144 F. 781 | 2d Cir. | 1906
Lead Opinion
(after stating the facts.) As the law now stands the petitioner-appellant, has no substantial pecuniary interest in the disallowance or reduction of the claims in controversy. Nevertheless as there may be a contingent interest we have felt constrained to consider and pass upon all the questions presented.
The Deslions claim is the largest in amount and was the one most strenuously opposed in the District Court. It may, therefore, be appropriately considered first. The claim was for $50,000, the value placed by the owner Deslions, upon a collection of Indian curios. The commissioner allowed $25,000, and, after careful consideration of the testimony, we do not feel justified in disturbing his conclusion.
It must be admitted that Deslions does not appear well on paper; he is involved in numerous contradictions and divagations; professing' ignorance of matters which should be within his knowledge and failing to remember facts which it seems incredible he should have forgotten. Indeed, portions of his testimony evince such recklessness and are so obviously prejudicial to the success of his claim that it seems as if his conduct must be attributable to other causes than those suggested by the petitioner — possibly to an excitable Erench temperament or to
The question is not what the conclusion of this court should be on the testimony but whether the commissioner’s report, sustained as it was, after full argument, by the District Court, was so clearly erroneous as to warrant us in setting it aside. The powers conferred upon a commissioner in admiralty causes are analagous to those of masters in chancery and his findings upon questions of fact depending upon conflicting testimony or upon the credibility of witnesses should not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous. Davis v. Schwartz, 155 U. S. 631, 636, 15 Sup. Ct. 237, 39 L. Ed. 289; Tilghman v. Proctor, 125 U. S. 136, 150, 8 Sup. Ct. 894, 31 L. Ed. 664; Kimberly v. Arms, 129 U. S. 512, 524, 9 Sup. Ct. 355, 32 L. Ed. 764; The Elton, 83 Fed. 519, 31 C. C. A. 496; The Cayuga, 59 Fed. 483, 8 C. C. A. 188, Panama R. Co. v. Napier Co., 61 Fed. 408, 9 C. C. A. 553. We are not satisfied that the report is so clearly against the weight of evidence as to justify us in disturbing it.
The bulk of Deslions’ property had no market value in the usually accepted sense; its salableness depended upon finding a purchaser of means interested in Indian curiosities. No part of it was ever in Havre; it was sunk in mid ocean. From the nature of the case expert opinion could only be obtained in this country and under the rule established in The Umbria, 59 Fed. 489, 8 C. C. A. 194, the value ifi New York, the place of shipment, was properly shown as the measure of damages. There is no doubt whatever that eight boxes belonging to t'he claimant and aggregating 2,380 pounds in weight were placed on the Bourgogne the morning she sailed from New York and that he paid about $40 for their transportation to Havre as extra baggage. The testimony of the claimant and the petitioner’s agent, who was at the pier on the morning in question, leaves little room for doubt as to the nature of the agreement; There was nothing unusual in taking
These being the facts proved by the testimony and found bjr the commissioner we do not think the claimant should be defeated by the application of the strict rules of common law pleading. If necessary an amendment should be made conforming the pleading to the proof. Knowing precisely what the transaction was it should be dealt with on that basis irrespective of the fact that the claimant may have stated the claim incorrectly in the informal preliminary statement filed by him.
The commissioner finds that the boxes in question went aboard the ship as a part of the baggage of the claimant’s wife and that he is entitled to recover the value thereof. The claimant’s wife was a passenger having a third-class ticket. It is objected that the loss of the baggage must be limited to the amount stipulated in the “conditions of passage” printed on the ticket. It is sufficient at present to say that no third-class ticket is in evidence and it is obvious that the court cannot construe the conditions of an agreement without knowing what those conditions are. So far as the Deslions’ claim is concerned it is enough to say: First. That there is no evidence, except the oral testimony of one witness, as to the conditions of third-class tickets in July, 1898. Second. Assuming that the conditions referred to by M. de Bocande were printed on the third-class ticket in question they do not and cannot apply to extra baggage taken under a subsequent agreement, the price charged for transportation having been duly paid. Third. If the limitation, as stated by de Bocande, was $30 it was grossfy inadequate. To limit the liability for the loss of 2,360 pounds of bagga'ge, for the transportation of which the company had received $40, to the sum of $30 is so obviously unreasonable that further comment is unnecessary.
