467 F.2d 501 | C.C.P.A. | 1972
Lead Opinion
This appeal
Background
Appellee, Faultless Starch, according to its brief, * * * owns two registrations-of a trademark consisting of a representation of a rag doll, Registration No.. 829,632 issued on June 6, 1967, covering laundry preparations, namely, water-softening agent, an-d a sizing and finishing agent for fabrics, and Registration No. 829, 912, issued on June 6, 1967, covering l-aundry detergent. Appellee also has pending Application Serial No. 282,991 filed on October 20, 1967, to register-the same trademark for laundry starch.
These are the registrations appellant seeks to cancel and the application which it opposes. They are not in the transcript of record, but we deem their presence unnecessary to decision of the issues on appeal. Compare In re Locher, 59 CCPA 977, 455 F. 2d 1396, 1400-01, 173 USPQ 172, 174-75 (1972).
Appellant owns trademark registration No. 837,049 of the word-mark RAGGEDY ANN for “Stuffed Rag Dolls”
This controversy arises because appellee moved to strike those portions of appellant’s pleadings pertaining to appellant’s copyright and damage thereto, which damage appellant alleged it would suffer from appellee’s registrations of its marks. The motions to strike were
Appellee did not move to strike the following two paragraphs from appellant’s pleadings:
25. Appellee’s use of a copy or representation of appellant’s copyrighted Raggedy Ann doll as a trademark for laundry products constitutes unfair competition with appellant, calculated to cause confusion in the marketplace with respect to origin of the goods, the relationship of appellee to appellant’s goods, and the relationship of appellant to appellee’s goods, there being no w,ay for •consumers to determine whether there is or is not any connection or relationship between appellant and appellee or between their respective Raggedy Ann goods.
26. The confusion which is likely to be caused in the marketplace as between appellant’s Raggedy Ann goods ,and appellee’s Raggedy Ann goods will be highly injurious to appellant.
The board granted appellee’s motions in their entirety.
The board then stated that the “sole question” before it was
* * * [1] whether the averments sought to-be stricken comprise ,a claim of' copyright infringement and [2] whether such a question can be determined by the Board as a collateral matter to the question of damage within the meaning-of the Trademark Act of 1946.
It answered the first question in the affirmative and the second in the negative, apparently in considerable part because it feared that an affirmative answer to the second question would have required it to “adjudicate the .validity of the pleaded copyright,” appellee having stated in its motions to strike that, if its motions were not granted, it “would be obliged to plead that * * * [appellant’s] purported copyright is invalid [
* * * holding that * * * [a trademark infringement .action] involves private litigation whereas * * * [a trademark opposition] is an administrative matter that is held in the interest of the public with the Patent Office as the Public’s representative.
The board stated its belief that:
* * * the claim against Faultless predicated on the adverse party’s alleged: copyright falls in the category of a private matter because the objected [to] averments and exhibits are, in essence, directed to a claim of misuse of the subject matter of the pleaded copyright.
It therefore concluded that it was “precluded from considering this question either directly or otherwise” and granted appellee’s motions-to strike.
I. Jurisdiction of This Court
At oral argument, we asked the parties to brief thé question of jurisdiction of this court over an appeal from a decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granting a motion to strike some, but not’ all, of a party’s pleadings. Up to that time the parties had assumed we had jurisdiction. We referred them to United States Treasury v. Synthetic Plastics Co., 52 CCPA 967, 341 F.2d 157, 144 USPQ 429 (1965); Seamless Rubber Co. v. Ethicon, Inc., 46 CCPA 950, 268 F.2d 231, 122 USPQ 391 (1959); and Master, Warden, etc. v. Sheffield Steel Corp., 42 CCPA 726, 215 F.2d 285, 103 USPQ 54 (1954), all of which stand for the general proposition that this court does not have jurisdiction over interlocutory appeals from the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.
Neither party has asked us to overrule the above cases, but both, have asked us to decide this appeal despite them. Appellee has asked us to do so because the board’s decision “finally disposed of and eliminated from consideration the major portion of the matters in dispute, both in terms of the pleadings and the issues.” Appellant,, for the stated purpose of “rendering said [board] decision final” by removing from the case all issues other than “the issues raised by this motion to strike” mover under Pule 15(a) of the Federal Bules of Civil Procedure to amend by cancelling those portions of its pleadings dealing with its trademark registration of the word-mark BAG-GEDY ANN. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted appellant’s motion March 10, 1972,
The portions of appellant’s pleadings which have not been struck pursuant to either party’s motion recite appellant’s name and address and appellee’s ownership of its registrations and its application, describe appellee’s mark, and conclude with amended paragraphs 25 and 26 set forth supra. Appellant concedes that its “amendments to the
Appellee, while arguing that the court would have had jurisdiction to decide the appeal even if appellant had not cancelled the above-mentioned portions of its pleadings, contends that,
* * * if tlie decision from which the instant appeal was taken lacks sufficient finality to be appealable at this time, then the amendments to the pleadings which appellant proposes are not sufficient to give it the requisite finality.
