93 N.E.2d 788 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1950
Lead Opinion
This appeal comes to this court on questions of law from a judgment for the plaintiffs entered upon the verdict of a jury in the Court of Common Pleas of Cuyahoga County. The plaintiffs' action was for the recovery of money which they alleged they had placed in the night depository or vault of the Superior and East 123rd Street branch office of the defendant and when called for was not returned because it could not be found.
The plaintiffs, partners engaged as retail meat dealers, by virtue of a contract with defendant had been accustomed to using the night depository facilities of defendant to make deposits of money and checks after banking hours, the deposits being made usually on Saturday nights and on nights just preceding holidays. *348
The bank had installed a night depository vault for the purpose of receiving night deposits. There was a small metal door placed in the outer wall of the banking rooms. This door was fitted with a locking device which could be opened only by the use of a key but which could be locked shut simply by completely closing the door. On the inside of this opening there was a metal chute about three feet long which led into a safe within the banking rooms. The top of this chute, located just inside the outer metal door above described, had a swinging door placed horizontally across the top, constructed very much like the receiving door of a package or parcel mail box used by the United States postoffice department.
The manner in which the night depositor would make his deposit was by first opening the outside door by the use of a key furnished by the bank. He would then pull down the swinging inner door at the top of the chute, which would bring up a shelf completely closing the end of the chute. He would then put his deposit on such shelf and release the inner door which would swing up, closing the chute and dropping the shelf down so that when the door was closed the deposit would fall through the chute and into the vault or safe.
Entrance to the safe or vault was controlled by a combination lock which could be used only after it was unlocked by a key. The duty of unlocking this safe or vault at a specified time was delegated to two employees — one who had the key and the other who was given the combination. Both of these employees were required to be present at all times when the vault door was opened.
The right to use the night depository facilities was controlled by contract.
The plaintiffs entered into a written contract with *349 the defendant on January 16, 1946, whereby for a consideration of 25 cents for each "sack placed in the night chute" with a minimum charge of one dollar per month the plaintiffs were given the right to make use of the night deposit facilities of defendant at the East 123rd and Superior Avenue branch. The contract assigned to plaintiffs key No. 24 to the outside door of the night chute and "sack No. 29 and two keys there to" in which to place deposits before putting them in the night chute.
The contract, in part, provided:
"The undersigned hereby agrees to use the night depository facilities only for overnight keeping of sacks, which sacks shall contain nothing other than currency or commercial paper, or both, and further agrees that a person authorized by the undersigned will call at the bank to receive and receipt for said sack(s) on the first banking day following each placing by or on behalf of the undersigned of any sack in the night chute. Bank shall have no duty or obligation whatsoever to see that the contents or any part thereof of any sack is tendered for deposit for credit to any account with bank, nor to ascertain the contents or disposition of contents of any sack receipted for by any authorized person.
"The undersigned expressly understands and agrees that each use or attempted use by the undersigned of the night depository facilities shall be at the undersigned's sole risk at all times and further expressly understands and agrees that the relationship of debtor and creditor between bank and undersigned shall not arise out of any use or attempted use of the night depository facilities, each separate use by the undersigned of the night depository facilities being deemed to have been completed each time any sack hereinabove listed found in the night receptacle by bank is receipted for by any authorized person." *350
The contract also provided who should call at the bank the next business day after the night deposit had been made and take possession of the deposit bag or sack. David T. Kolt and Alfred Rafal, in addition to Aaron A. Kolt, were so designated.
The sacks provided under the contract were provided with a padlock, the depositor holding the only key. The depositor would place his deposit in the sack, lock it, and then, with the use of the key to the night chute, deposit it as above described. When the bank opened the next business day the designated employees would open the night deposit vault in the presence of each other and one would take out the sacks and the other would make a record of the number of each bag or sack thus found in the night vault and the bag or sack would then be taken to the cashier's cage of the one holding the key to the night vault, and there to await being called for by the several depositors.
The plaintiffs' petition alleges that on the night of March 15, 1947, plaintiffs, with Alfred Rafal, placed a deposit of money and checks, totalling $1,772, in sack No. 29, together with Alfred Rafal's deposit of a smaller amount, and together they went to the bank, unlocked the outer door, opened the chute, placed the sack, which was then wrapped in a paper bag, on the shelf of the inner door, shut the inner door so that the sack would fall into the vault below, and then locked the outer door and departed.
On March 17, 1947, at about 10 a. m., Rafal called at the bank to get the sack but it was not to be found, nor was there any record of sack No. 29 being found with the other night deposits.
