Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge ROGERS.
Thе underlying issue in this case is whether a non-U.S. citizen applying for disability benefits under the Social Security Act has satisfied an exception to the general rule that alien beneficiaries cannot receive benefits if they have resided outside the United States for six consecutive calendar months, 42 U.S.C. §§ 402(t)(l)(A); 402(t)(4)(A-B) (2000). As the case comes to this court on appeal from a judgment affirming the denial of benefits following a remand to the Social Security Administration (“SSA”), it involves an unauthorized remand by the district court to an agency that failed to fulfill its regulatory responsibilities to assist the applicant. Notwithstanding these procedural errors, because the claimant has failed to make a prima facie showing that he was entitled to receive benefits, we affirm the judgment affirming the agency’s denial of benefits.
I.
The qualification for benefits at issue revolves around the claimant’s assertion *688 that he had worked the requisite time in qualified employment to come within an exception to the general ban on alien beneficiaries receiving benefits. Title II of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 401 et seq., provides monthly insurance benefits to “qualified” individuals who the SSA determines are unable to work because of a disability. See also id. at § 423. Whether a person “qualifies” for benefits depends largely on whether he has acquired the requisite number of “quarters of coverage,” or “QCs.” See id. at § 413; 20 C.F.R. § 404.101(a) (2002). For calendar years since 1978, the number of QCs that a worker earns is based on a comparison of his total “covered” earnings to the amount designated in SSA’s regulations as sufficient to qualify for one QC during that year. 42 U.S.C. § 413; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.140(c), 404.143(a); see also 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. B, App. Thus, a worker earns one QC if his total covered earnings equal the amount designated in the regulations as sufficient to qualify for one QC during that year, and a worker receives two QCs by earning twice the amount specified in the regulations for a single QC. 20 C.F.R. § 404.143(a). A worker cannot earn more than four QCs in any given year, id., but because the system is based on total annual earnings, an individual need not work the entire year to earn four QCs. For instance, a person could work for one quarter of the calendar year and earn four QCs if his covered earnings during that period were four times the amount required by regulation for one QC. Similarly, a person could earn two QCs if his covered earnings were twice the amount required for one QC whether he worked for three days or half of the year or for the full calendar year.
Importantly, only earnings that arе “covered” under social security count toward the calculation of a worker’s QCs. See id. at §§ 404.1001, 404.1012. Work performed within the United States is generally covered, subject to a few exceptions. Id. at § 404.1004. The earnings of students who work as employees of the school they are attending, for example, are not “covered” under social security. Id. at § 404.1028. Likewise, on-campus work performed by foreign students attending school in the United States is excluded from employment that is covered for purposes of calculating QCs. Id. at § 404.1036.
Additional provisions of the Social Security Act apply to non-U.S. citizens attеmpting to receive disability insurance benefits. As pertinent here, § 402(t) of the Act provides that alien beneficiaries cannot receive benefits for any month that occurs after they have been outside the United States for six consecutive calendar months. 42 U.S.C. § 402(t)(l)(A); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.460(a). This so-called “nonpayment provision” has two relevant exceptions: An alien beneficiary who has accrued at least forty QCs, or who has resided in the United States for a period totaling at least ten years, is eligible for benefits regardless of his absence from the United States. 42 U.S.C. § 402(t)(4)(A-B); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.460(b)(2)(I). These two exceptions to the nonpаyment provision do not apply, however, if the beneficiary is a citizen of a foreign country that has a social insurance or pension program of general application, 42 U.S.C. § 402(t)(2), or if the beneficiary resides in a foreign country to which the mailing of U.S. government benefits is prohibited, 42 U.S.C. § 402(t)(10).
An individual who is certified as disabled by the SSA, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 421, must file an application to receive benefits. 20 C.F.R. § 404.603. As part of the application, the claimant must provide the SSA with evidence of eligibility. Id. at § 404.704. By definition, evidence is “any record, document, or signed statement that *689 helps to show whether [the claimant is] eligible for benefits.” Id. at § 404.702. With regard to proof of a claimant’s earnings, however, the only conclusive evidence is an official statement of earnings provided by the SSA, 20 C.F.R. § 404.803, which maintains an earnings record for each person whose employment is covered under the social security program. 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2)(A). (If there is an error in the earnings record, it may be corrected pursuant to 20 C.F.R. § 404.822.) A claimant, or his legal representative, can obtain, on request, a copy of the claimant’s official SSA earnings statement from the agency free of charge. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(c)(2)(a), 1320b-13(a)(3)(A-C); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.810(a), 422.125(b).
II.
