32 F.3d 1075 | 7th Cir. | 1994
Lead Opinion
In this case, Kohl’s Food Stores, Inc., requested federal declaratory and injunctive relief from an order of the Wisconsin Labor and Industry Review Commission (“Commission”) which, under the Wisconsin Worker’s Compensation Act (“Wisconsin Act”), had awarded Dennis Hyland relief for Kohl’s unlawful failure to rehire Hyland. On cross
I. Background
This case developed from a labor dispute between Hyland and Kohl’s. A Wisconsin administrative law judge determined that Kohl’s had violated § 102.35(3) of the Wisconsin Act by refusing, without a legitimate justification, to rehire Hyland for his old job. Throughout the administrative hearing and its later appeal before the Commission Kohl’s maintained that the Wisconsin Act was preempted by § 301 of the Federal Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”). 29 U.S.C. § 185. Unpersuaded, the Commission agreed that Kohl’s had unreasonably refused to reinstate Hyland to his previous job and confirmed Hyland’s award of $30,000. In response, Kohl’s commenced this federal action (originally against both the State of Wisconsin and Hyland) in the Western District of Wisconsin seeking a declaratory judgment. See 28 U.S.C. § 2201. Kohl’s argued that Hyland’s cause of action under the Wisconsin Act was preempted by § 301 of the LMRA because it supposedly requires an interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement (“Agreement”). The district court denied Kohl’s motion for summary judgment, rnd granted Hyland’s cross motion. For the following reasons we affirm the district court.
II. Discussion
The Supremacy Clause of Art. VI of the Constitution of the United States grants to Congress the power to preempt state law. Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L.Ed. 23 (1824). In the area of labor relations specifically, Congress has exercised this power by enacting section 301 of LMRA which states: “Suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization representing employees in an industry affecting commerce ... may be brought in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the parities_” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). The Supreme Court has determined that “a state law that purports to define the meaning or scope of a term in a contract suit is preempted by federal labor law.” see Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 212, 105 S.Ct. 1904, 1912, 85 L.Ed.2d 206 (1985). In Lingle v. Norge, the Court then clarified its position, holding that state law is preempted only if the law depends upon interpreting the meaning of the collective bargaining agreement. 486 U.S. 399, 406, 108 S.Ct. 1877, 1881, 100 L.Ed.2d 410 (1988); see also Hawaiian Airlines, Inc., v. Norris, — U.S.-,-, 114 S.Ct. 2239, 2246-48, 129 L.Ed.2d 203 (1994) (holding that under the Railway Labor Act the preemption standard “ — that a state-law cause of action is not preempted ... if it involves rights and obligations that exist independent of the collective bargaining agreement-is virtually identical to the preemption standard the Court employs in cases involving § 301 of the LMRA”) (citations omitted).
Hyland’s cause of action arises under Wis.Stats. § 102.35(3), which has given employees a statutory entitlement to be rehired after an on-the-job injury:
Any employer who without reasonable cause refuses to rehire an employee who is injured in the course of employment, where suitable employment is- available within the employee’s physical and mental limitations, upon order of the department and in addition to other benefits, has exclusive liability to pay to the employee the wages lost during the period of such refusal, not exceeding one year’s wages. In determining the availability of suitable employment the continuance in business of the employer shall be considered and any collective bargaining agreement with respect to seniority shall govern.
In applying this statute to Hyland’s case we follow the reasoning of the state courts. Universal Foods Corp. v. LIRC, set out the following two-phase burden shifting analysis for an alleged § 102.35(3) violation:
To establish employer liability under sec. 102.35(3), Stats., the employee has the burden of showing: (1) that she was an employee; (2) that has sustained a compensa-ble injury; (3) that she applied for rehire; and, (4) that the employer refused to rehire her because of the injury. The burden then shifts to the employer to show a reasonable refusal to rehire. In order to*1078 meet this burden, the employer must show: (1) that the employee could not do the work she applied for; and (2) that no other suitable work was available.
