I. nature of the case
In this аge-based employment discrimination case, plaintiff seeks to overturn the jury’s verdict because of the trial court’s evidentiary ruling made pursuant to defendants’ motion in limine. 1 Defendants asked the trial court to exclude the statement “out with the old and in with the new” made by plaintiff’s former supervisor. Plaintiff contends that this is an ageist statement that constitutes direct evidence that she was fired because of her age as part of defendants’ plan to terminate older еmployees and replace them with younger employees. Conversely, defendants claim that the remark is irrelevant because it (1) is *292 ambiguous, (2) was an isolated remark, (3) was made long before plaintiffs termination, and (4) was made by a manager who had no involvement in plaintiffs termination. Further, defendants say that any possible relevancy of this remark is substantially outweighed by its potential prejudicial effect. The trial court agreed with defendants’ position and ruled the proffered evidence inadmissible.
Because this precise issue has not been addressed by our appellate courts in a published opinion, this narrow issue is one of first impression and one on which we will seek guidance from federal precedent. Accordingly, we have reviewed a line of authority from the federal courts known as stray remarks cases. The federal courts in these employment discrimination cases assess the relevancy of stray remаrks by reviewing the following factors: (1) Were the disputed remarks made by the decisionmaker or by an agent of the employer uninvolved in the challenged decision? (2) Were the disputed remarks isolated or part of a pattern of biased comments? (3) Were the disputed remarks made close in time or remote from the challenged decision? (4) Were the disputed remarks ambiguous or clearly reflective of discriminatory bias? We hold that our courts should review these factors in ruling on the relevancy of similar comments, and we further hold that, here, the trial court properly excluded the disputed remark.
n. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Defendant Sedgwick James of Michigan, Inc., 2 hired plaintiff as an executive secretary in April 1981. Plain *293 tiff held several positions while at the company and, in 1995, became senior vice president of human resources while continuing to work as an executive secretary. During her employment, plaintiff worked under various supervisors, including Michael Rastigue, who was managing executivе for Sedgwick James of Michigan during the early to mid-1990s. In February 1993, Rastigue hired a group of employees, including defendant Mark Miller, from a competing firm, Marsh & McClennan. Miller later took over Rastigue’s job as managing executive in July 1995, after Rastigue transferred to another office.
After company executives discovered that Sedgwick James of Michigan was operating at a significant financial deficit, Miller terminated the employment of plaintiff, along with the employmеnt of several other employees, as part of a downsizing effort in June 1996. Following her dismissal, plaintiff filed this age discrimination claim against Miller, Sedgwick James of Michigan, and its parent company, Sedgwick James, Inc. Plaintiff, fifty-seven years old at the time her employment was terminated, alleged that defendants fired her because of her age in violation of the Michigan Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq.
Before trial, defendants filed a motion in limine to exclude certain potential evidencе, including Rastigue’s remark “out with the old and in with the new.” According to plaintiff’s deposition testimony, Rastigue made this comment in reference to the new group of employees hired from Marsh & McClennan. 3 The trial *294 court granted defendants’ motion to exclude the remark, but did not articulate its reasons for doing so on the record. That is, the trial court did not specify whether it excluded the proffered evidence as irrelevant or as more prejudicial than probative.
At trial, plaintiff presеnted evidence of her qualifications and history with Sedgwick James of Michigan as well as statistical evidence regarding the companies’ termination of employment of employees over the age of forty. In response, defendants presented several present and former employees of the Sedgwick James companies who testified about financial problems in the Michigan office resulting, in part, from the expense of highly paid employees who were performing low-level work. The defense witnesses further testified that personnel changes and reorganization were necessary for Sedgwick James of Michigan to remain in operation.
