park shall from time to time cause to be leased the strip of land 200 feet.in width so surrounding said park in convenient lots,” etc., and pay the gross rents to Henry Shaw and to his heirs and assigns forever.

It is also provided that in case the conditions are violated in the lifetime of Henry Shaw, the property and improvements shall revert to Shaw; if violated after his death, then ‘ ‘ the said estate hereby conveyed and all improvements thereon shall go to and be vested in whomsoever said Shaw may appoint for the use of the Missouri Botanical Garden or directly in said garden” if incorporated. .

The correct construction of this deed is, that of the whole tract described only the 202.02 acres, as mentioned in the deed of correction of 1872 (i. e., that part within the strip here involved), was conveyed for park purposes in the proper sense. . The deed dedicates that portion to such purposes and expressly excepts the strip 200 feet wide, from that dedication. That strip was conveyed to the city clearly to enable it to control, as much as possible, the character of the improvements immediately adjacent to the park, and the grantor evidently expected that the erection, under proper restrictions, of villa residences on the strip adjacent to the park would not only furnish an ornamental border for same, but would induce similar improvements on the opposite sides of the streets and thus add materially to the beauty of the park itself. Whatever his hopes may have been, the fact is that he did not convey the fee in the strip 200 feet wide to the city. The city, therefore, under the deed of 1868 took as trustee for charitable uses and holds in that capacity.- It could not take a greater interest in the strip in question than the deed gave; and the deed, properly construed, gave the title to the strip to the city as trustee for the limited and express purpose of enabling it, under its directed use, to add to the beauty and enhance the value of the park as a pleasure resort.

The beneficial interest in the strip remained -the property of Henry Shaw, then the owner as well as creator of the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the deed is clear that his intentions were that at his death this interest should be devoted to the support of the garden.

The trustee, the city of St. Louis, contends that the so-called condition in the deed is impossible and, therefore, that it holds the entire estate rid of all conditions, under rules applicable to conditions subsequent. This contention ignores the well established doctrines that forfeitures are not favored and that the terms of a grant are not to be held to create an estate upon condition if another interpretation is reasonable. Courts ought to go to the intent of the grantor and should not permit the mere use of the word “condition” to fence them from it. If Henry Shaw had intended this strip 200 feet wide to be used for park purp°ses he could easily have said so. On the contrary he specifically designated that part of the tract intended to be devoted to such purposes and expressly excepted this strip from that designation. The interest he conveyed to the trustee, the city, in that strip, was conveyed so that it might protect that part of the tract constituting the park and enhance its beauty by controlling the character of the residences and structures immediately adjacent to it. This was the real interest the city took directly in' trust for the public. The authorities, are collected in the briefs of counsel.

The provision of section 24 of the Act of 1867 to the effect that "as soon as Henry Shaw shall grant and convey to the city of St. Louis any land contained within’ the boundaries named in the first section of this act, the said land and every part thereof shall be held in fee by the said city of St. Louis,” related necessarily to land conveyed for park purppses, as provided by the first section, and could not operate to change or enlarge an additional grant of a right or interest in land not given for park purposes within the meaning of the act, but to enable the city to protect the park surroundings.

The provisions of the act relating to the exemption of park property from taxation are of no consequence in this ease. Whether applicable or inapplicable, void or valid, is of no importance upon the question as to what interest the deed of 1868 conveyed. Nor is the deed in any sense invalidated by the rule against perpetuities. The deed itself evidences the fact that Henry Shaw’s ultimate intent was to devote, after his death, the income from the strip around the park to the support of the Missouri Botanical Garden. This garden, long before the institution of these proceedings, had become a great public charity, and the grant to it was validated by that fact, even if there could have been otherwise any substance in this contention when made by a mere trustee as the basis of a claim to the corpus of the trust estate; for whatever estate the city took, it took as trustee.

There was no waiver of any rights by the deed of 1872. That deed cleared some doubts as to the applicability of certain parts of the deed of 1868 to that part of the tract conveyed for park purposes, but expressly-asserted their applicability to the strip here involved, and in nowise modified or cut down the estate reserved.

The mention in that deed of the remedy by mandamus in case there was a wilful refusal to lease the ground was in no sense preclusive. Remedies existing under the deed of 1868 remained unchanged. -The language of the deed of 1872 leaves no doubt on this head.

It is urged, however, that the will does not devise to appellants any interest in the,strip around the park.

The first clause of the will ends all argument on this question. If Henry Shaw reserved any interest (and we hold he did) in the land about this park, that interest passed under the will to the plaintiffs’ predecessors in trust, even if the residuary clause of the will and the deed of 1868 itself be ignored in this connection.

The record does not disclose any substantial basis for what is said in respondents’ brief concerning the Statute of Limitations. Therefore, that phase need not be considered.

II. The conclusion having been reached that the deed of 1868 reserved an interest in trust in the strip in controversy and that this interest passed to and has vested in the plaintiffs as trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the remaining questions have already been settled. They are identical with those presented in Lackland v. Walker, 151 Mo. 210. The charitable purpose to which the income from the land in controversy in this case was and is to be devoted is the same as in that, viz: the Missouri Botanical Garden. The defect in the mode of administration of the property, prescribed by the donor, is identical in the two cases. The power of the court to “vary the details of administration” is exactly the same.' It is a mere incident that the restrictions upon leases and structures upon the property involved were prescribed in that case for the benefit of the garden itself and .are prescribed in this, primarily, for the benefit of another great gift to the public. In this case, as in that, the purpose of the donor is the guiding star, and changes in details of administration, necessitated by circumstances unforeseen, ought to be made when such changes would effectuate that purpose. Upon this phase that case settles this. That the city holds the title makes no difference. It is the trustee for all who take under the deed. To the extent to which the beneficial interest is vested in plaintiffs it holds for them and for the public they represent. That the city is not the plaintiff makes no difference. Plaintiff’s right to a just decree is not affected by the fact that the legal title, in whole or in part, is deposited, so to speak, with the city for their benefit.

III. It follows that under our view of this case plaintiffs are entitled to the relief prayed; and if the city of St. Louis desires to acquire the land for park purposes and add it, freed from restrictions, to the tract conveyed to it by the deed of 1868 as Tower Grove Park,' it should be permitted to do so by any lawful method it may choose. To enable it to exercise this option, this judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded with directions to the trial court to hold the cause in abeyance for a period of twelve months. If at the end of that time the city shall not have acquired the land in controversy or have instituted proceedings for its acquisition, or, if having instituted such proceedings the city shall not prosecute the same speedily to a successful conclusion, then the trial court shall proceed to render judgment in this case as herein indicated. Before doing so,; the court may hear evidence upon the questions of the size of the parcels to be sold and the sort of restrictions as to the building lines and the character and cost and position generally of structures to be erected upon the lots sold, and shall include in its decree findings upon these matters and upon the character of restrictions generally to insure “that the property, when improved, will be pleasing and attractive to visitors” to Tower Grove Park and otherwise be an ornament* thereto, as contemplated in the deed of 1868.

■ This decree should in all respects follow, as nearly as may be, that in Lackland v. Walker, supra, care being taken to observe the rights of the city and, through it, the public, that the ornamental character of the strip two hundred feet wide as a border for the park may be permanently preserved.

Woodson, J., concurs in this opinion.