171 Wis. 566 | Wis. | 1920
The Krueger family, consisting of Caroline Krueger, the widowed mother, and her sons Frank, Ennis, Louis, and Leslie, lived on a farm in Clark county, Wisconsin, about two and one-half miles from the village of Owen. The two sons Leslie and Louis were within the draft age and duly registered as required by the United States statutes. Louis Krueger was ordered to Neillsville for physical examination on February 2, 1918, but failed to appear, and up to September 14, 1918, had not appeared in response to the order. Leslie took his physical examination as- required, and on the 5th day of June, 1918, was cited to be at Neillsville on the 24th day of June to entrain for military service. He never appeared. Under the compulsory military service laws of the United' States it became the duty of Frank and Ennis to register on the 12th day of September, 1918. They failed to register.
In due course warrants were issued for the arrest of Frank and Ennis Krueger charging them with failing to register,, and placed in the hands of Joseph Gans, deputy United States marshal, for service. On the 14th day of September, 1918, he and C. E. Marks, a special agent of the bureau of investigation of the department of justice of the federal government, went to the village of Owen and, in company with Peter Rasmusson, village marshal, proceeded to the Krueger farm in an automobile driven by one Kidd, for .the purpose of serving sa.id warrants. They went to the house and inquired of Mrs. "Krueger where the boys were and were told that they were in the cornfield. They proceeded -back along the highway, a distance of' sixty or eighty rods, and observed Frank and Ennis working in the corn
In behalf of Leslie it is contended that there is no evidence warranting his conviction. There is plenty of evidence that he was around the barn or house from which the shooting on the part of the Kruegers took place. There is no direct evidence that he personally did any shooting or that he aided and abetted therein. The evidence in this respect is circumstantial, but in our judgment entirely sufficient to warrant the verdict of the jury.
It is plain that the entire family resented the draft and had no disposition to comply with the compulsory military service act. While Louis and Leslie registered, Louis failed to report for physical examination and Leslie failed to report for entraining. To all intents and purposes, therefore, they were deserters from the army and fugitives from justice. Leslie hung around the Krueger premises after his failure to report for entraining, and, in the language of Frank, “stayed in the barn daytimes and bummed around nights.”
Plarry Hewett, a witness for the state, testified:
“I talked to Leslie Krueger in the latter part of October or the first part of November, 1918. Leslie Krueger told me he was there on the 14th of September. He said he was up in the barn when the automobile first came there. He*571 said he saw the shooting in the cornfield, and he said that the United States marshals did the first shooting and said he was absolutely sure they did. He did not say that he stayed on the place all day, but he told me about the time he left, just a short time after nightfall after dark set in. He said that he left the place at nightfall, just shortly after his brother Frank was taken out of the place by Vater. He said that Ennis and him left together and that he had his revolver in his hands. He said that the fellow he met didn’t pay any attention to him and it was a good thing for him- he didn’t, for if he had he wbuld have been a dead .one.”
This evidence was not denied. This, plainly reveals Leslie’s attitude. He was hostile to the idea of compulsory military service and evidently was resolved not to submit thereto. He left the place at nightfall with his revolver in his hands. “The fellow he met didn’t pay any attention to him and it was a good thing for him he didn’t, for if he had he would have been a dead one.” With this revelation of his character and disposition it is not difficult to believe that he joined with his brothers in fighting off the United States marshals, and but slight evidence of his participation is required to justify a verdict of guilty.
While the evidence is clear that the marshal’s posse was met with0a fusilade from the Krueger premises, it is said that there is no evidence to connect Leslie therewith. Let us see. Frank Krueger gives a detailed statement of his movements from the time he left the cornfield until he surrendered, and at no time does he locate himself in the barn. He says that he was either in the house or outside of the house,' near the windmill and a threshing separator. Numerous witnesses for the state testified that during the affray they saw one man a considerable portion of the time in the yard, around and about the house. It may be assumed, therefore, not only from the testimony of the state’s witnesses, but by the admissions of Frank, that he was not in the barn. If, therefore, two men were shooting from the barn, the testimony of Frank shows that he was not one of
Frank Giffin was one of the party ,who crossed the field going from the highway to the woods on the east side of the field. He testified as follows:
“Q. Did you see any persons around the Krueger buildings? A. Not until after we had seen them shoot out of the barn door, the north door towards Vater’s.
“Q. Who did you see in the barn door? A. I can’t tell. I didn’t see them myself. I seen the smoke from the guns, but I couldn’t see the men.
“Q. When did you do the shooting? A. After we see them shooting out of the north door of the barn towards Vater’s.
“Q. How did these shots sound that came from the Krueger premises ? A. I heard two shots, two bullets, very distinctly, and one of them made a sharp s-s-s-s and the next one sounded z-z-z-z.
“Q. Could you tell by the sound whether there was more than one rifle being used or not? • A. It sounded like a low-power gun and a high-power gun. That is what it sounded like.”
This justifies, the conclusion .that two men were shooting from the barn and, if there were two, Leslie must Rave been one of them. Now if, in addition to this testimony, we can find that there were three rifles on the premises, the conclusion is strengthened.