Defense witnesses testified that, despite these changes, the company continued to lose money and executives determined that significant revenue could be saved by transferring the accounting and human resources functions of Sedgwick James of Michigan to the Chicago office, thereby eliminating several positions, including plaintiff’s. The defense witnesses denied plaintiff’s allegation that plaintiff’s age was a factor in their decision to terminate her employment. The jury apparently accepted defendants’ business *295 reasons for the termination of plaintiffs employment and returned a verdict of no cause of action.
m. ANALYSIS
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Plaintiff avers that the trial court’s exclusion of Rastigue’s comment so prejudiced her case that the jury’s verdict should be reversed. Our courts axe reluctant to overturn a jury’s verdict, particularly if there is ample evidence to justify the jury’s decision, and we will not do so on the basis of an erroneous evidentiary ruling unless refusal to take this action would be inconsistent with substantial justice. MCR 2.613(A); MRE 103(a);
Chmielewski v Xermac, Inc,
In general, in an employment discrimination case, after the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant presents evidence of its legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating the plaintiff’s employment.
Kerns v Dura Mechanical Components, Inc (On Remand),
The analysis used to determine the admissibility of an agent’s remark is particularly important in this type of employment discrimination case becаuse the central question the jury must decide is not what occurred, but why the action was taken by the employer. Because the controlling issue is motivation (the reason for the decision), courts must be particularly careful in making determinations regarding the relevancy of remarks by agents of corporate defendants. Obviously, remarks indicating bias by the decisionmaker directed at the discharged employee would be highly probative when made at or about the time of the decision. On the other hand, allegedly biased but, in fact, ambiguous remarks by an agent who is not involved in the decision and made remote in time from the decision would hardly be relevant and certainly would be highly prejudicial precisely because motivation is the key issue in this type of employment discrimination case. Thus, our review of whether the remark was properly excluded requires more than merely labeling the comment a “stray remark.” The important issues here are whether the employee’s remark is relevant to show that defendants made the employment decision on the basis of plaintiff’s age and whether, if relevant, the remark’s relevance *297 is substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice.
B. RELEVANCE
Because a work-related comment may be uttered in myriad factual contexts, a simple definition of an inadmissible stray or isolated remark is not feasible and would not facilitate a proper determination of its relevance at triаl. The proffered evidence may range from an innocuous remark made by an employee with no involvement in the alleged adverse employment action long before such action takes place to a blatantly discriminatory comment made by a decisionmaker at the time the adverse action occurs. A trial court’s determination of the probative value of a remark depends on where it falls on that continuum. Accordingly, a trial cоurt must consider several factors to determine whether the comment in issue is relevant to show that an employer took the challenged action because of the employee’s age. As stated above, because our state courts have not articulated those factors in a published opinion, we look to various federal court decisions for guidance. 4
C. STRAY REMARKS CASES 5
In Cooley v Carmike Cinemas, Inc, 25 F3d 1325 (CA 6, 1994), the defendant appealed from a jury ver *298 diet in favor of the plaintiff and argued that the district court abused its discretion in admitting certain ageist remarks made by the defendant’s president. Id. at 1327-1329. In deciding the issue, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals emphasized that the admissibility of the proffered comments requires the court to balance the relevancy of the comments against their prejudicial effect. Id. at 1330. The Court reviewed various cases defining stray remarks and set forth several factors to determine the admissibility of statements offered to show an еmployer’s discriminatory bias. Id. at 1330-1331. Specifically, the Court opined:
In age discrimination cases, this court has examined statements allegedly showing employer bias by considering whether the comments were made by a decision maker or by an agent within the scope of his employment; whether they were related to the decision-making process; whether they were more than merely vague, ambiguous, or isolated remarks; and whether they were proximate in time to the act of termination. [Id. at 1330.]
Other federаl courts have considered these factors in a number of procedural contexts to determine the probative value of an agent’s remarks. In
Lawrence v Syms Corp,
In Phelps v Yale Security, Inc, 986 F2d 1020 (CA 6, 1993), the plaintiff appealed a district court’s grant of judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of the defendant. At trial, the plaintiff presented evidence that her age was a factor in her dismissal by presenting, among other evidence, comments by her supervisor, Ray McCulloch. Id. at 1025. The plaintiff alleged that, when she was transferred to McCulloch’s office from her job as the plant manager’s secretary, McCulloch told her she was too old to be the plant manager’s secretary and that he later said that her upcoming fifty-fifth birthday “was a cause for concern.” Id. In considering whether the manager’s remarks established that the defendant was motivated by the plaintiff’s age, the court opined:
Age-related comments referring directly to the worker may support an inference of age discrimination. However, as Yale Security argues, isolated and ambiguous comments “ ‘are too abstract, in addition to being irrelevant and prejudicial, to support a finding of age discrimination.’ ” Because [the manager] made the statements nearly a year before the layoff, the comments were made too long before the layoff to have influencеd the termination decision. Moreover, the statement regarding [the plaintiff’s] birthday was too ambig *300 uous to establish the necessary inference of age discrimination. [Id. at 1025-1026 (citations omitted).]