Appellee’s alternative position is based primarily on the remaining portions of paragraphs 25 and 26, which it contends raise issues which still have not been adjudicated below.
Appellee refers us to Gillespie v. United States Steel Corp., 321 F.2d 518 (6th Cir. 1963), affirmed, 379 U.S. 148 (1964), where the Court of Appeals had before it an appeal from an order of the District Court striking two of the three grounds upon which plaintiff’s cause of action was based. After discussing the difficulties of determining what constitutes a “final” order, appealable without the benefit of 28 USC 1292(b) (which provides for interlocutory appeals in certain cases), and noting appellant’s argument that the rule was frequently bent if not broken to allow the appellate courts to grant early review of claims “fairly severable from the context of a larger litigious process,” the court concluded that, while the question before it was a close one, “in the interest of the due and proper administration of justice,” it would be preferable to decide the appeal on the merits rather than dismissing the appeal as premature. The Supreme Court affirmed, stating that “the requirement of finality is to be given a ‘practical rather than a technical construction’ ” and noting that the questions presented were “fundamental to the further conduct of the case.” 379 U. S. at 152-54. See also Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 370 F.2d 119 (2d Cir. 1966), and Collins v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 106 F.2d 83 (2d Cir. 1939). In Gillespie the Supreme Court said (pp. 152-3):
Dickinson v. Petroleum Conversion Corp., 338 U.S. 507, 511, pointed out that in deciding the question of finality the most important competing considerations are “the inconvenience and costs of piecemeal review on the one hand and the danger of denying justice by delay on the other.”
Appellee argues that our final judgment rule should be given a “practical construction” and that the decision which is the subject of the instant appeal should be considered final both because “the cause
II. Appellee’s Motion to Strike
Section 13 of the Trademark Act (15 USC 1063) provides (our emphasis) that “Any person who believes that he would be damaged by the registration of a mark upon the principal register may * * * file a verified opposition in the Patent Office,” and section 14 (15 USC 1064) provides (our emphasis) that “A verified petition to cancel a registration of a mark * * * may * * * be filed by any person who-believes that he is or will be damaged by the registration of a mark on the principal register * * *.” The statute does not expressly define damage or state in what way a person must believe himself to be damaged by the registration, actual or potential, in order to have standing to maintain an opposition or cancellation proceeding. Appellee’s strongest argument in support of its motion proceeds as follows: Section 2 of the Trademark Act (15 USC 1052) in effect specifies the grounds upon which the belief of damage must be based. Section 2 provides that “ISTo trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it” falls within certain prohibited categories. Only two of these categories are possibly relevant here. The first category is (d) “a mark which so resembles a mark registered in the Patent Office or a mark or trade name previously used in the United States by another and not abandoned, as to be likely, when applied to the goods of the applicant, to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive * * *.” (Emphasis ours.) The other category is-(e) “a mark which * * * when applied to the goods of the applicant * * * is merely descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive of them * *
If we were writing upon a clean slate, this argument might have persuasive force. However, we are not, and it has long been the law that, in an opposition based on likelihood of confusion, mistake, or deception, “It is sufficient if an opposer establishes ‘priority of use analogous to a trade-make use’ of a trade-name, and the ‘likelihood of damage to him by the registration, of such mark to another.’ ” (Emphasis ours.) Lever Bros. Co. v. Nobio Products, Inc., 26 CCPA 1253, 1255, 103 F.2d 917, 919, 41 USPQ 677, 678-79 (1939). We see no reason why a different rule should obtain in cancellations. This court has held that a party to a trademark opposition may rely on advertising and promotional use of a term or slogan, Lever Bros. Co. v. Nobio Products, Inc., supra,
What appellant seems to have lost sight of in its pleadings in the opposition and two cancellations is that in the Patent Office it