Narayanan Rrishnan appeаls on behalf of his brother and next friend, Narayanan Deviprasad, 1 the district court’s affirmance of SSA’s denial of disability benefits to the claimant on the basis of his failure to meet an exception to the general rule that alien beneficiaries cannot receive benefits if they have resided outside the United States for six consecutive calendar months. 42 U.S.C. §§ 402(t)(l)(A); 402(t)(4)(A-B). The brother also appeals the denial of his motion to vacate its earlier remand allowing SSA to supplement the administrative record on which it based its eligibility decision. Through appointed counsel, 2 the brother urges the court not only to reverse the judgment of the district court, but also to provide equitable relief in the form of disability benefits to the claimant. We hold that the district court erred in remanding the case to SSA, and that SSA violated its regulations. These errors, however, are insufficient to overcome the fact that the original administrative record demonstrates the claimant’s ineligibility for benefits; hence, the cases on which his brother relies for equitable relief are inap-posite.
A.
The claimant is a citizen of India who came to the United States on August 26, 1981 to pursue a masters degree at Worcester Polyteсhnic Institute (“Polytechnic”). From September 1981 through May 1983, when he graduated, the claimant worked as a teaching assistant at Polytechnic. Following graduation, he worked in the United States as a computer software engineer. In May 1986, the claimant was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Over the next five years, he traveled to India periodically for psychiatric treatment and evaluation, but he suffered relapses each time he returned to the United States. Since April 25, 1991, the claimant has been living in India continuously, where he remains in the care of his brother.
The claimant filed an apрlication for social security disability insurance benefits on May 22, 1993, on the basis of disability stemming from schizophrenia. SSA’s psychiatrist agreed that the claimant suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, and determined that his disability began April 2, 1991. By a memorandum of February 7, 1994, SSA advised the American Consulate in Bombay of its disability determination, and requested that the claimant’s physician in India and his brother complete the forms necessary to process the benefits *690 claim. The American Consulate responded on April 14, 1994, by submitting paperwork to the SSA that showed that the claimant’s condition is permanent and deteriorating; thаt he is a resident of India; and that he had been living outside the United States since April 25, 1991, had no plans to return to the United States, and had authorized his brother to serve as his payee.
On October 11, 1994, the SSA informed the claimant that his disability claim had been awarded, effective February 1992, but that payments to him had been suspended, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 402(t)(4), because he had been residing outside the United States for more than six months. The claimant requested reconsideration of the SSA’s decision, asserting that he had earned forty-two QCs. To support his claim, the claimant attached to his request a handwritten chart with his place of work and earnings by year. In a series of administrative appeals, SSA rejected the claim, failing on three separate occasions to respond directly to the claimant’s assertion of forty-two QCs. First, by letter dated February 21, 1995, the Director of SSA’s Office of Disability and International Operations denied reconsideration because the claimant had not satisfied any of the exceptions to the general rule that benefit payments are not made to aliens who have lived outside the United States for more than six months. Second, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”), on September 5, 1996, denied an appeal on the grounds that the claimant had not lived in the United States for the last six months and did not qualify under any exceptions to the residency requirement. Third, in February 1998, the Appeals Council denied a request for review on the same grounds, rendering the ALJ’s decision the final decision of SSA. In the latter two appeals, the claimant had requested counsel, but none appeared on his behalf.
The brother of the claimant filed suit on August 28, 1998. The district court appointed counsel for the brother, and the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The brother argued that because the claimant had more than fоrty QCs, he qualified under an exception to the general bar against paying benefits to alien beneficiaries. SSA countered that the claimant had not accrued forty QCs, and submitted, as evidence, computerized extracts of his work history that had not been included in the administrative record, purporting to show that the claimant had accrued only thirty QCs. At a hearing, the brother argued that he was entitled to a judgment on the then-existing administrative record, while SSA argued that the case should be remanded for “good cause” so that it could supplement the record with the certified extracts of the clаimant’s work history. The brother responded that there was no good cause for SSA’s failure to include the earnings history in the original administrative record. On September 17, 1999, over the brother’s objection, the district court ruled that “the new evidence counsels in favor of additional agency proceedings,” and because there was “good cause shown,” remanded the case “pursuant to sentence six of Section 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).” Krishnan v. Apfel, No. 98-CV-2059 at 2 (D.D.C. Sept. 17, 1999) (emphasis added).
On remand, an ALJ held a hearing on March 27, 2000, at which the brother, who was represented by counsel, submitted documents, including pay stubs from the claimant’s work at Polytechnic, purporting to show that the claimant had earned forty-two QCs. SSA submitted the computerized employment extracts it had first brought to the district court, and argued that because social security taxes were not withheld from money paid to the claimant for his work at Polytechnic, he had earned less than forty QCs. By decision of April *691 18, 2000, the ALJ agreed with SSA, finding that the claimant had earned less than forty QCs because “[o]n campus work which is done by [foreign] students is excluded from employment (20 C.F.R. 404.1036(a)).”
The district court affirmed SSA’s remand decision.
