235 P. 406 | Mont. | 1925
The proposition that the furnishing by the insured of a sworn proof of loss in accordance with the terms of the contract of insurance is a condition precedent to the right of action unless waived is elementary. (Careve v. Phoenix Ins. Co.,
The requirements of a standard policy for "immediate notice" and "notice forthwith" have been interpreted to mean a reasonable time, and it has been held that a notice of loss not served until more than ten days after the fire was not given within a reasonable time. In the following cases where the preliminary notice was given at various periods, from eleven days to more than that time after the loss, it was held that the plaintiff could not recover because he had not complied with the requirements of the policy as to "immediate" or "forthwith" notice: Cook v. North British etc. Co.,
The premises were insured as a dwelling-house and were used as a public meat-shop. This was such a breach of promissory warranty as to void the policy. (Connecticut Fire Ins. Co. v.Buchanan, 141 Fed. 877, 4 L.R.A. (n.s.) 758, 73 C.C.A. 111;Alexander v. Germania Fire Ins. Co.,
The fact that the property was insured as a dwelling and later used in part as a meat-shop, does not preclude plaintiff from recovery.
Counsel for the defendant, ignoring the plain provisions of sections 8154 and 8155 of our Codes, contend that the words in the insurance policy "while occupied only for dwelling-house purposes" constitute a promissory warranty and therefore must *172 be strictly and literally performed; otherwise the policy is void.
The policy contains no express provision that the insurance shall be void if the property be used for other than dwelling-house purposes. The words of themselves are a part of the description of the subject matter of the insurance, and a change in use cannot be held to avoid the policy without reading into the insurance contract a forfeiture clause, which the company did not see fit to insert. While the contract provided that "this entire policy shall be void * * * if the hazard be increased by any means within the control or knowledge of the insured," there is no provision that a change of use or occupancy, not amounting to an increase of hazard, will avoid the policy.
I submit that the clause "while occupied only for dwelling-house purposes" does not constitute a warranty and was never intended to be such by the parties. The clause in question, construed as a warranty which must be strictly and literally complied with, would be inconsistent with the other provisions of the contract. (See Southern National Ins. Co. v. Cobb, (Tex.),
But counsel for plaintiff on June 13 served what he denominated a "notice of entry of judgment" upon counsel for defendant, advising them that "on the third day of June, 1924, judgment was rendered in the above-entitled action, and the same was docketed on the eleventh day of June, 1924." By this notice it is clear that he intended to advise opposing counsel that the judgment had been entered on the 11th of June and he will not now be permitted to take advantage of any error into which his opponents fell if June 11 is not the proper date of entry.
While it is true that a notice of appeal which fails to describe the judgment appealed from by a description sufficient[2] to show the applicability of the notice to the judgment without resort to extrinsic evidence is defective (State ex rel.Rosenstein v. District Court, supra), counsel may find himself in a position where he will not be heard to take advantage of the defect, as is the case here. But in the instant case the notice of appeal gave correctly the title of the court in which the case was tried, and the title of the case; it was addressed to the plaintiff and his attorney of record; it gave the date of the entry of judgment as furnished to the defendant by the plaintiff and the statement that it was rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant; it gave correctly the amount of the judgment appealed from (except for a statement as to interest) and the correct amount of costs; it was signed by the attorneys for the appellant; it was properly served and filed with the clerk of the court. A notice of appeal "must be deemed sufficient, if upon its face the adverse party is given enough information to enable him to know what is required of him in order to protect his rights. This view *174
not only permits, but requires, a reasonable construction of it, in order that the appellant may not be defeated of his right for merely technical reasons. Nothing said in the opinion in Stateex rel. Rosenstein v. District Court was intended to indicate that this court then entertained a contrary view." (Valadon v.Lohman,
A substantial compliance with the statute is all that is required; moreover, the law favors the right of appeal. (Morin
v. Wells,
The motion to dismiss the appeal is overruled.
Plaintiff brought this action to recover upon a fire insurance[3] policy. He had insured a dwelling-house with the defendant company. Some four months after the policy was taken out and on August 29, 1921, the insured premises were completely destroyed by fire. The policy is a standard form which requires immediate written notice of loss, and within sixty days after the fire, unless such time be extended in writing by the company, sworn proofs of loss.