Before proceeding to the examination of the remaining claims it is wise to consider some of the contentions which are applicable to all. The first-class passage ticket tendered by the petitioner as representative of the tickets in use in July, 1898, has printed on its face in English, among other conditions, the following:
“XXX. Baggage and valuables may be insured at the current rate, on the company’s open policy. •
• “IV. The company 'declines all responsibility for unchecked baggage or articles kept by the passengers themselves; also' for money, species, securities, jewels and articles of value, unless they have been declared and taxed as valuables and deposited with the Purser against a receipt delivered by him.
“V. In case of damage to or total loss of baggage, for which the company or the' captain may be responsible, the liability is not to exceed 100 dollars in first class, and 60 dollars in second class, regardless of the number of pieces or their contents, as the passengers should have their baggage insured for its full value on the company’s open policy.”
M. de Bocande, general agent of the^French Line at the time of the loss of La Bourgogne, produced this ticket at the hearing of January
Asked if the ticket produced is the form that was in use at the time the disaster M. de Bocande answered:
“Tliis is the shape oí the ticket.
“Question. Is it the form in the letters? Answer. The same exactly I think.
“Question. You donit mean to say there have not been changes? Answer. I don’t know. * * *
“Question. I understood you to say that the second-class tickets were substantially in the same'form? Answer. The same form and red in color; that is all; third class, green.”
Again, on cross-examination the witness gave the following testimony :
“Question. Is that the same form that was in use in 1898? Answer. I suppose so. I don’t think there was any other form of ticket in use in 1898. Except as to color of ticket the same form was in use in all classes of passage.
“Question. Did all of the three different shades of tickets have all of the stipulations printed on the face of them? Answer. They have all the same except for baggage indemnity: the amount of indemnity for baggage varies with the price paid for the passenger, first, second and third. I think it is 8100.00 for first class and $(>0.00 for second and $30.00 for third class. All the other clauses are the same to my knowledge.
“Question. Did all the tickets have the stipulation printed on the face of the ticket? Answer. This way to my knowledge.
“Question. That is you mean all the tickets sold here in New York for Havre? Answer. Yes.”
On the other hand Mr. A. Gordon Murray, counsel for claimants, but in 1898 a clerk in a law office in the city of New York, called at the office of petitioner at No. 6 Bowling Green and had an interview with M. Faguet, the agent in charge at the time. Mr. Murray testifies as follows:
“I requested Air. Faguet to show mo the form of the ticket used. He did so, and the ticket was a square pink ticket with stipulations printed on the pack, with no reference made to the stipulations on the face of the ticket. He wouldn’t allow me to take one of them with me.”
On cross-examination he said:
“I don’t recollect the class. I know it was a pink ticket, but I made a copy of it which was in French, but the copy I have not been able to find in the last eighteen months, although I have looked high and low for it.”
He further stated that he was not sure whether the ticket shown him by Faguet or another ticket shown him about the same time, by another person about to embark for Havre, was in French, but further on, his recollection being refreshed, he said that the Faguet ticket was in Jínglish. He is positive, however, that the stipulations were printed on the back of the ticket. John M. Perry, whose wife and children were lost on the Bourgogne, and who purchased their passage ticket the day before the steamer sailed, testified that his recollection was that the ticket was printed in French and that his attention was
It certainly was in the power of the petitioner to set this question at rest by producing the identical form used in 1838 and its failure to do so raises a presumption in favor of the claimants’ contention. It may be that, somewhere in the 2,000 pages of 'this record, a sufficient reason is given for the failure to produce this proof, if so, we have been unable to discover it. The carrier asks for a strict construction against the passenger of the conditions of a contract upon proof which leaves the nature of those conditions in doubt. The commissioner having found the fact in favor of the claimants we do not feel justified in disturbing his conclusion for the reasons heretofore stated when considering the Deslions claim.