Krishnan v. Massanari,
B.
On appeal, the brother renews his contention that the cláimant qualified for benefits under an exception to the nonрayment provision for alien beneficiaries because the claimant had earned more than forty QCs, and contends that the district court’s remand under sentence six was unlawful and that he is entitled to benefits based on the original administrative record.
Section 405(g), which governs judicial review of final SSA decisions, authorizes only two types of remands: those pursuant to sentence four and those pursuant to sentence six.
Melkonyan v. Sullivan,
The brother and SSA are in agreement on appeal that the district court erred when it remanded his case under sentence six of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) without finding the statutory prerequisites. On de novo review,
Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Sci,
*692
Nor can we sanitize the district court’s error, as SSA contends, by holding that the district court
could have
entered a sentence-four remand. The district court made no substantive ruling on the correctness of SSA’s decision, which is a necessary prerequisite to a sentence-four remand,
Melkonyan,
SSA’s reliance on
Richmond v. Chater,
In light of the Supreme Court’s instruction that there are “sharp distinction[s]” between sentence-four and sentence-six remands,
Shalala,
Accordingly, we hold that the district court erred in remanding the case to SSA pursuant to sentence six and that there is no alternative ground on which to conclude that the district court’s remand was proper.
C.
The question remains what consequences should follow. Although the parties appear to agree on appeal that SSA erred by failing-to ensure from the beginning that there was a complete administrative record containing the claimant’s computerized earnings record, and that SSA also erred by failing to prоvide any significant explanation for its denial of benefits prior to the remand, SSA maintains that the brother is entitled to no relief because there is no evidence that he could refute SSA’s reasons for denying the claimant’s claim. The brother contends first, that because the district court’s decision to deny benefits was based on information gathered during an unlawful remand, this court should reverse the district court and compel SSA to provide benefits because, in his view, the evidence in the original administrative record demonstrates the claimant’s entitlement to benefits. Alternatively, he contends second, thаt because the SSA’s failure to follow its regulations prejudiced the claimant, the court should provide equitable relief.
To. conclude that the brother is entitled to relief under his first contention, the court must be able to find that there was substantial evidence in the original administrative record that the claimant qualified for an exception to the non-payment provision.
Smith v. Bowen,
The brother relies solely on the handwritten chart submitted to SSA by the claimant for the proposition that SSA had uncontested evidence that the claimant had earned more than the forty QCs necessary to bypass the non-payment provision. Id. at § 402(t)(4)(A). On its face, however, the chart includes less than forty QCs of “covered” employment. The handwritten chart lists, for periods from September 1981 through April 1991, the claimant’s place of work, approximate earnings, and the number of “social security credits” he earned. Assuming that the claimant used the phrase “social security credits” to mean QCs, as the parties presume, the chart purports to show that he earned forty-two QCs. Id. The chart states that the claimant worked at Polytechnic from September 1981 through May 1983, the same period during which he was a student at Polytechnic. Under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1028, the earnings of students who work as employees of the school they are attеnding are not “covered” under social security. Similarly, under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1036, on campus work performed by foreign students attending school in the United States is not “covered” under social security. The record, including the claimant’s letter of November 8, 1994, to SSA stating that he had been admitted to Polytechnic and awarded an assistantship in June 1981, which he accepted, is clear that the claimant was a student while working at Polytechnic.
Once the period of time the claimant worked at Polytechnic is removed from consideration, the remaining periods of employment noted on the chart are from Septеmber 1983 through April 1991. A person can earn, at most, four QCs per calendar year. 20 C.F.R. § 404.143(a). It follows that from September 1983 through April 1991 the claimant could not have earned more than thirty-six QCs. Thus, even without the SSA’s certified earnings record, which showed that no FICA had been withheld from 1981 to 1983 and became part of the administrative record only upon the unlawful remand, there is substantial evidence to show that the claimant had not earned the forty QCs required to qualify for benefits. To that extent, the district court’s reliance on the remanded information was harmless because the original administrative record demonstrated thаt the claimant was ineligible for benefits.
As to the brother’s second contention, he seeks an equitable award of benefits based on SSA errors throughout the administrative process that prejudiced the claimant. Specifically, the brother points to SSA’s failure during three separate administrative appeals to advise the claimant that his chart was insufficient evidence of his earnings; counsel him on how to obtain a statement of his earnings from SSA; request additional information from him; produce evidence that showed he was ineligible for benefits; or state that the denial of his claim was based оn the determination that he had not accrued forty QCs. The SSA concedes its errors, but contends that they were harmless because the brother has never disputed that the claimant was a student at Polytechnic when he worked there and on remand did not present evidence to prove that the claimant had earned forty QCs.