In his complaint the plaintiff alleged that before the commencement of the action he had duly fulfilled all of the conditions required of him by the policy; that he "gave to the defendant due notice and proof of the fire and loss aforesaid, as required by the policy and by the laws of Montana," and that more than sixty days had elapsed since the proof of loss was received by the company. These allegations were denied by the defendant which pleaded affirmatively that plaintiff failed and neglected to give notice of the loss and also failed, neglected and refused for more than six months after the fire to give the defendant any proof of loss, but that on or about the 11th of March, 1922, and more than six months after the fire the plaintiff made, signed and swore to a pretended proof of claim of his alleged loss which was delivered to the defendant on March 16, 1922, in which proof the plaintiff stated *175 under his oath that the building and the several parts thereof were used as a dwelling-house at the time of the fire, which statement as to the use and occupancy of the building was false and known by the plaintiff to be false at the time he made, signed and swore to the proof for the reason that the building at the time of the fire was "used and occupied in part as a meat-shop and storeroom and salesroom for meat," which fact the plaintiff "in his said proof knowingly and willfully concealed" from the defendant. In his reply plaintiff reiterated that he had given notice of the fire to the defendant and denied that he had "neglected or refused for more than six months after the fire, or for any other time, or at all, to make or give the defendant proof of his loss as required by said policy," and he alleged the fact to be "that on or about the 11th of March, 1922, he had prepared a proof of loss in compliance with the terms and provisions of the contract, which proof of loss was delivered to the defendant on or about the 13th of March, 1922." He admitted that in the proof of loss he had stated under oath that the building and the several parts thereof were used as a dwelling-house at the time of the fire and denied that statement to be false; admitted that one Hutts, who occupied the insured premises as tenant of the plaintiff, while occupying the premises stored some meat in a portion of the building and sold some meat therefrom; denied that the plaintiff knowingly or willfully concealed, or concealed at all, from the defendant the fact that at the time of the fire the building was used in part as a meat-shop, or that he concealed any fact from the defendant. The plaintiff did not allege that defendant had waived proof of loss in any manner.
The proof showed that plaintiff gave immediate notice of the loss in accordance with the requirements of the policy. Also that plaintiff, then at Webster, South Dakota, on March 11, 1922, sent by mail written proof of loss sworn to by him to the defendant at Chicago; the same being received by defendant March 13. This suit was commenced August 14, 1922. *176 The "proof of loss," referred to at the trial as Exhibit "B," was admitted in evidence over the objection of defendant. During the discussion over its competency as evidence counsel for plaintiff stated that it was not offered "to prove a waiver."
Respective counsel do not disagree upon the proposition that it was incumbent upon plaintiff as a condition precedent to his recovery to furnish proof of loss to defendant, unless the defendant waived the requirement. Defendant's counsel do not contend that the proof of loss must necessarily have been furnished within the sixty-day period prescribed in the policy, but they insist that, unless sworn proof of loss is furnished within a reasonable time after the sixty-day period the plaintiff cannot recover. Numerous authorities are cited to support this position.
On the other hand, plaintiff's counsel insists that as "time is never considered as of the essence of a contract, unless by its terms expressly so provided" (sec. 7549, Rev. Codes 1921), and as "a condition involving a forfeiture must be strictly interpreted against the party for whose benefit it is created" (Henderson v. Daniels,
But, suit having been commenced within time, the question is resolved by section 8145, Revised Codes of 1921, which reads: "Delay in the presentation to an insurer of notice or proof of loss is waived, if caused by any act of his, or if he omits to make objection promptly and specifically upon that ground."
However, if the insured would take advantage of this section he must plead the waiver. (Snell v. North British MercantileIns. Co.,
As the case must go back for a new trial we call attention to the fact that while the defendant pleaded a breach of contract by plaintiff on the theory that he had permitted an increase of risk it did not prove it. If the hazard undertaken by the defendant was increased by the use of the premises as a meat market, the defendant failed to show it.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES HOLLOWAY, GALEN, STARK and MATTHEWS concur.
