Charles Sean KRUZITS and Mary Kruzits v. OKUMA MACHINE TOOL, INC.; Heller Financial, Inc.; Gosiger, Inc. v. Vincent W. VISCO, d/b/a Vistek Industries, Third-Party Defendant, Heller Financial, Inc., Appellant.
No. 94-1328
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
Nov. 15, 1994
Sur Petition for Rehearing Dec. 14, 1994
Argued Sept. 19, 1994.
It is uncontroverted that Thompson depositеd $352,220.50 in laundered funds in PNC Bank in violation of
The Money Laundering Control Act‘s6 (“the Act“) reference to “value” also supports our interpretation of “the value of the funds” under § 2S1.1(b)(2). Among other things, the sentencing provisions of that Act permit а district court to impose a sentence of “twice the value of the property involved in the transaction.” Under
The provisions of the Act to which we have referred look only to the value of the laundered funds that were transacted by and through a financial institution. Neither the Act nor U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(2) provide for any mitigation of punishment if the victims of the money laundering schеme recoup some, or even all, of their losses. Accordingly, we hold that the calculation of “the value of the funds” under § 2S1.1(b)(2) includes the aggregate of all funds involved in the money laundering scheme without regard to either the “actual loss” which the victim suffered or the return of any monies to the victims. In the instant case, the district court dеtermined that the value of the funds involved in Thompson‘s unlawful activities was $352,220.50.
Our reading and our interpretation of the money laundering and fraud provisions of the Guidelines is consistent with that of other courts that have addressed this issue. Every court of appeals that has reviewed sentences imposed under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(2) and discussed sentences imposed under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1) has held that “value of funds” under § 2S1.1 is not limited to or the same as the concept of “loss“, which is the measure of culpability found in § 2F1.1. See United States v. Johnson, 971 F.2d 562, 576 (10th Cir. 1992); United States v. Taylor, 984 F.2d 298, 303 (9th Cir. 1993); United States v. Tansley, 986 F.2d 880, 884 (5th Cir. 1993); United States v. Barrios, 993 F.2d 1522, 1524 (11th Cir. 1993).
Because we reject Thompson‘s contention that § 2S1.1(b)(2)‘s reference to “the value of the funds” relates to the actual loss suffered by victims of the money laundering scheme, we will affirm the distriсt court‘s sentence of May 25, 1994 imposed upon Thompson.
Charles W. Craven (argued), Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin, Philadelphia, PA, for appellee, Vincent Visco.
Before: GREENBERG, ROTH, and ROSENN, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
ROSENN, Circuit Judge.
Charles Sean Kruzits (“Kruzits“), an employee of Vincent M. Visco d/b/a/ Vistek Industries (“Vistek“), filed a strict prоducts liability action against Okuma Machine Tool, Inc., manufacturer of a lathe which Kruzits alleges caused him personal injuries, and
In the district court, Heller filed a third-party complaint against Vistek seeking indemnification and defense under the terms of their lease agreement. Vistek moved for judgment on the pleadings. The district court granted Vistek‘s motion. Heller appeals.1 We reverse.
I.
Kruzits, an employee of Vistek, sustained injuries in the course of his employment while operating a lathe manufactured by Okuma Machine Tool, Inc. He sued Heller and several other defendants for compensation for his injuries. Heller, who merely financed the lathe but exercised no operational control over it, took title to it, and leased it to Vistek pursuant to the security lease agreement.
In the district court, Heller filed a third-party complaint against Vistek, alleging that, under the terms of its lease agreement, Vistek should defend and indemnify Heller in the underlying action. Vistek moved for judgment on the pleadings contending that the language of the indemnity provision in the lease agreement was not specific enough to overcome the immunity which Vistek, as Kruzits’ employer, asserted pursuant to the Pennsylvania Workers Compensation Act (“PWCA“),
The district court granted Vistek‘s motion for judgment on the pleadings, holding that the PWCA precluded Heller from seeking indemnity from Vistek. The court accepted Vistek‘s argument that the indemnity provision in the lease agreement was not specific enough to overcome Vistek‘s employer‘s immunity under the PWCA. The court rejected Heller‘s contention that Illinois law should govern the interpretation of the indemnity clause because of a choice of law рrovision in the lease agreement.3 The court concluded that Pennsylvania law should apply because Pennsylvania had a significant interest in the underlying action which justified ignoring the contractual choice of law provision.
This appeal only considers the issue of whether Heller can successfully bring Vistek into the underlying action as a third party defendant.
II.
This court exercises plenary review over district court orders granting a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to
We must determine: first, whether Pennsylvania or Illinois law controls the interpretation of the indemnity clause of the lease agreement; and second, whether the indemnity clause is enforceable under the applicable law.