Upon trial, the court charged the jury that the only question for its consideration was whether the plaintiffs had established by a preponderance of the evidence that they had placed the deposit in the night deposit vault. *351
The trial court's charge was, in part, as follows:
"If after finding that the plaintiffs have proven to you by a preponderance of the evidence that this depository bag actually went into the mouth of that chute and thereby entered the possession of the bank; if then, following that proof by the plaintiffs the defendant has failed to meet the presumption which arises, by showing you that it exercised ordinary care in the care and custody of the bag, then the plaintiffs are entitled to recover in this controversy, if the plaintiffs have proven to you by a preponderance of the evidence that this depository bag went into the mouth of that chute and into the possession of the bank. But that presumption having arisen against the bank, if the bank has met that presumption by showing you that it did exercise ordinary care in the manner of its care and custody of that bag, then again your verdict should be for the defendant.
"Those are the issues for you to determine, and those are the important issues.
"There was a contract made by and between the Kolt brothers and the Cleveland Trust Company, which is in evidence and which will be with you in your jury room. I will say to you now, as a matter of law, that no provision of any kind in that contract can change or alter in the least these rules of law which I have heretofore given you regarding the law in this case."
At the conclusion of the taking of the evidence the defendant requested the court to give the following instructions, which request was presented in writing as provided by Section 11420-1, General Code:
"I say to you, as a matter of law, that the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant received in its possession night depository sack No. 29 on the date *352 in question. If you do not find by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant did receive night depository bag No. 29 on that date in question then your verdict must be for the defendant."
The court refused the request to which exceptions were taken.
The defendant claims the following errors:
"1. The trial court erred in overruling the motion for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff's evidence and renewed at the close of all the evidence.
"2. The trial court erred in overruling defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
"3. The trial court erred in overruling defendant's motion for a new trial."
If, in fact, the night deposit bag or sack of the plaintiffs was placed in the night deposit chute in the proper manner, the relationship between the bank and plaintiffs, from such time as a night deposit was so placed in the chute until it was subsequently returned to the depositor as provided by the terms of the contract, was that of bailor and bailee. This is so because by the terms of the contract the bank furnished the plaintiffs with a key with which to operate the night deposit door in taking advantage of the night deposit facilities. The bank, therefore, would be held to have accepted a deposit made in accordance with the terms of the contract, which acceptance created the bailor-bailee relationship. Such a relationship of bailor and bailee would continue until the bailor or his duly constituted representative called for it, as provided by the contract. As soon as the bailor or his representative received it, the relationship of bailor and bailee would be at an end, and if the contents of the bag were then deposited, the relationship of debtor and creditor would be created.
It is defendant's contention that by the provisions of Section 710-110, General Code, the bank is empowered *353 to contract with respect to the use of its night deposit vaults upon such terms and conditions as it may prescribe. And that by the contract (in part above quoted) deposits made thereunder were to be at the depositor's risk.
Section 710-110, General Code, provides as follows:
"A bank may receive on deposit for safe-keeping in its vaults and safes, or in the vaults and safes of another bank in this state, securities, stocks, bonds, coins, plate, jewelry, books, papers, documents and other valuable papers and property, upon such terms and conditions as it may prescribe."
This statute seems broad enough to include the right of a bank to provide by contract upon what terms it will make available facilities for making deposits in night deposit vaults to be used during the time when the bank is not open. But, if by strict interpretation it should be construed that its provisions would not extend to night depositories, this Section of the General Code of Ohio at least establishes a legislative policy to permit banks to enter into contracts limiting common-law liability with respect to securities deposited with them for safe keeping in their vaults. Such a service is one rendered in the interest of customers who would otherwise be compelled to face the risk that attends the possession of large sums of money in the night season in the regular conduct of their businesses.
Of necessity no one representing the bank is present when a night deposit is made. Whether such deposit has actually been made must be established in every event by the evidence of the depositor. It would, therefore, be a very natural position of the bank to take that until the sack is actually accounted for by the bank's clerks in the ordinary procedure of accounting for night deposit sacks such deposits should be at the *354 risk of the depositor. Such a contract is not void as against public policy.
That such a limitation by contract is not against public policy is indicated in the case of Bernstein v. NorthwesternNational Bank of Philadelphia, 157 Pa. Sup., 73,
"A bank in furnishing a night depository service may enter upon a contract relation with depositors on mutually acceptable terms defining bank's liability within legal limits in event of loss."
