delivered the opinion of the Court.
Ann Eliza Mewshaw died testate on February 22nd, 1919, and by the second section of her will she created an active *538 trust by -devising toi her 'daughters, Ritta Frances Hammond, wife of Herbert Hammond, .and Annie Eleanor Phelps-, wife of Roland Phelps, and the survivor -of them, as trustees, certain real estate for the purpose of managing and paying the net income therefrom, or from the proceeds of sales of any or all of said real estate, after the deduction of taxes, expenses, -charges and commissions, to her son, Benjamin Franklin Meiwshaw, for life, with remainder to- the said Ritta Frances Hammond, Annie Eleanor Phelps, and her son, James Clinton Mewshaw, as tenants in common. The testatrix directed that the land -so devised in trust should be subject to a charge of $2,000 for the benefit of her daughter, Annie Eleanor Phelps, but, as this bequest was duly paid before the present -controversy aróse-, the provisions of the trust in reference ten it need mot be set forth. The trustees were given the power to sell and dispose of any or all of said property so devised to them in trust, without any obligation -on the part of the purchasers to see to the application of the purchase money; and with power to invest and re^ invest the net proceeds.
The testatrix was survived by her two daughters, the beneficiary for life, and the other child,' Jame-s Clinton Mewshaw, who are the only parties in interest under the trust declared by this second section of her will. The corpus of the trust embraced three separate parcels of real estate that were in Anne Arundel 'County and that consisted of a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, more or less, known as the “Waterford Earm”; another farm of fifty-six acres of land, more or less, called the “Jenkins Farm,” and -some improved land in the village of Brooklyn. The two trustees accepted the trust and administered it without the aid or supervision of 'equity. They first siold the larger farm 'and, .after the smaller farm failed to yield .any net revenue, the trustees made sale of it on August 13th, 1923, to J-obn Kramme for $25,000. It is this second sale which has caused the present controversy, which arose in this manner.
.One of the three remaindermen!, James Clinton Mewshaw, *539 filed a bill of complaint on December 31st, 1923, against tbe two trustees, alleging tbe1 creation of the trust under tbe will of Ann Eliza Mewshaw; the interest of the complainant and of his two sisters as the remaindermen, and that the trust was not being administered, under the jurisdiction of chancery. These axe introductory averments to the principal charges which were (first) that the “complainant feels that said trust should he under the jurisdiction of this honorable court, and that said”, trustees “should he directed to give a bond in such sum as this honorable court may deem proper, in accordance with the value of said trust estate^’; and (second) that the complainant had been advised of the sale of “Jenkins Farm” a,t $25,000; that the deed had not been executed and delivered to the purchaser; and that, “if said report is correct, it is thie opinion of this complainant that said sale is at a price which is entirely inadequate, as said real estate in the .opinion of this complainant is valued in excess of thirty thousand dollars.”
Ou these meagre statements, the complainant prayed specifically (a) that the court of equity assume jurisdiction of the trust., (b) that the trustees bei required to. give a sufficient bond, and (e) that the trustees be required to show cause why the said sale should not be reported for ratification, and that pending the report of sale, they he enjoined from transferring the land to any proposed purchaser. There was., also, the prayer for general relief.
The hill of complaint wasi verified' by the plaintiff, and on the day of its filing the chancellor passed .an order requiring the trustees to -show cause, on or before January 18th, 1924, why the equity court should not take jurisdiction and they give bond as trustees.
The trustees .answered separately, through their respective •solicitors, and each trustee verified her answer. Ritta Frances Hammond’s answer as trustee was that she .and her co-trustee were .administering; the .trust without the aid of chancery in order to save the expense, and that the complainant had no right to require the trustees to carry the *540 trust into- equity and to' give bond, because .she and her co-trustee bad, “in the best of faith and without any abuse of authority or of discretion, fairly executed the duties” of their trust. She admitted the sale of the Jenkins Ea.rm: for $25,000, and asserted that tire sale was made in good faith, in the axercise of a sound discretion, at a fair and reasonable price, and for the interest and advantage of the trust and all the parties in interest. The answer concluded with a defense by wa.y of .a. demurrer. The answer of Annie Eleanor Phelps, trustee-, was similar in the facte set forth, but it did not contain a demurrer, and it indicated a willingness to comply with any order of the court with respect to a bond.
