delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this case it is contended that a trial judge erred in concluding that a conveyance was fraudulent as to creditors, the defense, among others, being that actual title was in a mother-in-law and that only bare legal title was in the son-in-law alleged to have made the fraudulent conveyance. We shall affirm the action of the chancellor.
Appellants Robert H. Lacey, Jr. (Lacey) and Marianne K. Lacey are husband and wife. Mrs. Lacey is the daughter of appellant Rose F. Kelly. In 1957 a house and a lot in a subdivision known as “Springfield” in Montgomery County were conveyed to Lacey, his wife, and Mrs. Kelly as joint tenants. The contract of purchase was in the name of Mrs. Kelly alone. Purchase price was $36,477.00. At the time of settlement Mrs. Kelly paid $12,644.70 to County Title Company, Inc., which apparently handled the settlement. She and Mr. and Mrs. Lacey at the same time executed a purchase money deed of trust to secure repayment of a loan of $25,000.00 from American Security and Trust Company. Interest rate on that loan was 414 percent.
The home was occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Lacey, Mrs. Kelly and the Lacey children, of whom there were nine at the time of trial. Mrs. Kelly testified that she paid with her own funds all of the original down payment. In response to a question as to who made the payments under the deed of trust from early 1957 through early 1967 she said:
“Well, sometimes they were made by Mr. Lacey and sometimes they were made by me. If I was making all the other payments some months and he being the father and raising a family and what-not, I assumed a man likes to have some dignity and I wasn’t charging rent, I let him make a payment.”
She claimed to have made the majority of payments and
On December 27, 1965, appellee, Irene Fetty Van Royen, gave Lacey the sum of $15,000.00 “to invest in a company of which he was a stockholder and president, the 1707 Management and Investment Company.” In the spring of 1986 she was not satisfied and consulted an attorney. Suit was entered against Lacey and the corporation. A judgment was entered in favor of Mrs. Van Royen against them on July 14,1967.
On July 25, 1966, the same day Mrs. Van Royen filed suit, Mr. and Mrs. Lacey and Mrs. Kelly executed a second deed of trust on this land to secure repayment of a loan in the amount of $35,000.00 from Bank of Commerce in Washington. It appears plain from the testimony that this was the debt of Lacey.
On November 25, 1968, American Security and Trust Company filed foreclosure action relative to its deed of trust, the affidavit showing a principal balance of $14,-883.29 then due including interest to June 14,1968.
On January 7, 1867, Mr. and Mrs. Lacey and Mrs. Kelly executed a deed to appellant Robert A. Hickey, “Trustee for the sole purpose of reconveyance”, and he in turn executed deed to Mrs. Lacey and Mrs. Kelly as joint tenants. Hickey, an attorney with the Department of Justice, is also a son-in-law of Mrs. Kelly. He testified that the title search he had done showed the pendency of the Van Royen law suit at the time the deeds were executed.
On January 25, 1967, permission was granted to the substituted trustee for American Security and Trust Company to dismiss the foreclosure action “with prejudice”.
Lacey conceded that he was in serious financial difficulties “in May, June and July of 1966” and that this situation continued up to the date of trial. He admitted he did not have sufficient assets to pay his debts.
The chancellor (Pugh, J.), after hearing all of the evidence, was “of the opinion that the evidence [disclosed] sufficient grounds to justify setting aside the conveyance under either Section 4 or Section 7 of Article 39B of the Annotated Code of Maryland.” Section 4 provides in pertinent part:
“Every conveyance made * * * by a person who is or will be thereby rendered insolvent is fraudulent as to creditors without regard to his actual intent if the conveyance is made * * * without a fair consideration.”
Section 7 provides:
“Every conveyance made * * * with actual intent, as distinguished from intent presumedin law, to hinder, delay, or defraud either present or future creditors, is fraudulent as to both present and future creditors.”
The appellants mount their defense on two grounds. They claim Lacey was seized of no real interest in the property, but was merely a trustee of a resulting trust in favor of his mother-in-law, Mrs. Kelly. If they prove unsuccessful on that, then they contend that the chancellor erred in finding Lacey to be insolvent within the purview of Code (1965 Repl. VoL), Art. 39B, § 2(1) which states:
“A person is insolvent when the present fair salable value of his assets is less than the amount that will be required to pay his probable liability on his existing debts as they become absolute and matured.”
