154 Wis. 528 | Wis. | 1913
Lead Opinion
It is very certain that the complaint states a good common-law cause of action for negligence against the gas company, and the only question which we find it necessary to consider upon this appeal is the question whether a cause of action is stated against the water company.
In the case of Britton v. Green Bay & Ft. H. W. W. Co. 81 Wis. 48, 51 N. W. 84, this court held, after full argument and mature consideration, that at common law there was no liability on the part of a water company in such a case. It was recognized in that case that the question was one upon which there was not entire unanimity of opinion in the courts, but it was deemed that the doctrine of nonliability to the individual property owner in such a case was supported by the greater weight of authority and was the more reasonable and logical. We recognize the fact that since that decision two state courts have met this question and have come to the opposite conclusion: Gorrell v. Greensboro W. S. Co. 124 N. C. 328, 32 S. E. 720; Mugge v. Tampa W. W. Co. 52 Fla. 371, 42 South. 81. See generally on this question, note to State v. Gosnell (116 Wis. 606, 93 N. W. 542) 61 L. R. A. 33, on pages 96, 97, and 98; also German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Home 17. S. Co. 226 U. S. 220, 33 Sup. Ct. 32. Whatever might be our conclusion on the question were it presented now for the first time in this court, we do not think that we would be justified in changing the rule of liability laid down in the Britton Case. That rule was announced more than twenty years ago. Many water companies in this state have organized and erected plants at large cost and gone into business since that time. They were entitled to regard that very important question as settled by the decision in. the Britton Case, and doubtless did so regard it. Their investments may truly be said to have been made in reliance upon
The appellants claim in this .case_that it has been so changed, and this claim presents the most serious question which we meet in the case. Two sections of the Public Utilities Law are relied on as accomplishing this result, namely, éec. 1197m — 3 and sec. 1797m — -93, Stats.
The first named of these sections provides that “Every public utility is required to furnish reasonably adequate service and facilities,” and the second provid.es that “If any public utility shall do or cause to be doné or permit to be done any matter, act, or thing in sections 1797m — -1 to 1797m — 109, inclusive, prohibited or declared to be unlawful, or shall omit to do any act, matter or thing required to be done by it, such public utility shall be liable to the person, firm or corporation injured thereby in treble the amount of damages sustained in consequence of such violation; provided, that any recovery as in this section provided, shall in no manner aflect a recovery by the state of the penalty prescribed for such violation.”
The first section named is plainly declaratory of the common law and adds nothing to the obligations of persons or corporations who, having received legislative authority to carry on the business of a public utility, undertake to do so.
Such persons and corporations have always been under a legal duty to furnish reasonably adequate service at reasonable rates and without discrimination to all who are entitled to apply for service. Shepard v. Milwaukee G. L. Co. 6 Wis. 539; Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113; Kennebec W. Dist. v. Waterville, 97 Me. 185, 54 Atl. 6, 60 L. R. A. 856; Madison v. Madison G. & E. Co. 129 Wis. 249 (108 N. W. 65), and cases cited in that ease on page 265.
The effect of the second section cited presents, however, a more difficult question. The legislature, having by the first
The question whether the legislature intended by these words to substantially add to or enlarge the limits of liability laid down in the Britton Gase must, we think, be answered in the affirmative. That case in substance held that there could be no recovery by the individual whose property had been destroyed on account of the negligent failure of a water company to furnish a sufficient supply of water, because there was no contract relation between the individual and the utility, and hence no duty owing and no breach of duty. The section under consideration makes no mention of contract rights, and with apparent industry bases a liability on two facts only: (1) omission to perform a duty imposed by the act (no distinction being in terms made as to the party to whom the duty is primarily owing), and (2) injury thereby to some person, firm, or corporation. The use of the word “injured” in this connection has some degree of significance. Had the word “damaged” been used, the argument that there was no intention to extend the former rule would be stronger, for damage technically means loss resulting from an actionable wrong, whereas injury carries no necessary implication of such a wrong. The use of the word “injured,” therefore, seems to indicate an intentional departure from the idea of legal damage as an essential to a recovery and the substitution therefor of actual injury resulting from any neglect of duty by the utility, whether the duty neglected was one owing to the plaintiff or to the municipality at large. '
Our conclusion upon this preliminary question brings us to the last question which we find it necessary to consider in
Again in Schumacher v. Falter, 113 Wis. 563, 89 N. W.