On the request of her counsel tire demurrer of Mrs. Ham.mond was sat. down for hearing, but, before it took place, John Kramme filed a petition in the cause disclosing’ that he was the purchaser who had been referred to but not named in tire proceedings; and, -on his request, he was made a party defendant. His answer, with a reservation of a,11 his rights by way of demurrer, was a denial of the inadequacy of the price, and contained a narrative of circumstances! attending the purchase and conditions affecting the property that would have justified the sale. An outstanding feature of the answer w’ais the declaration that “the said J. Clinton Mewshaw waisi thoroughly conversant with all the proceedings, interviews and conversations which took place between this respondent and said trustees, and moreover 'the said J. Clinton Mewshaw agreed with your respondent prior to' the conclusion of said negotiations that, twenty-five thousand dollars cash was the fair market value of said real estate.”
With the pleadings in this shape, the parties agreed that the case should be heard upon bill, answer (including all defenses allowed under the twentieth general equity rule) and testimony taken in opien court. In conformity with this agreement, the causé was set for testimony in open court and hearing .as agreed. The court carefully considered the testimony, and wrote a lengthy opinion, in which he clearly set forth the grounds for his conclusion that the court should *541 •assume jurisdiction of the trust and the sale should he set aside. The decree was passed on August 19th, 1924, and by it the .court assumed jurisdiction of the trust, enjoined the trustee® from any further proceedings with respect to the sale, which it set. aside; directed the trustees to reimburse the purchaser for .all moneys expended by him on account of the purchase, and to pay the costs out of the funds; of the trust estate. It will he seen that the decree granted all the relief prayed for, except that it did not require the trustees to give a bond in any penalty.
An appeal from the decree was taken by the purchaser, John Kramme; and then, after leave granted.by the court, Ritta Ebaneas Hammond took an appeal as trustee.
There is no question that the trastees had the power, and that it was sound judgment, to; sell the farm. Whether jurisdiction should be .assumed and the sale upset turns on (1) the method of making the sale and (2) the inadequacy of the purchase price.
1. The subject matter for sale was -an unprofitable truck farm, under tenancy, ,a short distance outside of the limits of Baltimore, containing fifty-six .acres of land, more or les®. It adjoin® several land development projects, and has a frontage of about eighteen hundred feet on the Annapolis Boulevard, a public highway from Baltimore to Annapolis, and is about a mile from the end of the street car line in the village of Brooklyn. It is improved by two. frame houses, at the front and back of tibe; farm, and by small outbuildings. Because of its location all of the land, except ten or twelve acres, is .suitable for a. lot development enterprise;. It was assessed for $11,000.
The trustee Annie Eleanor Phelps, when called upon by the order of the court to .show cause why the sale made by her and her sister as trustees to John Kramme .should net be set aside, said, in .an answer prepared for her by her .solicitor and sworn to by her, “that .said farm has always been unproductive, the rent received for the same being scarcely more than enough to pay taxes, insurance; and other expenses, and *542 that every effort has been, made to sell said farm .at a larger price, bnt without avail, .and that the said trastee believed at the time of entering into- said contract of sale, that the-price agreed upon in the contract was a very good oue and that the sale was for the benefit of all persons interested in said trust estate.” The respondent made oath toi this answer-on January 12th, 1924. It was -a formal, deliberate and considered defence, which ,shie interposed under the most solemn-sanction known toi the law, yet in less than one month, she was called as the chief witness for the complainant, and she-testified that she had never made any effort to- dispose of the Jenkins Farm, nor gone to any real -estate dealer, nor-advertised it in any fashion, nor consulted any one in regard to its sale except her brother, the life beneficiary and her-sister. .She -did not have- the property appraised, and she did not .ask any one as to its value, and that she “really did' not know the value of the property.”
When she was confronted with her conflicting statements-in the sworn answer, her halting and discrediting explanation was that she had left the answer to< her- solicitor or that she-had made the answer* “to clear” herself, .although she testified-' that she had changed her mind as to the advisability of the sale shortly after she had committed herself to the price.