The chancellor in reaching his decision said:
“Following the rule of Sines et al vs Shipes et al,192 Md. 139 [63 A. 2d 748 (1949)], which stated that family members need not make equal payments in order to share equally in the property, the Court feels that the defendant, Robert Lacey, held more than a bare legal title and was thus capable of making a fraudulent transfer of the subject property.”
In
Sines,
cited by Judge Pugh, the Court held that there was a resulting trust in favor of certain brothers and sisters, notwithstanding their unequal contribution to the fund from which purchases were made. The appellants draw strength and sustenance from a portion of the opinion in that case in which Judge (later Chief Judge) Markell quoted from
Fasman v. Pottashnick,
“ ‘It is one of the fundamental principles of equity that where property is purchased, and the legal title is taken in the name of one person, while the purchase price is paid by another, butnot as a loan to the grantee, nor from any natural or moral obligation to provide for the grantee, a resulting trust arises by implication of law in favor of the person paying the purchase price, unless a different intention is shown. Philbin v. Watson, 129 Md. 497 , 501,99 A. 675 ; Vogel v. Vogel,157 Md. 147 , 153,145 A. 370 . Likewise, where a transfer of property is made to one person, and only a part of the purchase price is paid by another, a resulting trust arises in favor of the person by whom such payment is made in such proportion as the part paid by him bears to the total purchase price, unless he manifests an intention that no resulting trust should arise or that a resulting trust to that extent should not arise. Johnson v. Johnson,96 Md. 144 ,53 A. 792 ; 2 Restatement, Trusts, sec. 454.’ ” Id. at 153 of 192 Md.
They claim that this is authority for the proposition that the party who pays the purchase price for property but places title in the name of another is the real equitable owner of that property by resulting trust.
The burden of proof is on the party seeking to establish the resulting trust, in this instance upon Mrs. Kelly. This can only be done by evidence showing a clear intention of the trust.
Mountford v. Mountford,
In
Powell v. Mackenzie,
“The rule that where one person takes the title to property, which is paid for by another, in the absence of any facts explanatory of such circumstance, a resulting trust arises in favor of the person supplying the purchase money, is settled beyond question in this State (Dixon v. Dixon, 123 Md. [44,] 55 [,90 A. 846 (1914)]), but the exception to this rule, that where the person supplying the purchase money is under a natural, moral or legal obligation to providefor the person taking the title, the purchase is to be considered as an advancement or a settlement as the case may be, is equally well settled and quite as generally recognized. The cases illustrating the application of these principles are collected and analyzed in the case of Dixon v. Dixon, supra, in which Judge Burke, speaking for the court, says, citing 4 Kent, 306: ‘If the person in whose name the conveyance of property is taken by one for whom the party paying the purchase money is under a natural or moral obligation to provide, no equitable presumption of trust arises from the fact of the payment of the money, but on the contrary the transaction will he regarded, prima facie, as an advancement for the benefit of the nominee. In that case, therefore, it will be for the party who seeks to establish a trust in behalf of the payer of the purchase money to displace by sufficient evidence the presumption that exists in favor of the legal title.’ * * *
“This presumption is one of fact and not of law and may therefore be rebutted by proof showing a contrary intention on the part of the purchaser. But the evidence of such an intent should be substantial and convincing, for the ‘principle of law that a purchase is presumed prima facie to be an advancement is not to be frittered away by mere refinements.’ Finch v. Finch, 15 Ves. 43. And where such an intention is sought to be drawn from declarations of the nominal purchaser the ‘declarations must be direct and certain, and where possible should be corroborated by other facts and circumstances; for courts will not act upon mere declarations if they are conflicting, vague or inconsistent with themselves.’ 1 Perry, Trusts, Sec. 147.” Id. at 270-71.
