delivered the opinion of the Court s
At the election in November, A. D. 1886, appellee, John B. Kreitz, and one Dickerman, were candidates for election to the office of county treasurer of Adams county, Illinois, and on the canvass of the returns Kreitz was declared elected by a plurality of fourteen votes, and a certificate being made, a commission was issued to him by the Governor as the duly elected county treasurer of Adams county, whereupon he qualified, and entered upon the discharge of the duties of that office, continuing to occupy the office and discharge its duties until his death, in 1890. Appellee, by proper notice and petition, contested the election of Kreitz, which, after extended litigation, finally resulted in appellee being declared duly elected to the office of county treasurer of Adams county, by the judgment of this court, reported as Behrensmeyer v. Kreitz,
It is conceded that no statute exists in this State declaring the right of a de jure officer to recover from a de facto officer the salary paid such defacto officer who has discharged the duties of the office under a wrongful or a mistaken purpose. There is no legislation on that subject in this State. The right of recovery, if it exists, depends, therefore, on the principles of the common law.
The common law is a system of elementary rules and of general judicial declarations of principles, which are continually expanding with the progress of society, adapting themselves to the gradual changes of trade, commerce, arts, inventions and the exigencies and usages of the country. Judicial decisions of common law courts are the most authoritative evidence of what constitutes the common law. By chapter 28 of Starr & Curtis’ Statutes of Illinois the common law of England is declared in force in this State. By reference to the decisions of the common law courts of England the common law of that country is to be found. An examination of the decisions of the courts of that country shows a uniform declaration of the principle that a de jure officer has a right of action to recover against an officer defacto., by reason of the intrusion of the latter into tile office and his receipt of the emoluments thereof. Among others the following opinions of English courts may be referred to as sustaining this right of recovery: Vaux v. Jefferson, 2 Dyer, 114; Arris v. Stukeley, 2 Mod. 260 ; Lee v. Drake, 2 Salk. 468; Webb’s case, 8 Rep. 45. By the adoption of the common law of England the principle announced in these cases was adopted as the law of this State, for the principle is of a general nature and applicable to our condition. On the basis of a sound public policy the principle commends itself, for the reason that one would be less liable to usurp or wrongfully retain a public office, and defeat the will of the people or the appointing power, if no benefit, but a loss, would result from such wrongful retention or usurpation of an office. The question has frequently been before the courts of the different States and of the United States, and the great weight of authority sustains the doctrine of the common law, as shown by the opinions of the judges in different States, and which, in most of the States, are based on the common law, without reference to any statute. The following cases are in point: United States v. Addison,
Whilst it is true that in this State a public office is not a franchise or an incorporeal hereditament, but a mere public agency, created for the benefit of the State, yet the salary or emoluments annexed to a public office are incident to the right to the office, and not to the mere exercise of its duties or its occupancy. And whether the compensation of the officer is by fees or a salary, the rule is the same. (People ex rel. v. Smith, supra; McVeaney v. Mayor,
It is further insisted that appellee can not recover because he was never fully qualified, not being commissioned by the Governor, and not filing bonds as collector for the years 1888, 1889 and 1890. As was said in Mayfield v. Moore, supra: “Under the law, so soon as a majority of the votes were cast for aqipellant at the election held in pursuance to law, he became legally and fully entitled to the office. The title was as complete then as it ever was, and no subsequent act lent the least force to the right to the place. The commission was evidence of title, but not the title. The title ivas conferred by the people, and the evidence of the right by the law.” The contested election was continued through a long period of litigation, and by the final adjudication of a court of competent jurisdiction the appellee’s right to the office was determined in his favor. That determination was after the term expired for which he had been elected. His right to recover does not depend upon his possession of a commission—the judgment of the court determined his right. Neither is his right to recover affected by the fact that he failed to give bond as collector for the years 1888, 1889 and 1890, and failed to qualify. The statute requiring the oath of office and bond to be given by or within a specified time, applies only to persons to whom the certificate of election has been given or who has been declared elected. Where an election has been contested, and the contestant is declared elected, the requirement to qualify within a prescribed time does not apply until the termination of the contest. (Farwell v. Adams, supra.) The law will not require a useless act, and by talcing the oath of office and filing bonds as collector for the several years of 1888, 1889 and 1890 no purpose could have been subserved, as the contest was not determined until after the full term had expired. • Appellee’s right of recovery is therefore not affected by these considerations.
The amount fixed by the county board as salary of the county treasurer is a question of fact, settled by the adjudication of the circuit and Appellate courts, but it is insisted that as a part of that salary was earned and fees received more than five years before filing the claim in this case, to that amount the Statute of Limitations of five years applies, and bars a recovery to the amount so earned. The concluding clause of section 15, chapter 83, of Starr & Curtis’ Statutes of Illinois, provides that actions “shall be commenced within five years next after the cause of action accrued.” The cause of action to this plaintiff did not accrue, so that an action could be maintained therefor by him, until his right to the office was determined. The adjudication of the court finding he was lawfully elected, for the first time, entitled him to recover the salary incident to the office. His right then first accrued. The Statute of Limitations barred no part of this claim.
We find no error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, or in holding or refusing to hold propositions submitted to be held as law.
We do not desire to enter on a discussion of the question as to whether it is a hardship on Kreitz or his estate that he should be held to receive no compensation for his services, for however great that hardship may be, the rule of law has been long settled in this State that the de jure officer may recover the fees or salary paid to a de facto officer. The rule is in accord with a sound public policy. Its tendency is, that there would be less danger or frequency of usurpation or intrusion into an office. Its tendency is to cause greater caution in and purify elections, as one with such danger attendant on illegal voting would abstain from encouraging it. Its tendency is to cause a careful investigation into the right to an office, where a notice of contest is served and petition filed. Public interest is in accord with private right when it is held that one lawfully elected to an office, and deprived of the office by another, may recover the salary or fees attendant on the office. The rule is not changed by reason of one holding a certificate of election and entering in good faith, under a mistaken belief of right. However much the good faith of one entering, the right exists somewhere, and if the right existed in another, he is an intruder in the office and enters at his peril. As was said in Mayfield v. Moore, supra: “After the vote was canvassed by the clerk and justice of the peace, appellant promptly gave appellee notice that he would contest the election, and specifically pointed out the grounds. Being thus apprised of the grounds upon which appellant based his claim, the sources of information were open to him to learn the facts, and to have acted upon them. Failing to learn them, or, having done so, not heeding them, he has no reason to complain if he has to respond to the wrong perpetrated on another. He has intruded into appellant’s office without right and has received the profits of the office, and, like the person entering into the land of another with a defective title, he must answer for the profits.”
We find no error, and the judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed, '
Judgment affirmed.