C. J. Good, a witness for the state, testified that he had a talk with Frank Krueger at the hospital at Chippewa Falls on the 21st day of September, 1918. He further testified as follows:
“I asked him about what guns they had up there and he said, they all had guns. I think he said that he. and Leslie had 35 automatics. Ennis had a high-power gun, a 45 Colt’s, automatic, and Louis had a 32 automatic.”
Frank Krueger, in his testimony, partially denied having this conversation with-Mr. Good, in the following equivocal
“Q. And Leslie had a rifle, didn’t he? A. No, he didn’t.
“Q■ Well, how many rifles did you have on the premises? A. Two.
“Q. Didn’t you tell Mr. Good that you had a rifle and Ennis had a rifle and Leslie had a rifle? A. I don’t remember.
“Q. Well, if you did tell him that, was that the fact? A. It was a fact that Ennis and I had a rifle, yes.
“Q. Well, Leslie had a rifle also, didn’t he? A. I don’t know.
"Q■ Were there not three rifles around your place? A. Yes, there was an old one in the basement, but it was no good.
"Q. But didn’t you have three high-power rifles on your premises last summer? A. We only had two that I know of. ...
"Q. Didn’t you tell Mr. Good that you had three? -A. I don’t remember what I told Mr. Good. ’ . .
“Q. Didn’t you tell Mr. Good that you had a 35 Remington automatic? A. I don’t remember very clos'ely what I told Mr. Good because I was in pain at that time.’
“Q. Well, did you have a 35 Remington automatic? A. I did.
“Q. Did you tell Mr. Good that Leslie had a 35 Remington automatic? A. I don’t know as I did. I told you I didn’t remember. I was in pain the‘first evening.
“Q. Isn’t it a fact that Leslie did have a 35 Remington automatic? A. I don’t remember.
“Q. Do you know whether or not Leslie ever had a 35 Remington rifle? A. Do I remember whether he had one?
“Q. Yes, did he own one? A. He has had one in his hands, yes, he used mine.
“Q. Well, but did you own one and did he own one? You know what I mean. A. I don’t remember. No, he didn’t.”
This testimony of Frank Krueger that Leslie did not own a rifle is far from satisfactory and is not of that straightforward and positive character that carries conviction.
We have then these brothers, all of whom were attempting to evade the draft; all of whom had refused to comply with the requirements of the federal statutes in that respect; Leslie had been a fugitive for more than two months, remaining at the Krueger home, but hiding in the barn during the daytime; the family was well equipped with firearms and, as the testimony shows, had laid in a good supply of ammunition during the summer. The conclusion is almost irresistible that Leslie was in entire sympathy with the resistance made by Ennis and Frank to the United States marshals when they came there to cause their - arrest. That he had no compunction about killing is revealed by the admission he made to Hewett, which is undenied. That the affray could take place there that afternoon and Leslie remain passive, neither' aiding nor abetting his brothers in their resistance, seems highly improbable. In addition there was evidence from which the jury could very reasonably conclude that there were sufficient rifles to arm all three, and that Leslie and Ennis did the shooting at the crowd from the barn. We feel that the verdict finding Leslie guilty is not only sufficiently, but very-satisfactorily, sustained by the evidence, and that his conviction should not be disturbed upon the ground that it is not so supported.
We come now to the consideration of various alleged errors occurring during the trial. The first in order" discussed in defendants’ brief is that the court erred in not granting their motion for a change of venue from Clark county on account of the prejudice of the people. There were twenty-three affidavits made and filed with the court in support of the motion. Thirteen of these affidavits were stereotyped and set out in considerable detail the reasons justifying the conclusions of affiant that the defendants
The difficulty of impressing upon the record a true concept of the public sentiment in the county is manifest. Just as the trial judge is in a better position to weigh the testimony of witnesses who appear before him, so is he in a better position to judge of the public sentiment of the county. He is on the ground and in a position to sense, in a way that this court cannot, the true sentiment of the community and to judge much more correctly whether it is such as to prevent a fair trial on the part of the defendants.
Defendants next complain because the shoe of the witness Laneo, who was shot nine times in going from the highway to the woods on the east of the field, was introduced in evidence and exhibited to the jury. The witness was per-: mitted to testify without objection to his adventures in crossing the field, to the fact that he received nine bullet wounds and the location of such wounds upon his body. He testified that the bullets that struck him came from the direction of the Krueger farm. He described the position in which he was lying at the time — his feet toward the Krueger barn. His shoes were produced showing bullet holes in them, admitted in evidence and exhibited to the jury. The admission of the*shoes in evidence was strenuously objected to by the defendants because, it was asserted, their exhibition tended to prejudice the jury, in response to which the court stated:
“The court understands counsel is offering this evidence for the purpose o’f showing the direction from which the shots came. The court is receiving this evidence for that purpose, if it does tend to prove it, and the jury will receive it for that purpose. The objection is overruled.”