“Where a transfer of property is made to one person and the purchase price is paid by another and the transferee is a wife, child or other natural object of bounty of the person by whom the purchase price is paid, a resulting trust does not arise unless the latter manifests an intention that the tranferee should not have the beneficial interest in the property.” (emphasis supplied)
The comment under § 442 states in relevant part:
“a. To what relatives rule is applicable. The application of the rule stated in this Section is not determined by the closeness of the relationship or the extent of natural affection between the payor and transferee. It is rather a question of whether the transferee stands in such a relationship to the payor that it is probable that the payor intends to make a gift to the transferee. It is inferred that he does intend to make a gift if the transferee is by virtue of the relationship a natural object of his bounty.
“The rule stated in this Section is applicable where the payor and transferee respectively are in the relation of husband and wife; father and child; mother and child; father-in-law and son-in-law; grandparent and grandchild. It applies to the relation of parent and child although the child is an illegitimate or an adopted child. It is immaterial that the child is an adult. It applies also where the payor stands in loco parentis to the transferee; that is, where the payorwhether or not related to the transferee has assumed to act in the place of a parent of the transferee.
“It does not apply where the payor and transiere respectively are wife and husband, or child and parent. It does not apply where the payor does not stand in loco parentis to the transferee merely because the payor and transferee respectively are brothers and sisters, uncle or aunt and nephew or niece.
“It applies where the payor is a man and is engaged to be married to the transferee, but not where the transferee is already married to another person. It does not apply to unmarried persons unlawfully cohabiting.
“b. Effect of the rule. The fact that the transferee is a wife, child or other natural object of bounty of the payor is more than merely a circumstance tending to rebut the inference of a resulting trust. It is of itself a circumstance sufficient to raise an inference that a gift was intended, and the burden is upon the payor seeking to enforce a resulting trust to prove that he did not intend to make a gift to the transferee. See § 443.”
Cf. Tiemann v. Welsh,
Lacey was a natural object of the bounty of his mother-in-law. The chancellor might well have concluded that the plan of the mother-in-law was to vest in the survivor of herself, her daughter and Lacey title to the home for the purpose of providing a home for her grandchildren.
The contention of Lacey and Mrs. Kelly relative to resulting trusts must fail for another reason. The authorities are clear that the transaction is to be judged as of its date, and not upon the basis of facts occurring subsequent to that date. For instance, in
Porter v. Porter,
“A resulting trust can only be predicated upon facts and circumstances prior to or at the time of the conveyance. This court has said: ‘Subsequent acts or declarations of the purchaser, or any other matter arising ex post facto, cannot be admitted for the purpose, although they may be of the most unequivocal and conclusive description.’ Johnson v. Johnson, 96 Md. 144 , 148,53 A. 792 , 794.” Id. at 294.
It is true that Mrs. Kelly made the down payment, but to say that she paid all of the purchase price other than a few mortgage payments would be erroneous since the purchase money deed of trust was signed by all three of the individuals in whom title was vested and all three of them became obligated upon the note, payment of which was secured by the deed of trust. Therefore, all three of those individuals contributed substantially to the purchase price.
This case is similar in many regards to
Siemiesz v. Amend,
Judge Pugh had the opportunity of observing the demeanor of the witnesses and forming an opinion as to their credibility. He might well have taken into consideration the language used by Judge Marbury for the Court in
Battle v. Allen,
“Since the law creates a strong presumption in favor of the legal title as evidenced by a deed, Mountford v. Mountford,181 Md. 212 ,29 A.2d 258 , a person who attempts to establish a resulting trust has the burden of proving such trust by plain, unequivocal, and convincing evidence. Siemiesz v. Amend, supra; Fasman v. Pottashnick,188 Md. 105 ,51 A. 2d 664 . Indeed, this Court has stated that the evidence must be so clear and strong as to remove every reasonable doubt as to the existence of the trust. Gray v. Harriet Lane Home,192 Md. 251 ,64 A. 2d 102 ; Sands v. Church, Etc.,181 Md. 536 ,30 A. 2d 771 . Parol evidence may be sufficient to establish a resulting trust, but the court will view it with great caution because it impeaches a document executed according to law and recorded as evidence of title. Any other rule would disturb the reliance which the public places upon land title instruments. Siemiesz v. Amend, supra; Fitch v. Double ‘U’ Sales Corp.,212 Md. 324 ,129 A. 2d 93 .” Id. at 675-76.