In this case appellant’s pleadings to go far beyond allegations of likelihood of confusion, etc., bearing on the issue of likelihood of damage, or actual damage, from registrations of appellee’s trademark, and we agree with the board that it has no jurisdiction over the issues raised by appellant’s pleadings insofar as they allege copyright infringement, unfair competition, and the like. The latter was expressly held with respect to our jurisdiction in a trademark opposition, White Co. v. Vita-Var Corp., 37 CCPA 1039, 1044, 182 F.2d 217, 221-22, 86 USPQ 84, 88 (1950), and the former is clearly the intended meaning of 28 USC 1338(a). However, we do not wish to be read as holding that the board is thereby precluded from passing on the validity of a copyright if it is necessary to do so in the course of the excercise of its statutory jurisdiction, as it may very well be in this case. Compare American Novawood Corp. v. U.S. Plywood-Champion Papers, Inc., 57 CCPA 1276, 1280-81, 426 F.2d 823, 827, 165 USPQ 613, 616 (1970) (“Because one decision the hoard must make is the same as would be made by a court of general jurisdiction in an infringement suit does not mean it is precluded from making it.”). Although 28 USC 1338(a) provides that the federal district courts’ •original jursdiotion over copyright actions “shall be exclusive of the courts of the states,” the [5] state courts clearly may pass on the validity of a copyright if it is necessary to do so in the course of ■deciding a case over which they do have jurisdiction. Nimmer on Copyright § 131.11, “Jurisdiction of Claims Based Upon or Relating to Statutory Copyright” (1971); Amdur, Copyright Law and Practice, Chapt. XXY, “The Proper Tribunal,” § 11, “State jurisdiction:
Incidental question of statutory copyright” (1936). The Bureau of Customs, another federal administrative agency apparently has similar authority in the exercise of its statutory authority. See 17 USC 106-109.
Summary
I. Though the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board finally disposed of less than all of the pleaded bases for relief, the issues decided were substantial and separate and distinct from those remaining. The decision appealed from was, therefore, a final decision, and this court has jurisdiction over this appeal.
II. We affirm the decision of the board insofar as it struck portions of appellant’s pleadings charging copyright infringement and unfair-competition, but reverse the decision of the board insofar as it struck portions of appellant’s pleadings relating to its charges that confusion, mistake, or deception is likely to result from appellee’s alleged use of a representation of appellant’s copyrighted doll as its trademark or that registration of the mark may otherwise damage appellant. Because portions of appellant’s pleadings relating to these three separate issues are hopelessly intermingled, we remand to allow appellant to replead in light of this opinion.
The petition of appeal states that appellant “has complied with the requirements of Title 35, United States Code,” §§142 and 143. Title 35 pertains to patents, and §§142 and 143 pertain to appeals in patent cases. However, we have construed the . appeal as if filed pursuant to 15 DSC 1071 (a), the provision governing appeals to this court in trademark cases. See this court’s amendment of May 18, 1972, to its Rule 25(1), . Patent, Trademark and Copyright Weekly Reports, May 29, 1972, page II.
No. 48,792.
Nos. 9,215 and 9,216.
We note that appellant has nevertheless Included the text of its pleadings (-which are identical but for their captions and preamble), the powers of attorney (which are identical), and appellee’s motion to strike (which are identical but for their captions and references to the specific case in their introductions) from each of the three cases, thereby adding 38 unnecessary pages to the transcript of record. See our Rule 25(3) (e), which permits parties, subject to the approval of the Commissioner of Patents, to agree to leave such superfluous documents out of the transcript of record, explaining their absence with a sentence or two.
Registered October; 17,1967, alleging first use June 5, 191.5.
Gp 55,343, which states that the subject of the registration was first published on March 9, 1964.
The word “appellant” lias been substituted for the words “opposer” and “petitioner” In these pleadings, and “appellee” has been substituted for the words “applicant” and “registrant.” Additionally, portions of these paragraphs cancelled by appellant after hearing, as explained in part I of this opinion, have been omitted without indicating the omissions.
Although the parties have not mentioned the fact, we note that only one signature (of an “Acting Member”) appears at the end of the board’s opinion as printed in the record. We take judicial notice of the fact that it is customary for all members of the TTAB participating in a decision to sign the opinion. Section 17 of the Trademark Act (15 USC 1067) requires that “Each case shall be heard by at least three members of the Board,” and no doubt the reference in section 21(a) (15 USC 1071(a)) to “the decision of the * * * Trademark Trial and Appeal Board” is to the decision of such a panel of at least three members of the board. Thus, if it were established that only one member of the board made the decision in this case (cf. Rule 2.127(c)), our jurisdiction over this appeal would at least be questionable, since it would not be from the decision of an entity authorized by statute to make decisions in the name of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board. However, in an appeal from the Tariff Commission, this court faced a
The board was apparently thinking of 28 USC 1338(a), referred to in the motions,, which states that :
The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to * * * copyrights * * *. Such jurisdiction shall be exclusive of the courts of the states in * * * copyright cases.