SSA’s regulations provide that the only conclusive evidence of a claimant’s earnings is a statement of earnings provided by SSA. 20 C.F.R. § 404.803. SSA regulations, however, also provide that SSA may consider, as evidence, “any record, document, or signed statement that helps to show whethеr [the claimant is] eligible for *695 benefits.” Id. at § 404.702. Although the claimant is responsible for providing evidence of eligibility, SSA regulations state that it will “advise [the claimant] what [evidence] is needed and how to get it and ... consider any evidence [the claimant provides].” Id. at § 404.704. If the evidence the claimant provides “is not convincing by itself,” SSA is required to “ask [the claimant] for additional evidence.” Id. at § 404.709.
The claimant submitted a handwritten chart of his earnings to demonstrate that he had accrued more than forty QCs. Although insufficient evidence of his earnings,
see id.
at § 404.803, the chart nevertheless qualified as reviewable evidence under the broad definition of “evidence” in § 404.702. Yet at no point during the three administrative appeals did SSA inform the claimant that the denial of his claim was based on its determination that he had not earned forty QCs; advise him that the chart was insufficient evidence of his earnings,
id.
at § 404.704; counsel him on how to obtain a conclusive statement of earnings from the SSA,
id.;
or ask him for additional information.
Id.
at § 404.709. At most, the administrative record as supplemented on remand indicates that the claimant submitted W-2 forms in response to a SSA letter of May 5,1993, which itself is not part of the record; another handwritten note by an SSA official that is referenced in SSA’s brief is illegible. Nor did SSA submit any contradictory evidence - not even the claimant’s official earnings record, which the district court noted is “a standard exhibit in the administrative record of nearly every disability case.”
Krishnan,
The glaring nature of SSA’s regulatory violations is underscored by decisions of the Supreme Court as well as the circuit courts of appeal instructing that in cases involving disability benefits SSA has an affirmative duty to develop a complete administrative record, including “arguments both for and against granting benefits.”
Sims v. Apfel,
The claimant here is the
Poulin
ease
writ large:
Not only was he not represented by legal counsel at any level of SSA review, he is not a native English speaker, lives in a far distant country, lacks the financial resources to return to this country, and suffers from a serious, progressive mental illness. Under the circumstances, SSA’s failure to develop a comprehensive administrative record is inexcusable.
Pou-lin,
We will never know whether, with SSA assistance as required by its regulations and court decisions, the claimant could have provided additional information to cure the dеficiencies in his chart or otherwise acted to demonstrate that he qualified for benefits. Had SSA made the type of thorough eligibility inquiry early in the process, consistent with its regulatory duty, this matter could have been resolved promptly. At this point, ten years after he filed his application for benefits, the claimant’s mental condition has deteriorated to the point where he cannot assist counsel in pursuing his claim. As the record stands, the brother cannot rest his entitlement to benefits on behalf of the claimant on the illusory grounds that if SSA had fulfilled its responsibilities, the claimant might have presented evidence of other employment or might have chosen to remain in the United States longer so as to qualify for benefits based on ten years of residency rather than forty QCs. The brother did not proffer any additional employment evidence on remand, and even now, assisted by counsel, he has not done so. His family’s repeated statements to SSA that for medical reasons the claimant “had no way of surviving” in the United States, that they lacked sufficient financial resources for the brother to travel back to the United States with the claimant, and that the claimant had no plans to return to the United States, dispel the notion that he might have returned to the United States. Thus, the void in the record to support the claimant’s prima facie entitlement remains.
Absent a prima facie case of the claimant’s eligibility to receive disability benefits, the authorities on which the brother relies to obtain equitable relief are inappo-site. For example, in
Allen, 881
F.2d 37, the Third Circuit chose to award benefits to the claimant rather than remand where SSA’s decision was unsupported by substantial evidence on the record.
Id.
at 43-44. The claimant in
Allen
had “established a prima faci[e] case of entitlement, the record was fully developed, аnd there [was] no good cause for [SSA’s] failure to adduce all the relevant evidence in the prior proceeding.”
Id.
at 44. Here, the original administrative record betrays the fact that the claimant had not accrued forty QCs or established ten years of residency. The brother’s reliance on
Allen
and its progeny is therefore misguided.
See, e.g., Distasio v. Shalala,
Accordingly, in light of a pre-remand administrative reсord that fails to show that the claimant is entitled to disability benefits and no compelling reason to believe that he or his brother can produce evidence to prove otherwise, we affirm the judgment affirming SSA’s denial of benefits, notwithstanding the unlawful remand under sentence six of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and SSA’s violation of its regulations.
Notes
. Throughout the administrative and judicial proceedings, Deviprasad and Rrishnan Na-rayanan have been referred to as Narayanan Deviprasad and Narayanan Rrishnan, respectively, inverting their given first names and surname. In this opinion we will refer to them as claimant and brother, respectively.
. The court expresses its appreciation for the able assistance provided by counsel appointed by this court.