In the Bernstein case no such contract had been entered into so that the ordinary rules of bailment were used in fixing the liability of the bank, but on page 441 the court said:
"The purpose of the device was to furnish the facilities for making a general deposit. The bank might have, but it did not, enter upon a contract relation with plaintiffs on mutually acceptable terms (9 C. J. S., Banks and Banking, Section 267;Burrill v. Dollar Savings Bank,
Where the circumstances are such that the possession of another's property is attended with unusual risks, the parties dealing at arm's length as free agents may lawfully make any reasonable provision therefor as the circumstances justify.
Contracts relieving the promissor from liability even for his negligence have been upheld on the broad grounds of freedom of contract guaranteed by the federal and state Constitutions. For example, as between landlord and tenant, it has been held that the *355
relationship is not a matter of public interest but relates exclusively to the private affairs of the parties concerned and that the two parties stand upon equal terms. 175 A. L. R., 87, Section 46; Perry v. Payne,
In the last-cited case the court, on page 495, said:
"Stipulations between a landlord and tenant, determining which shall bear a loss arising from nonrepair or misrepair of the tenement, and which shall be immune, are not matters of public concern. Moreover, the two stand upon equal terms; neither the one nor the other is under any form of compulsion to make the stipulation; either may equally well accept or refuse entry into the relationship of landlord and tenant. We think it clear that public policy does not condemn the immunity clause voluntarily agreed upon by the parties."
The right of the bank to immunity from whatever cause except its wilful wrongdoing in furnishing night deposit services under the terms of an exculpatory agreement is supported, in theory at least, by the almost universal rule that a common carrier (railroad) may by contract relieve itself from liability even for its negligence or that of its servants or employees in the construction and use of private sidings and spur tracks. 175 A.L.R., 100, Section 51.
In the case of Mann v. Pere Marquette Rd. Co.,
"This case does not fall within those where contracts to exempt from liability are held void on the ground of public policy. It is a fundamental rule of law that what one may refuse to do entirely he may *356 agree to do upon such terms as he pleases. In contracting to put in those side tracks, the defendant was not acting in the capacity of a common carrier. It was under no legal obligation to put them in. It might have refused. * * * There was no occasion to contract against properly equipped and properly managed engines, for fire caused by such would not create any liability. The only purpose for such was to avoid the consequences of its own negligence, and to avoid lawsuits growing out of alleged negligent acts. It had a perfect right, both in reason and authority, to contract against such liability."
The case law of bailment supports the same principles of law.
Again quoting from 175 A. L. R., 110, Section 55, the author says:
"The modern development of the law of bailments and its extension to many new and varied transactions as a result of the increasing complexity of today's commercial relationships is reflected accurately in the position the courts take in regard to the exculpatory clauses found so frequently in bailment contracts. While the right of the ordinary bailee to make a contract exempting him from liability due to his negligence or the negligence of his employees is recognized with practical unanimity, a strong tendency to hold such contracts void as violative of public policy is noticeable in the decisions of the courts which deal with contracts of bailment for hire entered into by the bailee in the course of a general dealing with the public; and this tendency becomes more pronounced the more recent the decisions, although there is still respectable authority for the view that such provision may be valid against all but gross negligence. Bailees of the second type, as this term is understood here, are persons who make it their principal business to *357 act as bailees and who deal with the public on a uniform and not an individual basis as evidenced by the fact that their contracts, as a rule, are printed on identification tokens or are posted in their place of business. The chief representatives of this type of bailees are owners of parcel checkrooms, owners of parking places, garagemen, and warehousemen."
Upon the above authority, the case of Agricultural Ins. Co.
v. Constantine,
It must be likewise noted that the Supreme Court in theConstantine case, supra, or in the case of Hotels Statler Co.,Inc., v. Safier,
In the last-cited case the right of a railroad company to stipulate as a provision of a lease that it would not be liable for any loss caused to the lessee by fire accidentally or negligently communicated to the property by the railroad company lessor through the acts of its agents or servants was considered. The property of the railroad company lessor about which the lease dealt was adjoining the right of way of the defendant's railroad so that fire was an ever-present danger. The court said: *358
"1. A stipulation in a lease made by the railroad company that the lessee is to exonerate it from all liability for damages by fire to any property or structure on the demised premises, which in the operation of the railroad may be accidentally or negligently communicated to it, is not void as against public policy.
"2. Such lessee and his insurers cannot recover from the railroad company the amount of the loss by fire to a building and its contents owned by the lessee and located partly on such premises, when in the operation of the railroad the fire was communicated to that part of the building on the demised premises."