In the first place we cannot see how the exhibition of the shoes could tend to prejudice the jury. The witness" was testifying freely to his wounds received by reason of bullets coming from the Krueger barn, and the exhibition of the shoes could add nothing to his testimony to the effect that he received such wounds. The shoes did furnish ocular proof of the course of the bullets which penetrated' his feet and, assuming his testimony with reference, to the position in which he was lying to be correct, tended to corroborate the statement that the bullets came from the Krueger premises. We see no error in the admission of the shoes in-evidence.
The next contention is that the court erred in not submitting to the jury the question of whether or not the de
“In such case if the other defendants aided in the commission of such offense, or was accessory thereto before the fact by counseling, aiding, or otherwise procuring the same to be committed, then in such case such other defendants are equally guilty with the principal felon and are to be punished in the same manner.”
As none of the defendants were charged in the information as accessories before the fact, it is contended that this and similar language used in the charge constituted prejudicial error. That it was not a correct statement of the law is established by Karakutza v. State, 163 Wis. 293, 156 N. W. 965, where it is held that one who is charged simply as principal cannot be convicted as an accessory before the fact, as the two offenses are separate and distinct crimes. We do not think the error was prejudicial, however, because there was no evidence in .the case tending to show that either of the defendants was an accessory before the fact. An accessory before the fact is one whose will contributes to a felony committed by another as principal while himself too far away to aid in the felonious act. Bishop, New Crim. Law, § 673. An accessory before the fact is one who was not present actually or constructively at the time when a felony was committed, but who counseled, procured, or commanded another to commit it. It is essential that the person charged as an accessory before the fact should have been absent at the time of the commission of the crime, otherwise he is a principal in the second degree and not an accessory. 16 Corp. Jur. 134. Those present assisting one who personally commits the offense are aiders and abettors .and are guilty as principals. Vogel v. State, 138 Wis. 315, 332, 119 N. W. 190. There is no contention that this crime was committed in the absence of either Frank or Leslie. Hence they could not be accessories before the fact. Both being present, if they aided, counseled, or pro
“There was no evidence tending to show that any person was guilty as an accessory before the fact, as defined above, and no testimony to which this part of the instruction could apply, if it were intended to reach absentees who counseled the commission of the offense.”
In the instant case the court made no attempt to define an accessory before the fact, and, as there was no evidence that any one to whom it could apply was absent, the jury must have understood the language “counseling, aiding, or otherwise procuring the same to be committed” as applying to those who were present, in which case they were aiders and abettors and could be convicted as principals, and they could not have been misled by the language used.
The court instructed the jury to the effect that the warrants in the hands of the deputy United States marshal were valid warrants and vested the deputy marshal with full and complete power to arrest the persons named therein'and to use such force as was reasonably necessary to secure and detain them and overcome their resistance and protect the marshal or deputy from bodily harm; referred to the legal duty of the deputy marshal to serve the warrants, and that by sec. 788 of the United States Revised Statutes the marshals and their deputies shall have in each state the same powers in executing the laws of the United States as their sheriffs and their deputies in such state may have by law in executing the laws thereof; that by the laws of this state sheriffs and their deputies, in the apprehending or securing of any person for felony or breach of the peace, may call on such persons or invoke the power of their county as they may deem necessary, and said that “this expression, ‘power of their county,’ means the same thing as posse or citizens of the county summoned to aid in the execution of process referred to sec. 4366 of the statutes of the state, where it is
“The officer having made known his official position and that he had a warrant for the arrest of the accused, the citizen’s duty is to quietly submit and appear before the magistrate or court and there make his defense. He ought not to take the law into his own hands and unlawfully resist.”
The court refused to charge the jury, as requested, that the crime upon which the warrants in the hands of the deputy marshal were issued, to wit, the failure to register, was a misdemeanor, and that “except in self-defense an officer has no right to proceed to the extremity of shooting people in resisting or preventing the escape of one whom he has arrested for an offense less than a felony, even though the offender cannot be taken otherwise.” The court also refused to instruct the jury as follows: “That no person who has not been duly summoned to aid an officer has a right to participate in an attempted arrest.” It is claimed that the court erred in charging the jury as above indicated and in refusing to charge as thus requested.
This brings up the general subject of the power and duty of an officer situated as was the deputy United States marshal, and those called to his assistance, which we will briefly discuss. It is claimed, in the first place, that because the offense committed by Frank and Ennis, upon which the war
But it is argued that the deceased was not thus protected because he had not been specifically called to the assistance qf the deputy marshal. One very effectual answer to this proposition is that, whether or not he was acting under the command and in assistance of the deputy marshal, the Kruegers had no right whatever to shoot him. He was in the public highway, where he had a right to be. He had not shot at the Krueger premises and there is no pretense that he was killed in self-defense. But the contention that he was not acting in the assistance of the deputy marshal cannot be sustained. There is no requirement of the law that in order to enjoy the immunity and protection accorded to
Exceptions are also taken to numerous remarks of counsel for the state in their addresses to the jury. No useful purpose will be subserved by a detailed statement of such re
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.