The statute before us is highly penal in its nature. We think the legislature could hardly fail to realize its almost criminal character. The Public Utilities Law was not the product of a single brain, nor was it struck off at a moment’s notice, but bears marks of careful thought, examination, and deliberation by many minds. It can hardly be supposed that its framers did not know of the principle acted upon by this court for nearly or quite thirty years in the construction of such highly penal laws, and it must be presumed, we think, that they enacted the present section with that established principle of construction in mind, and hence considered it unnecessary to further signify their purpose to provide thereby a punishment for acts and omissions in which there was some element of wilfulness, wantonness, or reckless disregard of duty. For such acts or omissions it's provisions are eminently suitable; for errors of honest judgment or unintentional and excusable neglects they are not only not suitable but unnecessary in the many cases where there is a common-law liability to patrons for negligent failure to render adequate service, causing legal damage to the patron.
The legislature must have known also that some cities of the state already owned their own water plants, and that the number of such cities was on the increase, and they could
Viewing the statute in the light of the decisions, we do not feel that we can do otherwise than construe it as a statute covering only wilful breaches of duty, or, as expressed in the (John Case (40 Wis. 393), a breach in which there is “some element of wilfulness, wantonness, or evil design.”
As we view the complaint there is no such breach charged against the water company here, and hence no cause of action is stated against the water company, and there is no improper joinder of causes of action.
By the Court. — -The order sustaining the demurrer of the defendant gas company is reversed with costs, and the order sustaining the demurrer of the-defendant water company is affirmed with costs, and the action is remanded for further proceedings according to law.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). The pivotal question in this case is whether the rule of nonliability established by Hayes v. Oshkosh, 33 Wis. 314, and Britton v. Green Bay & Ft. H. W. W. Co. 81 Wis. 48, 51 N. W. 84, and approved many times since has been abrogated or modified as regards water companies by the enactment of sec. 1797m — 3, Stats., which
The complaint seeks t'o hold the water company and others for damages by fire to the owner of property, and certain insurance companies having policies thereon, on the ground that the water company negligently failed to furnish reasonably adequate service and facilities for fire protection. I think without the aid*of the statute above mentioned the complaint states no cause of action against the Antigo Water Company under the law as-settled in this state by the decisions referred to and in harmony with at least the numerical weight of judicial authority elsewhere. German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Rome W. S. Co. 226 U. S. 220, 33 Sup. Ct. 32; Hone v. Presque Isle W. Co. 104 Me. 217, 71 Atl. 769, 21 L. R. A. n. s. 1021; Ancrum v. Camden W., L. & I. Co. 82 S. C. 284, 64 S. E. 151, 21 L. R. A. n. s. 1029; Woodbury v. Tampa W. W. Co. 57 Fla. 243, 49 South. 556, 21 L. R. A. n. s. 1034.
The cases absolving water companies from liability for damages caused by accidental fire, where the water company failed to supply sufficient water, went somewhat upon the enormity of the damages which might thus be imposed upon water companies. It is quite remarkable that, after acquiescing nearly twenty years in the rule of the Britton Case, supra, during a period of great legislative activity in which
Under such circumstances I do not think we would he justi-
I do not think tbe statutes in question are potent to impose a liability upon tbe water company on account of inadequate service for damages occasioned by accidental fire, and consequently that tbe law as formerly established should prevail.
But for tbe same reasons here given for absolving tbe water company from liability, namely, that tbe duty to furnish adequate water service for use in tbe extinguishment of fire was a duty due to tbe municipality and not to tbe property owner, tbe gas company must be held liable. There is as to it set forth tbe negligent omission of a duty owing by tbe gas company directly to tbe patron or consumer with which it contracted and upon whose premisiss it installed its apparatus. Tbe order sustaining tbe demurrer of tbe water company was properly made. Tbe order sustaining tbe demurrer of tbe gas company is improper, and there is no misjoinder because there is only one cause of action stated in the complaint.
A motion by tbe appellants for a rehearing was granted on May 14, 1913, and tbe cause was reargued on September 20, .1913.