The relevance of the validity of appellant’s copyright is that, if the copyright is-not valid, appellant may have no protectable interest in the appearance of its dolls. Cf. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 376 U.S. 225, 140 USPQ 524 (1964), and Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc., 376 U.S. 234, 140 USPQ 528 (1964).
As a matter of interest, we note that another panel of the hoard (presumably; see n. 8, supra) recently denied a motion to dismiss an opposition based on the opposer’s utility patent rights. Bell v. B-I-W Group Inc., 174 USPQ 254 (TTAB 1972).
The rationale of the board’s decision to do so appears in the following paragraph from the opinion accompanying its decision on appellant’s motin to amend.
Ordinarily, when an appeal is taken, jurisdiction in the appealed matter is-transferred to the Court and the Board can proceed no further with respect to the “subject matter of the appeal” until the appeal has been terminated. See: Loshbough v. Allen [53 CCPA 1214, 359 F.2d 910], 149 USPQ 633 (CCPA, 1966) and In re Allen, Jr. [28 CCPA 792, 115 F.2d 936], 47 USPQ 471 (CCPA, 1940). In the instant controversy, however, it appears that the matter sought to be stricken from the pleadings bears no relationship to the subject matter of the appeal; and hence, the general rule is not applicable. Moreover, since under Rule 15(a) a motion to amend submitted prior to the filing of an answer must be entered “as a matter of course”, such an action requires only the exercise of a “purely ministerial function”, as to which, the Board has no discretion. See: Loshbough v. Allen, supra.
This section might be thought to go somewhat beyond the issues which are technically before us at the present time insofar as it treats paragraphs 25 and 26 of appellant’s pleadings, as amended, which were neither stricken by the board nor cancelled by-appellant. However, the parties’ arguments have made frequent references to these paragraphs, and we have concluded that the propriety of the striking of the other-paragraphs cannot be considered in a vacuum, but must be considered against the background of the remaining paragraphs in appellant’s pleadings.
Level- Bros Co., the manufacturer of “Lifebuoy” soap, successfully opposed registration of a mark used on deordorants the dominant feature of which was the word NOBIO on the basis of its advertising use of the slogan “No B.O.”
There a manufacturer of electric refrigerators who had used the word HOSTESS to designate a particular model successfully opposed its registration as a trademark for the same goods.
Appellee argues that:
If appellant’s claims of infringement of its purported copyright in "the Raggedy Ann doll”, as set forth in paragraphs 2 to 23, inclusive, of the notice of opposition and the petitions for cancellation, were to be permitted to serve as the basis for opposing or cancelling appellee’s registration of its trademark consisting of a representation of a rag doll for laundry products, then appellant’s purported copyright would in effect create in appellant trademark rights in the subject matter thereof which would extend through all sixty Patent Office classes of goods and services irrespective of the likelihood of confusion, i.e., a “universal trademark”.
We think that appellee’s fears are unfounded. On remand the board will still have to determine whether or not appellant’s factual allegations concerning the identity of appearance between appellant’s copyrighted dolls and appellee’s trademark is supported by the evidence and, if so, whether appellee’s use of its mark on the goods recited in its application and registrations is likely to cause confusion, mistake, or deception. While we intimate no opinion on the latter issue, it is certainly not a foregone conclusion that the board will find in appellant’s favor.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I am in full agreement with the foregoing opinion. With regard to the question involving our jurisdiction over this appeal, I further-note that Bule 2.117 (a) of the Trademark Buies of Practice adopts the Federal Buies of Civil Procedure “wherever considered applicable- ■and appropriate” in in-ter-partes cases. The case before us seems to-present a classic situation for invoking FBCP Buies 54(b), since it involves a final, substantive decision on fewer than all of appellant’s; claims, and there is no apparent reason for delay. I think that a decision by the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board as to whether a particular issue is ripe for appeal would be highly desirable. In view of the great progress that Bule has engendered in dealing with the
See Garrett v. United States, 407 F.2d 146, 150-51 (8th Cir. 1969); Wright, Law of Federal Courts, § 101, at p. 454 (2d ed. 1970).