A federal court exercising diversity jurisdiction must apply the choice of law rules of the forum state. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 497 (1941); American Air Filter Co. v. McNichol, 527 F.2d 1297, 1299 n. 4 (3d Cir. 1975). Accordingly, we apply Pennsylvania choice of law rules in this case.
Pennsylvania courts generally honor the intent of the contracting parties and enforce choice of law provisions in contracts executed by them. Smith v. Commonwealth Nat. Bank, 384 Pa.Super. 65, 557 A.2d 775, 777 (1989), appeal denied, 524 Pa. 610, 569 A.2d 1369 (1990). Pennsylvania courts have adopted section 187 of the Restatement, Second, Conflict of Laws which provides that:
(1) The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights and duties will be applied if the particular issue is one which the parties could have resolved by an explicit provision in their agreement directed to that issue.
(2) The law of the state chosen by the parties to govеrn their contractual rights and duties will be applied, even if the particular issue is one which the parties could not have resolved by an explicit provision in their agreement directed to that issue, unless either
(a) the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no othеr reasonable basis for the parties’ choice, or
(b) application of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a material-ly greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue....
See e.g., Schifano v. Schifano, 324 Pa.Super. 471, 471 A.2d 839, 843 n. 5 (1984) (citing with approval the Restatеment, Second, Conflict of Laws).
In this case, paragraph 21 of the lease agreement specifically provides that the lease will be governed and construed in all respects by the internal laws and decisions of the State of Illinois. Accordingly, Heller contends that the choice of law provision in the lease аgreement should be given effect under the conflict of law rules of Pennsylvania. In particular, Heller argues that, because the issue of indemnity was one which the parties could have and did resolve by an explicit provision in their agreement, pursuant to the Restatement, Second, the district court should have applied the law chosen by the parties in construing the indemnity clause.
Vistek, on the other hand, argues that the district court correctly applied Pennsylvania law because of Pennsylvania‘s strong public policy interest in enforcing its Workmen‘s Compensation Act.4 Vistek contends that Pennsylvania law should govern because the underlying action invоlved a Pennsylvania worker, the accident occurred in Pennsylvania and the indemnity claim was against a Pennsylvania employer.
Vistek is correct about the character of the underlying action and also that Pennsylvania has a strong interest in protecting the terms of the PWCA, but Vistek misconstrues the issue that this court must resolve. This casе does not implicate the PWCA. The immunity of the employer (Vistek) under the PWCA does not affect the obligation of the lessee (also Vistek) to defend and indemnify the lessor (Heller) from any liability under the
The agreement between Heller and Vistek is a freely negotiated financing contract between two commercial entities. Pennsylvania courts will only ignore a contractual choice of law provision if that provision conflicts with strong public policy interests. See e.g., Soxman v. Goodge, 372 Pa.Super. 343, 539 A.2d 826 (1988); Leidy v. Deseret Enterprises, Inc., 252 Pa.Super. 162, 381 A.2d 164 (1977).
In this case, no strong public policy issues are infringed. This litigation has no effect on the employer‘s rights and obligations under the PWCA and Kruzits makes no claim that the third party, Heller, caused his personal injury. On the other hand, Illinois, the chosen state, has “a substantial relationship to the parties.” In the commercial world, where an Illinois company, such as Heller, finances purchases of commodities, machinery, and equipment in many, if not all, of the states in the nation, it is understandable and reasonable that Heller includе choice of law provisions in its financial agreements to ensure that those agreements are governed by the law of its principal place of business rather than the laws of each and every state where its borrowers do business. We hold that under Pennsylvania choice of law rules, contractual choice of law provisions contained in a financial agreement that enables an employer to purchase plant equipment is binding on the parties.
B.
Because the contractual choice of law provision is not superseded, Illinois law governs our interpretation of the indemnity clause. Vistek contends that the Illinois’ cоurts would reject the choice of law provision and apply Pennsylvania law to the instant case because of Pennsylvania‘s strong interest in enforcing the PWCA. See e.g., Lyons v. Turner Constr. Co., 195 Ill.App.3d 36, 141 Ill.Dec. 719, 723, 551 N.E.2d 1062, 1066 (1990) (court disregarded contractual choice of law provision because applying the chosen law was contrary to a fundamental state policy). As discussed above, this choice of law provision does not infringe on the PWCA or any other important Pennsylvania interest. Therefore, this court looks to Illinois law to determine the effect of the indemnity clause.