To the point that tbe word “injured” in tbe law necessarily means and implies “actionable wrong,” counsel for tbe respondent Antigo Water Company cited Bouvier, Law Dict.; Anderson, Law Dict.; Hitch v. Edgecombe Co. Comm’rs, 132 N. C. 573, 44 S. E. 30; Carstesen v. Stratford, 67 Conn. 428, 35 Atl. 276, 278; Springer v. J. H. Somers F. Co. 196 Pa. St. 156, 46 Atl. 370, 371; Macauley Bros. v. Tierney, 19 R. I. 255, 33 Atl. 1, 37 L. R. A. 455; Broughel v. Southern New Eng. T. Co. 73 Conn. 614, 48 Atl. 751, 754; Brown v. Kendall, 60 Mass. (6 Cush.) 292; Brittle S. Co. v. Rust, 10 Colo. App. 463, 51 Pac. 526, 529; West Virginia T. Co.
Tbe following opinion was filed October I, 1913:
While the reargument of this case has not convinced us of error in the result previously reached, it has convinced us of error in some of the reasoning in the opinion of the court. In that opinion it was in substance held that the utilities law had changed the rule in the Britton Case to this extent, namely, that if a private citizen suffered a property loss by reason of the wanton, wilful, or reckless failure of a public water company to furnish reasonably adequate fire protection, the company would be liable to such citizen in treble damages, notwithstanding the absence of contract relations between the company and the citizen, but would not be liable in any amount' in case the failure was the result of inadvertence or mere excusable neglect.
This result was based practically upon two primary considerations: (1) the use of the word “injured” in sec. 1797m — 93, Stats., which word was said to carry no necessary implication of an actionable wrong; and (2) the fact that the statute is highly penal in its nature, and hence must have been intended by the legislature to be applied only to wilful or wanton acts, in analogy to a line of cases beginning with Cohn v. Neeves, 40 Wis. 393.
We are now satisfied that both of these primary ideas are mistaken ideas, and the writer desires to assume the blame for these palpable mistakes so far as he may.
The word “injure” in its accurate and technical legal sense means to violate the legal right of another, or, what amounts to the same thing, to inflict an actionable wrong. This definition is sustained by all the authorities and law dictionaries. The word comes from the Latin words “in," meaning against, and “jus," meaning a right, and signifies something
Now if the word “injured”-is used in its accurate legal sense in sec. 1797™. — 93,- then no new liability is created by that section (except the liability for treble damages instead of single damages), unless in some other section of the law there be some provision giving to private property owners a right which they did not possess at common law under the principles of the Britton Gase. Substituting in place of the word “injured” its technical and accurate legal meaning, the section would provide that any. public utility which shall fail to furnish reasonably adequate service shall be liable to the person who suffers an actionable ^rong thereby in treble damages. So read, the section does not attempt to enlarge the list of actionable wrongs, and unless some other section of the law enlarges that list so as to include such a case as the present, it seems impossible to say that the list is enlarged at all. It was said in the former opinion that sec. 1797m— 3, which provides that every public utility shall furnish reasonably adequate service and facilities, is simply declaratory of the common law and adds nothing to the obligations of public utilities, and we are still of that opinion. We have found no other section which enlarges the list of actionable wrongs so as to include the supposed wrong in the present case.
While this result renders unnecessary the discussion of any other questions, it is deemed proper also to say that the position taken in the former opinion to the effect that sec. 1797m — 93 was intended to extend only to wilful, wanton, or reckless defaults seems entirely untenable. In many sections of the law, notably the sections immediately preceding'and the section immediately following sec. 1797m — 93,
In view of the unquestioned legal meaning of the word “injure,” the absence of any direct provision in the law indicating any intention to change the rule announced so many years ago in the Britton Case, the immense sums invested in public utilities of this nature in undoubted reliance upon the principles laid down in that case, and the tremendous liabilities which the law would impose on water companies, and cities operating their own water works as well, if construed as the plaintiff contends it should be construed, we hold that the rule of the Britton Oase is not changed nor'intended to be changed by the law. These conclusions necessitate no changes in the mandate.
By the Court. — The order sustaining the demurrer of the defendant gas company is reversed with costs, and the order sustaining the demurrer of the defendant water company is affirmed with costs, and the action is remanded for further proceedings according to law.