5 S.E. 540
Va.
1888
Fauntleroy, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

This motion was made upon notice under the act of the *639general assembly approved March 6th, 1886, (Acts of 1885-6, page 478, chapter 420) which said act is entitled an act to require assignees or trustees to give bonds in certain cases, and is as follows: “ That every trustee or assignee to whom property exceeding two hundred dollars in value is conveyed or assigned in trust for the benefit of creditors, surеties, or other persons, shall, if required by any of ‍​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​​​‍said beneficiaries, in writing, before or аfter entering upon the discharge of his duty as trustee or assignee, give bond with one or mоre good and sufficient sureties, in amount equal to the value of the property mеntioned in the deed or assignment, payable to the State of Virginia, conditioned for the faithful performance of all duties imposed on him by law, and the terms of the deеd or assignment, &c. If any trustee or assignee fail to give bond with security, as required by the prеceding section, the county court, or the judge thereof in vacation, of the сounty wherein such property lies, shall, on application of any person intеrested, by motion ‍​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​​​‍after five days notice, remove said trustee or assignee, and appoint some other person trustee or receiver, who, upon exeсuting the afore-mentioned bond, may execute the trust.” The construction of this act is thе question involved in this controversy.

The plaintiffs in error contend that as the passagе of the said act, to-wit, March 6th, 1886, was long subsequent to the date of the deed of trust, July 22d, 1879, it should hаve been construed as only prospective, and as embracing only the cases of trustees to whom property might be conveyed after the passage оf the said act. The ‍​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​​​‍constitutional power of the legislature to make such a lаw retro-active, if they intended so to do, is not and cannot be denied or questioned; and the only inquiry in this case is, whether the legislature intended that the act of March 6th, 1886, under whiсh these trustees, appellants, were removed, should apply to deeds of trust prior as well as subsequent to the date of the passage of the said act.

“In thе exposition of a statute, ‍​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​​​‍the leading clue to the con*640struction to be madе is the. intention of the legislature, and that may be discovered from different signs. As a primary rulе, it is to be collected from the words; when the words are ‍​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​​​‍not explicit, it is gathered frоm the occasion and necessity of the law, being the causes which moved the lеgislature to enact it.” Potter’s Dwarris, 693, cited with approval in Fox’s Adm’r v. Commonwealth, 16 Gratt., 9.

We think that the intention of thе legislature is manifest in the words of the act, to pass a general law applicable equally to all existing and future deeds of trust; and if the intention had been to make thе act applicable only to deeds of trust made after the passage оf the act, it would have used some words, such as “hereafter to be conveyed,” tо control the general and all-embracing terms of the act, and to defeat the otherwise unavoidable inference from its words that the legislature plainly intended thе act to be a general and uniform law applicable to all deeds of trust аlike. The act is merely and plainly remedial, and it does not alter or take away any vested right. It merely changes the form of the remedy, and provides, in place оf the cumbrous and expensive proceeding of a chancery suit for the removal of trustees, or requiring them to give security, (which, considering the fact that the circuit сourt meets but twiceta year, it would take at least twelve months to decide) an expeditious and inexpensive remedy in which the rights of all parties are fully protected and conserved. The abuse and evil of the old system were manifest; and, as the reason and necessity for the act show, unmistakably, that the legislature intended it to apply to all deeds of trust—those prior to its passage, an immense number of which must then have been in existence. The citations of authorities against construing statutes retrospectively where they disturb vested rights, do not apply to remedial statutes; by all the authorities remedial statutes are an exception to the rule. (McGruder v. Lyons, 7 Gratt., 233; Perry v. Commonwealth, 3 Gratt., 632; Pace v. Danville, 25 Gratt., 1.)

*641The courts below held the notice, whereon the judgment was entered, to be sufficient, and overruled the demurrer thereto; and, in so doing, it did not err. There is no error in the judgments complained of, and they must be affirmed.

Richardson, L, dissented.

Judgments affirmed.