Mrs. Kelly and Mr. and Mrs. Lacey contend that the chancellor erred in finding Lacey insolvent. Insolvency is a necessary element to striking down a deed under § 4 of the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act. It is not a necessary element, however, to striking down a deed under § 7. Mrs. Kelly and Mr. and Mrs. Lacey apparently proceed upon the premise that the burden was upon Mrs. Van Royen to establish Lacey’s insolvency. Under the facts here existing such is not the case.
In
Savings Bank v. Sauble,
“It has been an ancient policy of the common law to protect the rights of creditors against all dispositions of property which result in fraud. In 1570 the Parliament enacted the Statute of 13 Elizabeth ch. 5, which declared void any conveyance made with intent ‘to delay, hinder or defraud creditors,’ but provided that the act did not extend to any estate or interest conveyed ‘upon good consideration and bona fide’ to any person without notice of the fraud. 1 Alexander’s British Statutes, Coe’s Edition, 499-545.” Id. at 630.
Then the opinion further stated with reference to §§ 4 and 10 of the Uniform Act:
“The Uniform Act is declaratory of the common law and is practically a restatement of the Statute of 13 Elizabeth.” Id. at 632. (citing authorities)
In
Arthur v. Morrow Brothers,
“The Statute of 13th Elizabeth, Chapter 5, has frequently been before this Court. A voluntaryconveyance is prima facie invalid as against existing creditors of the grantor who has no sufficient means to pay his debts, independent of that conveyed, without regard to his actual intent or to that of the grantee. Christopher v. Christopher, 64 Md. 583 , 588; Cone v. Cross,72 Md. 102 , 105. The burden is on the party claiming under the conveyance to prove that a debtor had sufficient property with which to pay his debts, exclusively of that conveyed aioay.” Id. at 68. (emphasis added)
See also
Morrow v. Arthur,
An equally positive statement of the rule is found in
Goodman v. Wineland,
“The bill in this case was brought to set aside a deed and bill of sale made by Marx Wineland to his wife, and to subject the property conveyed, to the payment of debts due from Wineland to Goodman, the complainant, at the time of their execution, upon the ground that said conveyances, being voluntary and without consideration, and made when Wineland was so indebted, their legal effect, without charging they were made with such actual intent, was to delay, hinder and defraud his creditors.
* * *
“The motive or purpose with which a voluntary transfer of property is made by a party indebted at the time is not material. The legal effect of such a conveyance is, that, without reference to the actual intent of the debtor, it is prima facie in fraud of creditors. This presumption of law may be repelled by proving, that the grantor, at the time of the gift, was possessed of other means amply sufficient to pay all hisdebts, and the onus of so proving is upon those seeking to uphold the gift. Baxter v. Sewell, 3 Md. 334 ; Williams v. Banks,11 Md. 198 ; Whedbee v. Stewart,40 Md. 414 .” Id. at 451.
See also Birely v. Staley, 5 G. & J. 432, 455 (1833).
In this case Lacey admits he was in serious financial difficulty and did not have sufficient assets to pay his debts as they matured. A judgment was entered against him which he did not pay. A conveyance prepared through the good offices of his brother-in-law vested title to property in which Lacey had an interest in his wife and mother-in-law. It is admitted that no money changed hands and there was no other consideration, except possibly love and affection. Accordingly, it is quite clear that under the authorities the burden was indeed on the appellants to show that the conveyance did not render Lacey insolvent. That this theory of the law is in accordance with holdings elsewhere may be gleaned from 37 Am.Jur.2d Fraudulent Conveyances § 218 (1968), where it is said:
“Where a conveyance is sought to be vacated on the ground that it was voluntary, the burden is upon the complainant to show that his debt antedated the conveyance attacked, but the burden of proving the solvency of the debtor, that is, that he retained sufficient means to pay his debts after the voluntary conveyance, is on the transferee.”
There was no proof presented to show solvency upon the part of Lacey. Therefore, this contention of the parties must fall. Moreover, curiously enough, the parties have not seen fit to contest on appeal the finding of the chancellor that the transaction came within the purview of § 7 as well as § 4. Accordingly, had we decided the contentions otherwise under § 4, the deed would have been set aside (and properly so) under § 7.
Decree affirmed; appellants to pay the costs.