The right of a bailee to relieve himself from liability for his own negligence in the execution of the bailment contract, considered in the note in 175 A. L. R., 110, especially where the bailee is a so-called "professional" bailee, has to do with his liability in the management and control of the goods where there is no issue as to the receipt of the goods. This is likewise true with regard to the cases therein considered, where the courts placed a strict construction upon the contract limiting the liability of the bailee (unless the provisions of the contract are so clear and unambiguous as to leave no doubt as to the meaning of the exculpatory clause), that the words of limitation were not intended to include relief from the bailee's negligence. But the instant case is not concerned with property admittedly in the possession of the bailee. Here the primary consideration is as to whether the "deposit sack" actually came into the possession of the defendant at all.
The method devised by the defendant for safeguarding deposit sacks properly placed in the night deposit chute exemplified a high degree of care and protection for the property of depositors, and the manner in which these precautions were carried out on the first business day after the claimed use of the *359 night deposit facilities by the plaintiffs is not refuted by the plaintiffs except by their claim that the deposit sack was put in the chute.
The plaintiffs' action is upon a contract the terms of which placed the risk upon them until the deposit was actually receipted for. As indicated, the manner in which night deposits must of necessity be made should permit the defendant to protect itself within reasonable limits.
We conclude, therefore, that the court's charge, entirely eliminating the contract from the consideration of the jury, was in error, as were the rulings of the court on the motions for judgment.
Having come to the foregoing conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider the error claimed for the refusal to charge as requested before argument other than to say that the charge as requested was a correct statement of law upon an issue presented by the pleadings and evidence in the charge and should have been given.
For the foregoing reasons, therefore, the judgment of the Common Pleas Court is reversed, and final judgment entered for the defendant.
Judgment reversed.
HURD, J., concurs.
Dissenting Opinion
As I understand the views of the Supreme Court on the subject, there is no legal impediment against giving effect to the special contracts that limit the degree of liability of an ordinary bailee for loss occasioned by its negligence, but a bailee by special contract may not exonerate itself from liability occasioned by its own negligence.
In Hotels Statler v. Safier,
"Ordinarily in bailments the parties may diminish the liability of the bailee by special contract, provided the contract is not in violation of law or of public policy and does not relieve the bailee of negligence."
Immediately following the above, Judge Jones added:
"But in the instant case no such special contract was made, and in the absence of a special agreement the law of bailments fixes the degree of the bailee's liability."
This latter statement implies clearly that where no prohibitions of law or considerations of public policy intervene, parties to a bailment may by special contract limit the degree of the bailee's liability for its own negligence. However, the express declaration against the validity of a contract that exempts a bailee from liability for negligence, which appears in the Statler case, is approved and amplified in Agricultural Ins.Co. v. Constantine,
"`It is now apparently well settled that a bailee for hire cannot, by contract, exempt himself from liability for his own negligence or that of his agents or servants [Franklin v.Southern Pacific Co.,
In the case last cited in the above quotation, the bank leased a safe deposit box to the plaintiff. The contents of the box were lost through a burglary. The *361 bank, among other defenses, claimed exemption from liability by virtue of the clause in the contract with the depositor that it "assumes no liability whatever for any loss or damage that may occur." The court answered this contention with the statement that "it is now apparently well settled that a bailee for hire cannot by contract exempt himself from liability for his own negligence."
In the instant case, the clause relied on by the bank was, "The undersigned expressly understands and agrees that each use or attempted use by the undersigned of the night depository facilities shall be at the undersigned's sole risk at all times * * *."
If there be any significant difference between the purport of this provision and the exculpatory clause in the Sporsem case, I am unable to perceive it.
In Agricultural Ins. Co. v. Constantine, supra, the exculpatory clause read.
"No attendant on duty after regular closing time. Cars left after closing at owner's risk. This station will endeavor to protect the property of its patrons, but it is agreed that it will not be liable for loss or damage of cars, accessories or contents, from whatever cause arising."
Observing that the above language is broad enough to avoid liability for wanton or wilful misconduct of the bailee the court said:
"The attempted limitation of liability here under consideration cannot be upheld either upon reason or authority, whether it applied during regular business hours or only after closing time."
The statements in the opinions of the Safier and Constantinecases, as hereinabove quoted, were not carried into the syllabi of the cases in which they appear. But they are authoritative expressions of the court on important legal principles. Unless they are *362 to be rendered devoid of meaning they ought to serve as reliable guides to proper judicial action in cases where the principles discussed are decisive of the issues presented. If this be not so, it is for the Supreme Court and not this court to say.