The evidence of a witness., who- thus presents herself to the court, can be given but slight weight, particularly when her testimony was in itself contradictory and denied. Efir instance, she testified -at one point in regard to the farm:“Fever asked a .soul to> purchase it or what it would bring.. A man several years ago told me it ought to bring $50,000, but; I thought it was no use- to- keep it a hundred years and'starve the man to -death, paying expenses on it, better- get half a loaf if you can’t get a whole loaf.” Bruner- R. Anderson, Esq., testified for the complainant that at the time the-trustees sold the Waterford Farm, Mrs. Phelps asked him tqtry to sell the Jenkins Farm, and, when ha inquired of her what she thought it was worth, her reply was $50,000, and the matter dropped there, as the price did not interest him.. *543 Again, Kramme, who is a real estate agent, testified that he had known for two years before his purchase that the prop■erty Was on the market, and that his information came from J. Clinton Mewshaw,' the brother. Kramme further swore ■that eighteen months before the sale he and J. Clinton Mew.sihaw were considering, buying the property together and developing it, and that he sent Mewshaw to¡ his sister, Mrs. Phelps, to see what price he could get on the property, and .he returned with the message that the trustees were talking about $50,000. About six mouths afterwards, Kramme testified he went to see Roland Phelps, and inquired of him if Kramme would he paid a commission, if he could find a pur- ■ chaser, and Phelps saw his wife, and stated that a commission would he paid and Kramme offered the property without .success. This testimony is all the more significant as it comes from witnesses while testifying on the call of the complainant.
The evidence on the record supports the view that the •trustees had desired to sell the property, but placed too high .a value upon it to get a, buyer. After Kramme’s unsuccessful ■efforts to find a, bidder, he went alone to sea the trustee Annie Eleanor Phelps, and began negotiations with her for .the purchase of the farm. He said that he represented a Hew York firm, which was untrue, hut immaterial. Kramme offered $20,000, hut Mrs. Phelps asked $30,000, aud Kramme left for the ostensible purpose of conferring with his client. Ha returned and said this party would not give "$30,000, hut would give $25,000. Mrs. Phelps then wrote to> her eoi-trustee, Mrs. Hammond, a letter, under date of July 19th, 1923, which, in view of the conflicting statements of Mrs. Phelps, is important enough to justify its insertion, and' •.the reply of Mrs. Hammond:
“Brooklyn, Md., July 19th, 1923.
“Dear Ritta:
“What do you think the Jenkins’ Parm should bring .and what would you he satisfied to sell for?
“There is a man from Hew York will buy it, hut won’t give hut $25,000. I asked $30,000. I told him *544 I would' have to ask you, and also see the orphans’ court about it before making any deal. As you and I both know that property is paying nothing, and from the looks of the crops on it this year it doesn’t look as if Ed would be able to pay bis rent, and you know what that means when he fails to pay it.
“I thought if he would give the $30,000 that would bring in $1800 per year at 6 per cent., and be a nice little income. If it were mine I would do it quick.
“I am sending another statement and check for you to sign. There is not money enough to pay me up to date in hank, so I am sending part as you will see by the date. Kindly attend to this and let me know your views on selling the farm.
“Tours truly,
“Kellie.”
When Mrs. Hammond received the offer, she consulted her' husband, who thought it was a. good price. She also, testified that she talked to her sister, whom .she knew would “ge-t the highest dollar she could,” and her sister told her that “if if was her’» ,she would sell it quick,” and that her husband, Mr. Phelps, who was a farmer and had lived long in the neighborhood of the property, thought it was a good price. In addition to this1, Mrs. Hammond testified that her conclusion as to* the adequacy of the price wasi based upon her knowledge of what property in the. vicinity of the “Jenkins Farm” had brought some six years before, when the last sales of similar property had been made hut when the neighborhood was not so thickly settled. She communicated her judgment in this reply to her sister’s letter:
“Baltimore, Md.
“Dear Kellie:
“You asked me what I think the Jenkins Farm should bring, and also state you have a man from Kew York that will give you $25,000 for it. As regards what I think that matters very little. There was a time when it would have brought possibly $35,000, but you said you could get $50,000, and that time has gone by maybe forever and maybe in a hundred years *545 henee. So as conditions exist, and you think it is doubtful about getting the rent, that of course is very hard on Prank’s income, cuts him down considerably. Therefore, use your own discretion and sell while selling is good. I am willing for sale if you are.
“Very sincerely,
“Ritta.”