Thus, regardless of the procedural context, federal courts have consistently held that isolated or vague comments made by nondecisionmakers long before the adverse employment decision is made are not probative of an employer’s discriminatory motivation. See, also,
McDonald v Union Camp Corp,
898 F2d 1155, 1161, n 3, 1162 (CA 6, 1990) (сomment by a person other than the decisionmaker that “a senior salesman at age 55 ‘could be cheaply replaced with a younger salesman’ ” does not raise an issue of material fact regarding the employer’s motives);
Stone v Autoliv ASP, Inc,
We find the factors considered in this line of federal cases useful for our analysis of the relеvance of Rastigue’s remark “out with the old and in with the new.” Accordingly, our first inquiry is whether the proffered comment was made by an agent of the employer involved in the decision to terminate plaintiff’s employment. The record shows that, although *301 Rastigue was plaintiffs supervisor at the time he made the comment, he was not her supervisor when she lost her job. Rastigue left his position as an executive manager at Sedgwick James of Michigan approximately one yeаr before plaintiffs employment was terminated, and no evidence suggests that he had any decisionmaking authority regarding the discharging of plaintiff. Miller took over Rastigue’s position as executive manager and plaintiff’s supervisor in July 1995, and it was Miller who terminated plaintiff’s employment in June 1996. Therefore, the proffered remark cannot be attributed to the employer, because it was not made by a person involved in the termination of plaintiff’s employment.
Moreоver, Rastigue did not make the proffered remark regarding plaintiff. Instead, plaintiff testified that she heard Rastigue make the comment in reference to the new, recently hired employees. Those new employees included defendant Miller who, according to the trial record, joined Sedgwick James of Michigan in February 1993. 6 Further, not only was Rastigue’s comment directed at other people, he made it more than two years before plaintiff’s employment was terminated by defendants. Accordingly, the comment was both isolated and remote in time from the adverse employment action.
Finally, although plaintiff contends that the comment was age related, we find that, under the circumstances in which Rastigue uttered it, the remark was *302 certainly ambiguous and clearly age neutral. 7 Rastigue made the comment when several new employees began working for the company and no evidence suggests that the employment of other, older employees was terminated at that time or that other employees were somehow replaced by younger workers. In this context, the comment “out with the old and in with the new” does not carry with it a discriminatory connotation.
Therefore, considering the factors outlined above, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding this evidence. 8 Indeed, the trial court would have been correct to hold this evidence to be irrelevant.
D. PREJUDICIAL EFFECT
We recognize that in employment discrimination cases, а plaintiffs obligation to show the employer’s true motivation is often a difficult task. To counter the employer’s reasons for the termination of a plaintiff’s employment, the plaintiff must introduce evidence of what the plaintiff believes to be the “true” (illicit) motivation. Wilcoxon, supra at 359. To show that motivation, a plaintiff may attempt to introduce biased remarks by one or more of the employer’s agents. Yet, as stated above, some remarks may be extremely probative while others are wholly irrelevant. If the proffered evidence is determined to have some bearing on the employer’s motivation, however, it is imperative that the trial court balance its proba *303 tive value against the risk of unfair prejudice. MRE 403.
Remarks made by a single employee that are offered to show a discriminatory motive by a defendant corporation involve a particularly high risk of unfair prejudice. A biased comment by a company agent is especially inflammatory becаuse of the jury’s tendency to attribute an agent’s comments to the company itself, regardless of whether the agent was involved in the adverse employment action at issue and regardless of whether the remark reflects or repudiates company policy. The risk of admitting evidence of a biased opinion made by an employee who is unrelated to the decisionmaking process is that, even if the remark is isolated, ambiguous, or remote in time, it unfairly suggests to the jury that the remark and its underlying motivation have the imprimatur of the employer.