In general, Illinois courts will strictly construe indemnity clauses. Sorrentino v. Waco Scaffolding & Shoring Co., 44 Ill.App.3d 1055, 3 Ill.Dec. 559, 358 N.E.2d 1244 (1976). However, “[i]n interpreting a contract for indemnity, [Illinois] courts must give the agreement a fair and reasonable interpretation based upon a consideration of the agreement as a whole.” Allen v. International Harvester Co., 212 Ill.App.3d 655, 156 Ill.Dec. 793, 795, 571 N.E.2d 773, 775 (1991) (citations omitted); Smith v. Clark Equipment Co., 136 Ill.App.3d 800, 91 Ill.Dec. 520, 524, 483 N.E.2d 1006, 1010 (1985). The courts attempt to determine and then implement the intention of the parties. Higgins v. Kleronomos, 121 Ill.App.3d 316, 76 Ill.Dec. 913, 916, 459 N.E.2d 1048, 1051 (1984).
The courts look to see if the indemnity clause specifically and clearly provides for indemnification against the particular underlying claims. Sorrentino, 3 Ill.Dec. 559, 358 N.E.2d 1244; Westinghouse Elec. Elevator Co. v. La Salle Monroe Building Corp., 395 Ill. 429, 70 N.E.2d 604, 607 (1946), superseded by statutes on other grounds (court will not construe a contract to indemnify for personal injuries to indemnify against the indemnitee‘s negligеnce absent express contractual language). The Illinois court will enforce an indemnity clause if it is sufficiently clear and specific. Owens v. Midwest Tank and Mfg. Co., 192 Ill.App.3d 1039, 140 Ill.Dec. 123, 125, 549 N.E.2d 774, 776 (1989).
Here the indemnity clause of the security agreement plainly states:
13. Indemnity: [Vistek] does hereby assume liability for and does agree to indemnify, protect, save, and keep harmless [Heller] from and against any and all liabilities, losses ... including attorneys fees, court costs and legal expenses of whatever kind or nature, imposed on, incurred by, or asserted against [Heller] in any way relat-
ing to or arising out of this Lease or the manufacture, purchase, ownership, delivery, lease, possession, use, оperation, condition, return or other disposition of the equipment by [Heller] or [Vistek], ... any claim arising out of strict liability in tort, and any taxes for which [Vistek] is responsible hereunder.... (Emphasis added).
Under Illinois law, this language is sufficient to require Vistek to defend and indemnify Heller. See e.g., Patton v. T.O.F.C., Inc., 79 Ill.App.3d 94, 34 Ill.Dec. 638, 398 N.E.2d 313 (1979) (where the Appellate Court of Illinois enforced an indemnity clause which contained language referring indirectly to strict products liability claims).
The indemnity clause at issue in this case provides that Vistek will assume liability for any claims arising out of the use, operation or condition of the lathe and “any claims arising out of strict liability in tort.” This clause contains a direct reference to striсt products liability claims and Vistek must therefore indemnify Heller in the underlying action.
III.
Therefore, we hold that under Pennsylvania choice of law rules, a choice of law clause in an equipment financing agreement between an employer and a third party is not preempted by the Pennsylvania Workmen‘s Compensation Act, nоtwithstanding the PWCA provisions granting immunity to an employer from indemnity suits by third parties for claims against those third parties arising out of an employee‘s injuries during the course of employment. We further hold that the indemnity clause is enforceable under Illinois law and that Vistek must indemnify Heller.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court will be reversed and the case remanded with directions to reinstate Heller‘s third-party complaint and for such further proceedings as are consistent with this opinion.5
Costs taxed against the appellee.
SUR PETITION FOR REHEARING
Dec. 14, 1994
Before: SLOVITER, Chief Judge, and BECKER, STAPLETON, MANSMANN, GREENBERG, HUTCHINSON, SCIRICA, COWEN, NYGAARD, ALITO, ROTH, LEWIS, MCKEE, SAROKIN, and ROSENN, Circuit Judges.
The petition for rehearing filed by the appellee, Vincent W. Visco, d/b/a Vistek Industries, in the above captioned matter having been submitted to the judges who pаrticipated in the decision of this court and to all the other available circuit judges of the court in regular active service, and no judge who concurred in the decision having asked for rehearing, and a majority of the circuit judges of the circuit in regular active service not having voted for rehearing by the court in banc, the petition for rehearing is denied.
Notes
In the event injury or death to an employee [sic] is caused by a third party, then such employee [sic] may bring [an] action at law against such third party, but the employer shall not be liable to a third party for damages, contribution, or indemnity in any action at law, or otherwise, unless liability for such damages, contributions or indemnity shall be expressly provided for in a written contract entered into by the party alleged to be liable prior to the date of the occurrencе which gave rise to the action.
Pa.Stat.Ann. tit. 77, § 481(b) (1974).