On the receipt from the cot-trustee of this authority to sell, Mm Phelps resumed the negotiations with Kx'amme, who consented to pay $25,000 clear of -all commisisdons-, and ’a written contract of sale was afterwards drawn up by the attorney for Mrs. Hammond and was executed by all the parties on Angnst 13th, 1923, which was about three weeks after the terms of the sale had been concluded. By the contract $500 was to be paid in cash before the contract Was signed; $2,500 became due at the time possession was given, and the residue when the -sale was ratified, if ratification were found necessary or, if not, -o-n delivery of title -and possession. The purchaser paid the $500, but ha made no further payments for the reason that he did not get possession -of the property.
During these unhurried negptdation-s between the purchaser and the trustees-, the court has no-t found anything but- the usual matching of wit against wi-t in the effort of the vendors to sell -as high, and the vendee to- buy as cheap-, -as possible. Motbing occurred in the course, of the transaction on which to base a charge that'the -sale was induced by fraud, deceit, misrepresentation, or other wrongdoing by the buyer, or wlas the result of any material dereliction -o-f duty on the’ part of the trustees, who acted throughout honestly -and in good faith. The concealment of the identity of the buyer, by the reply that it was a Hew York firm, -did not affect the result and was a negligible falsehood.
Continental Trust Co. v. Balto. Refrig.
Co.,
In -this -eonnectio'n, reference may be made here to the two letters of the purchaser to Herbert Hammond, husband -o-f *546 one of the trustees; dated May 9 th and June 1st, which were offered in evidence by the complainant. The later letter Was the result of the writer receiving no response to his first one, and both suggested the cot-operation of Hammond for' an indicated, although undefined, reward, in an attempt to be made by Kramme to find a purchaser for the Jenkins Farm. Whatever significance might have been ''attached to these letters under different but conceivable 'cárciunBtances is removed by the uncontradicted testimony, largely 'on the part of the complainant, that the active negotiations which led to the sale were in the hands of Annie Eleanor Phelpis as trustee, and that in their course she did not have any communication with Herbert Hammond but .acted upon her independent judgment, with the consent of her co-trustee, whose assent to the sale was not induced in any way by Herbert Hammond. Furthermore, Hammond did not reply to the letters, and Kramme, when testifying as a witness for the complainant, said that he had never had any conversation in reference toi the farm with Hammond, who had received nothing by Way of commission or otherwise -and had no interest in the purchase. There is no testimony from which this court can find that Hammond had any connection with the sale other than that, after Mrs. Phelps had submitted' the offer to. Mrs. Hammond, he expressed to' his wife, at her request, the opinion that it was a good price, but that she should use her own discretion in making a sale.
Kothing remains by way of complaint on the score of the method of sale, except the proof that the property was not advertised for sale in any public manner; that real estate expierte were neither consulted in advance of the sale nor were they given the property to sell; and that the sale was private, instead of public, and for cash, instead of on credit terms. It is not intimated that .there was any, wrongful intent in .any of these omissions, or any purpose to chill the sale. All that can be charged is a possible mere error of judgment, which alone is not a sufficient ground on which a, sale may be set aside when made by a conventional trustee *547 within the power conf erred by the instrument under which hie acts.
A testamentary or other conventional trustee must be digr languished from 'a judicial trustee, who is the officer of a chancery court and whose acta are generally limited and defined by familiar and settled rules and procedure.
Paper Bag Co. v. Carr,
The position of a conventional trustee over whose trust the court has uot assumed jurisdiction isi that he is the special agent (trustee) of the creator of the trust, with the power to exercise his own discretion according toi the nature of the estate granted and within the scope of the power conferred, while a trustee under a 'decree is an officer or arm of the court,. To interfere with the exercise of the discretion of a trustee while acting in good faith would be to defeat the intention of the creator of the trust by substituting the discretion. of the court for that of the trustee. But if -the court for any reason should assume jurisdiction of the trust, the
*548
situation of the conventional 'trustees “is thereby SO' far changed that they must thereafter secure the sanction or ratification of the supervising court for the successive steps of their administration of the trust. ”
Baer v. Kahn,
It may he stated as a result of the authorities and oases that the trustee under a 'decree has his functions prescribed and limited from time toi time by law and by the orders and decrees of the court appointing him, and, therefore he must as a rule comply in every essential respect with 'all the modal regulations of equity and offer the property “in such a manner as to bring its fair market value, 'and to exercise the prudence that a careful owner would exercise iu the .sale of his own property.” A conventional trustee¡, oh the other hand, who is proceeding .without the assumption of jurisdiction by the¡ 'Court, i® not affected by the regulations of the mode of sale in ¡chancery, hut he isi hound, in the effort to secure the fair market value .of the property, to' employ that degree of care which a reasonably prudent man would exhibit iu .the conduct of a similar sale. Miller’s Equity, secs. 493, 495, 488. If a sale should be made by a conventional trustee in good faith and according to his best judgment, the sale will not he set aside unless there exists an inadequacy of price that, under the circumstances, i® directly attributable to- some failure of reasonable diligence or effort in the making of the sale.