161 Wis.2d 1, 467 N.W.2d 793, 795 (Wis.App.1991) (citations omitted). Evidently to the satisfaction of the Commission, Hyland had successfully shifted the burden to Kohl’s under the Universal Foods analysis. We note that under Wisconsin’s interpretation of § 102.35(3), to meet his burden the employer must show: “(1) that the employee could not do the work she applied for; and (2) that no other suitable work was available.” Id. (emphasis supplied). Accordingly, if the employer fails to establish either element he has not met his § 102.35(3) burden.
The district court stated that a single factual issue of import concerns Hyland’s physical ability to return to his former position as a journeyman meat cutter. The court reasoned that if Hyland was able to do the work he applied for (ie. his former job), Kohl’s would fail to meet the first part its burden-shifting requirement. The district court concluded that since the resolution of Hyland’s matter could be reached by answering only this purely factual question, the LMRA does not preempt his claims under § 102.35(3). This is only true, however, when this factual question is answered in one way-i.e. if Hy-land in fact could do the work for which he applied. Thus, before we may conclude that § 102.35(3) is free from preemption the question remains whether the second part of Universal Foods test (“that no other suitable work was available”) turns upon a reading of the collective bargaining agreement. In light of the Supreme Court’s teachings in Lingle, we conclude that it does not.
In Lingle, the plaintiff filed a wrongful termination suit against his employer who claimed that the plaintiff had filed a false worker’s compensation claim subsequent to a job-related injury. The plaintiff simultaneously pursued the grievance procedure provided under the collective bargaining agreement and a state-court action for retaliatory discharge. The district court found federal preemption (reasoning that the retaliatory discharge action was “inextricably intertwined” with the collective bargaining agreement), and this court affirmed, Lingle, 823 F.2d 1031 (7th Cir.1987) (en banc), but the Supreme Court unanimously reversed, 486 U.S. at 409, 108 S.Ct. at 1883. The Court reasoned that mere parallelism between a state law and a collective bargaining agreement does not render the state-law analysis dependent upon the contractual analysis. Id. at 408, 108 S.Ct. at 1883. A state rule must depend upon the meaning or scope of a term in a contract suit before it is preempted by federal labor law. See Lingle, 486 U.S. at 407, 108 S.Ct. at 1882 (reasoning that mere factual questions pertaining to the conduct of either the employee or his employer do not preempt state law because the terms of the collective bargaining agreement are not implicated); see also Allis-Chalmers, 471 U.S. at 210, 105 S.Ct. at 1910-11. In Allis-Chalmers the Court had earlier opined that extending the effect of § 301 beyond suits for breach of contract would impermis-sibly preempt state rules that proscribe conduct or establish rights and obligations independent of a collective bargaining agreement. 471 U.S. at 212, 105 S.Ct. at 1912. The Court had also confirmed that § 301 does not grant the ability to contract out from under the requirements of state law. See id.; see also Douglas v. American Information Technologies Corp., 877 F.2d 565, 569 (7th Cir.1989) (“[FJederal labor policy does not prevent states from providing workers with substantive rights independent of the collective bargaining relationship.”).
Kohl’s conduct toward Hyland may have been proscribed by both state law and certain parallel provisions from the collective bargaining agreement. As we have learned from Lingle, the fact that the collective bargaining agreement parallels state law is not dispositive of LMRA preemption. Although Hyland may have had a choice whether to obtain redress for Kohl’s alleged misconduct under either the collective bargaining agreement or state law, because his cause-of-action is founded on an independent state law that does not require an interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement, Hyland may proceed with his state suit.
Kohl’s persistently argues that the second part of the Universal Foods test ap
Affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I concur, but with one reservation. The Wisconsin statute, Wis.Stat. § 102.35(3), provides that “[i]n determining the availability of suitable employment ... any collective bargaining agreement with respect to seniority shall govern.” If this case involved an employee who could not do his prior work, and if the availability of suitable employment for that employee arguably involved the interpretation of the seniority provisions of a collective bargaining agreement, then there well might be a preemption problem. But here it has been determined that the plaintiff can return to his previous position — it is unnecessary to consider whether or not other suitable work is available and, therefore, whether or not there is preemption in those circumstances.