Thus, were we to find that Rastigue’s comment had some minimal relevance in light of the four factors discussed above, its probative value would have been substantially outweighed by “the harm likely to result from its admission.” Cooley, supra at 1330; MRE 403. Because the ambiguous and isolated remark had nothing to do with the termination of plaintiff’s employment and was made by a former supervisor remote in time from when plaintiff’s employment was terminated, its admission would have served only to inflame, mislead, or confuse the jury. Moreover, its admission would have impermissibly induced the jury to attribute the remark to defendants, even though the evidence failed to show that defendants considered plaintiff’s age in their decision to terminate her employment. In brief, this irrelevant evidence would have been highly inflammatory.
*304 Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Rastigue’s remark. Further, in reviewing the four factors discussed above, we .find that the disputed evidence is irrelevant. Finally, were we to find minimal relevancy in the “stray remark,” we further hold that this disputed evidence was substantially more prejudicial than probative. 9
Affirmed.
Notes
Plaintiff also claims the jury’s verdict was against the great weight of the evidence and contrary to law. We find no merit in those issues, which will be addressed in the opinion.
The defendant company was then known as Fred S. James & Company of Michigan.
On appeal, plaintiff asserts that Rastigue made other age-related comments. In this connection, рlaintiff points to her deposition testimony and her own affidavit. However, plaintiff never submitted the deposition pages
*294
to the trial court and did not submit her affidavit until after the trial. Accordingly, because the additional alleged remarks were not offered by plaintiff before or during trial and were not considered by the trial court, we cannot consider them on appeal.
Kent Co Aeronautics Bd v Dep’t of State Police,
The issue has been addressed in various federal court decisions interpreting the federal Civil Rights Act and state civil rights legislation. While that precedent is not binding in Michigan, it is helpful, and, therefore, we often use it as guidance in interpreting the Michigan Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2202(l)(a); MSA 3.648(202)(l)(a).
Radtke v Everett,
By citing these cases, we neither reject nor adopt the courts’ conclusions concerning the relevancy of each remark; rather, we include them in *298 our analysis to review the four factors to be used by our courts in making relevancy determinations.
The hire date of these new employees, February 1993, was not presented to the trial court during the motion in limine, but witnesses testified about this date during trial. However, when the trial court ruled on the motion, it was aware that Rastigue had left Sedgwick James of Michigan in mid-1995. Therefore, the trial court could properly conclude that Rastigue made the remark at least a year before the termination of plaintiff’s employment.
Indeed, the phrase “out with the old and in with the new” could apply to any person or thing and does not inherеntly suggest a discriminatory animus against someone in plaintiff’s protected class.
As noted above, during the hearing on the motion in limine, the trial court did not articulate whether it excluded the evidence because it was irrelevant or because it was more prejudicial than probative.
Plaintiff claims that the jury’s verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. We disagree. An appellate court may overturn a jury verdict “ ‘only when it was manifestly against the clear weight of the evidence.’ ”
Ellsworth v Hotel Corp of America,
Although plaintiff presented expert testimony regarding statistical disparities in the terminations of the employment of employees over forty years of age, during cross-examination defendants established that the calculations did not distinguish terminations based on poor performance and did not take into account the skill levels or pоsitions of replacement workers. The jury determines the weight given to expert testimony.
Phillips v Deihm,
Plaintiff also avers that the jury’s verdict was contrary to law because defendants did not overcome the prеsumption of discrimination in that they failed to articulate a legitimate reason for retaining Jennifer Hartman to perform duties that were similar to those performed by plaintiff. However, the evidence shows that Hartman had skills that plaintiff lacked and that plaintiff would have required significant training to perform Hartman’s job. This evidence constituted a legitimate reason for defendants’ retention of Hartman, rather than plaintiff. The jury’s verdict is, therefore, not contrary to law.