2. The price was $25,000 in cash on delivery of possession of the property. The farm was bought on August 13th, 1923, -and the testimony is that the contract was so drawn because there was a tenant in possession', who required six months’ notice prior to the! 'end of the year of his tenancy before he could he ejected. The power of ¡the tenant to keep the purchaser out of his possession of the property for such a long period was an important factor in determining the value of the property for development purposes. The brother, Benjamin Franklin Mewshaw, the life beneficiary, and Bitba Frances Hammond, one of the trustees, with .a one-third in *549 ■terest in, remainder, were both, satisfied with the sale. Even Annie Eleanor Phelps, the 'other trustee, with a onerthird interest in remainder, who wias the active negotiator of the sale, and who was satisfied with the bargain until a few days after it was made, testified “if -it were mine, I should say let it go through, but being it is the other fellow’s I think you ought tó study the best interest of him as well as your own and get the best possible price for it.” The only other party in interest is James Olinton Mewshaw, who holds the other onedhird in remainder. It was he who filed the hill of eompiaint. He is engaged in real estate development in the neighborhood of the property in question, and wasi qualified to speak in support of his charge that .the price was inadequate, but he did not testify. His failure to take the witness stand in denial gave verity to the statement in the .answer and the testimony of Kramme that he and Mewshaw had discussed the value of the property for a land development project and had agreed that it was worth from $25,000 to $30,000.
Mrs. Phelps testified that she really did not know the value of the farm, but she asked $30,000 and agreed on $25,000 in cash, without 'Commissions, so that 'the price was 'equivalent to $26,315.78. The only witnesses for the complainant to put -a valuation on the 'property were two competent real estate agents of Baltimore, who both testified that it was worth $35,000 flat on August 13th, 1923, and who said they would buy it for $35,000, subject to a brokerage of five per cent., pay $2,500 in cash, $7,500 in ninety .days, and! give a mortgage for $25,000 ,ait one year. The one said he wias willing to hold their joint offer open for thirty dlaysi, and the other for any reasonable time necessary for the trustees or the court to be in a position, to transfer to' them the property, hut as the offer was a joint one, ikespired even before the decree. We do not believe this testimony is sufficient to establish an inadequacy in price, because the comparison must he between the purchasle price .and1 the fair market price. The valuation (“worth”) placed by these two eoapierts on the *550 property on a day certain, or the price they would be willing, to pay for their own business purpose, is not satisfactory evidence of .a fair market value. Furthermore, this testimony does not take into consideration the effect on the market price of ;an existing tenancy, requiring a six months’ notice to terminate. Wilton v. Hall, 25 L. J. Ch. 156.
It was contended by th© appellee that Kramme had been offered fifty thousand dollars for the property since he bought it, but we believe that the correct reading of the evidence is that the witness', Eleteher Moore, presented, in rather' a casual way, a suggestion that, if Kramme would associate himself with Moore, who was experienced in developing property for sale in lote, Moore would assure him a return of $50,000 .at the end of four years, and be satisfied with all that was made in excess, of 'that sum as his share in the joint enterprise. We are not convinced that such a, speculative effort to calculate conjectural profits at the end of a remote period affords any safe foundation for fixing a present market value.
Horner v.
Beasley,
The burden of proof was on the complainant, but be did not produce any further testimony in support of his charge that the price obtained was inadequate. On the other hand, the evidence of John K. Culver, a real estate agent engaged for twenty-five years in the development of tracts of land into building lote, who has a development in the immediate neighborhood of the farm in question, and who well knew the property, was that its fair market value at the time of sale, without reference to the tenancy, was $500 an acre, or $28,000. The •acceptance of $25,000 as 'an adequate price by Herbert Hammond and his wife, Ritta Frances Hammond, was based on a thorough knowledge of the property sold, and familiarity with, neighborhood sales'. Mr. Hammond had the additional qualification of being an auctioneer and in the real estate business.