The law in such circumstances is plain. The following quotation from Wheeler on the Modern Law of Carriers, p. 263, is cited with approval by the Supreme Court in the Majestic, 166 U. S. 375, 384, 17 Sup. Ct. 597, 601 (41 L. Ed. 1039) :
“A notice or memorandum, even though printed upon the bill of .lading or other contract of the carrier, unless referred to' in the body of the contract and thus made a part of it, is no more than a notice, and does not form a part of the contract between the shipper and the carrier.”
The Harter act, Act Feb. 13, 1893, c. 105, 27 Stat. 445, [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2946], is not applicable to the present situation.
This court has decided in the case of The Kensington, 94 Fed. 885, 36 C. C. A. 533, that the provisions of the second section of that act do not apply to passenger tickets. We are also of the opinion. that section 4281 of the United States Revised Statutes [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2942] is inapplicable.
In Wheeler v. O. S. N. Co., 125 N. Y. 155, 26 N. E. 248, 21 Am. St. Rep. 729, the Court of Appeals gave careful consideration to the proper construction of this section and, at page 161 of 125 N. Y., page 249 of 26 N. E. (21 Am. St. Rep. 729), say:
• “But what the carrier and his customer might accomplish by special agreement, Congress could effect by statute in the absence of such agreement, but must necessarily 1‘eave the lesser liability of bailee unaffected if it merely removes the liability as carrier, and does not, by clear and definite language, indicate its purpose to go further. So much, and no more than that, the section under consideration accomplished, for it distinctly removes th« liability as carrier without touching that as bailee. We are hound to assume that the word ‘carrier’ was used in its recognized legal sense, and not in some loose or careless and merely colloquial way; and that, especially, because it occurs in connection with the idea of liability, and the phrase ‘liable as carrier’ can only mean the liability attached by law to that public employment,”
See also as bearing on the question Carlson v. Oceanic Co., 109 16 N. Y. 349, 16 N. E. 546; Calderon v. Atlas Co., 170 U. S. 272, 18 Sup. Ct. 588, 42 L. Ed. 1033; N. Y. C. & H. R. Co. v. Fraloff, 100 U. S. 24, 25 L. Ed. 531.
We have examined the testimony relaiing to the loss of property represented by the various claimants and are of the opinion that it sufficiently warrants the findings of the commissioner both as to the character and amount of the property and its value. To attempt an analysis of the testimony in each instance would unduly prolong this opinion and would serve no useful purpose. The award of $250 each to Delfonti and Cirri is most conservative in view of the injuries they received and the suffering and privation occasioned by the sinking of the Bourgogne.
That part of the decree which is involved in the present appeal is affirmed with interest and costs.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I cannot take the charitable view of Deslions’ testimony which seems to prevail with the majority of the court His testimony is so full of falsifications that it is utterly unworthy of credit. It is apparent throughout that he has been influenced by the motive of withholding any information which might afford an opportunity to the steamship company to expose the fraudulent and extravagant character of his claim. Rejecting liis testimony, there is no competent evidence of the value of the property lost. The testimony of other witnesses does establish that some time prior to the shipment he had a collection of curios in his possession, and it may afford a basis for estimating the value of some part of them. It also shows that he packed some of his curios for shipment. What these were does not appear, nor does their value appear. He shipped a certain number of trunks, and the weight appears; but what was in the trunks and the value of the contents cannot be ascertained except by his testimony. He has chosen for his own purposes to destroy the value of that testimony, and ought not to be allowed a recovery from sympathy. The case is not one in which the court should be controlled by the finding of the commissioner. When a witness discredits himself 20 times over by his prevarications, and there is not any other competent evidence of the amount of his claim, the finding of-a commissioner allowing just half of it is purely speculative and ought not to have any influence with a reviewing court.
Except as to the claim of Deslions, I concur in the opinion.