While a private sale, without public advertisement, does not require the same degree of inadequacy of price and of a reasonable expectation that a re-sala will produce a better
*551
result as are; necessary to defeat a sale by public auction, yet both, .an inadequacy of price -and a justifiable expectation of -securing a higher price must coexist before a court will .set aside a contract of private sale made in- good faith by a, conventional trustee in the exercise of a discretion which was incident to an express power of sale.
Wienstein v. Boyd,
In the selection -of the method of sale; the trustees were dealing with a property whose greatest value was in its adaptability to being laid -off into small lots for residential purposes; but this was -a .special value whose capitalization in a sale depended upon securing a buyer from the limited class of purchasers who; .were engaged in a form of land development, which required a largie capital outlay throughout an -extended period of development and -a peculiar ability. It is evident from .the testimony that the trustees knew the nature of the property, and the difficulty of making a sale, which, while highly desirable; was not oomp-ulsiory. There is evidence on the record from which it may be inferred that they had not soldi because their estimate of the value of the land had been to-o¡ great. The trustees could only sell the property as it was; and to offer the tract at a public auction might, under the circumstances; have been bad judgment, but the choice was committed to their- discretion by the testatrix, who best knew their capacity. A private sale is -a common method of disposing of real estate when time is not a controlling element; and it is frequently resorted to by the shrewdest of land owners. By that portion of Kramme’a testimony, which was given on -the- part of the complainant and which was! not denied, it was established that he had1 had tire property for private safe as a reial estate agent, through the consent of Mrs. Phelps, .and that it was after he had failed in -enlisting the interest of those whom he had solicited to buy, that hei made his own successful attempt.
The testimony on this record, in the opinion of the court, falls fax short of establishing either that the manner of m-ak
*552
ing the sale, under all .the oircimnistanoes1, was. imprudent or other than a provident owner would seasonably have employed in the sale of his own similar property under like conditions; <?r that, the farm wasi sold for such an inadequate price as would justify the interference of a, court of equity. When the allegations of the bill of complaint, the absence of either charge or proof of any form of fraud, and the significant attitude of-the parties iu interest towards the sale and the attack upon it are given their due weight in the consideration of the testimony, the court is constrained to the conclusion that there is no. sufficient ground shown tro. refuse to ratify the sale.
Vollum v.
Beall,
3. If both trustees had .appealed, we should have no difficulty iu entertaining the appeal, since they are vested with the legal title to the property which they hold under an active and continuing trust for the benefit of a life tenant .and the remaindermen, and any decree which would materially affect the amount or control of the estate thus held, or the rights and interests of the beneficiaries so represented, would give them jointly a right of appeal.
Balto. Trust Co. v. Corn Products. Co.,
While it appears from the record that the trustees are two of the three remaindermen, and sc» each has a substantial and similar interest in the trust estate, yet both .are parties to' the proceedings in .their representative capacity and not individually. If the co-trustee, Mrs. BDammoud, were a party in her individual capacity, as well- as in her representative capacity as a «^trustee, it might be held, under
Baltimore Trust Company v. Corn Products Company,
The -effect of the dismissal of the -appeal of Mrs. Hammond, trustee, will result in an .affirmance o-f the decree below to the extent of the assumption of jurisdiction by the court over the trust created by the will of Ann Eliza Mewishaw.
Through -an in-advertance in the preparation of the decree, the draftsman left out the penalty of the- bond, which we note in order that this defect may be remedied on the remand of this! cause. Code, art. 16, see, 250;
Coudon v. Updegraf,
Our conclusion will render it unnecessary to- consider the points raised on the pleadings, but requires a reversal of the decree to -the extent it affects the sale to- the .appellant, John Kramme, and an affirmance of the decree in its assumption o-f jurisdiction over the trust created by the second section of the will of Ann Eliza Mewshaw; and the remanding of the c-anse for the piassage of .a decree conforming to this o-p-inion.
Decree affirmed in part and reversed in part, and cause remanded in order that a decree may be passed m accordance with this opinion, the costs to be paid out of the trust funds in the cause.