T1 This matter concerns the motion of appellants, KMC Leasing, Inc., Westak of Oregon, Inc., B & B Transportation, Inc., Provost & Umphrey Law Firm, LLP., Black Hawk Mining Company, Steven Myers & Associates, Inc., S-R Aviation, Inc., Andersen Construction Company, Inc., Praegitzer Industries, Inc., Challenge Tool and Manufacturing Company, Ltd., Golconda Capital Corp., John L. Kennamer, Umberb, Inc ., Aspen Base Operation, Inc., Air Capitol S.R.L., Detroit Business Machines, Inc., Gay Company, L.C., Great Western Hotels Corporation, Hammill Manufacturing Company, Inc., N.A. Degerstrom, Inc., Structural Steel Services, Inc., Western Precooling Systems, Inc., Statewide Cooling, Inc., J. Charles Casebeer, M.D., Budget Motels, Inc. and Elliott Tarson, president of Twin Commander Owners Association, an unineorporated association, each individually and on behalf of the class herein defined, to certify this action as a class action. The instant matter has its roots in an action filed by plaintiffs/appellants against defendants/appellees alleging negligent design, testing and manufacture of the Aero Commander aircraft, failure to disclose known defects and fraudulent conсealment of the aircraft's alleged defective design of a component part of the Aero Commander aircraft's wing. Appellants assert hidden defects exist in the wing spar that were not detected in pre-purchase inspections. They seek damages for diminution in value, inspections the Federal Aviation Administration required them to conduct and repairs. The sole issue we address on certiorari is whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying appellants' motion to certify the instant action as a clаss action.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
T2 Appellants are purchasers, owners or past owners of used aircraft designed, manufactured and initially sold by Rockwell International Corporation in Bethany, Oklahoma, between 1967 and 1979. The Rockwell entities held the original Type Certificates to these aircraft and had no contact with the aircraft after 1981. Appellee GAC held the Type Certificates from 1981 to 1989 and did not design, manufacture or sell any of the aircraft. Appellee Twin Commander acquired the Type Certificates in 1989, and also did not design, manufacture or sell any of the aircraft. Appellants purchased their aircraft used, from entities other than appellees. The purchases occurred in numerous states and foreign jurisdictions. None of the aircraft were housed, operated or purchased in Oklahoma.
T3 The record shows alleged defects do not uniformly affect these aircraft. Some exhibit no signs of corrosion in the wing spar, others experience corrosion and require inspection while still others require repairs that vary in еxpense and frequency, including actual spar cap replacement. For those aircraft with corrosion, the degree and progression of the corrosion also varies. The first known discovery of corrosion occurred in 1985, in Australia. The Australian government issued an airworthiness directive which advised Australians to inspect the aircraft.
T4 Prior to the instant appeal, the trial court granted partial summary judgment in favor of appellees on appellants' manufacturers' products liability claim. The court also
15 After remand, appellants filed a motion to certify the class action on September 25, 1997, nearly five years after they filed their initial lawsuit. The trial court denied appellants' motion to certify and appellants appealed. On December 15, 1999, the Court of Civil Appeals, Division III, reversed the trial court's denial of class certification and remanded the cause in an opinion released for publication. Appellees filed separate petitions for writs of certiorari to review the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals. We granted the petitions by special order on March 14, 2000, and will treat them as though only one appeal were before us. The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied appellants' motion to certify the action as a class action. We find the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the motion to certify the action as a class action. The Court of Civil Appeals failed to apply the appropriate standard of review and improperly substituted its own judgment for that of the trial court.
16 In its opinion, the court certified a class under a definition not presented to the trial court and also certified a subclass of purchasers who bought their aircraft between June 11, 1990, and April 9, 1991, pursuant to 12 0.8.1991, $ 20283(C)(d). The court also deemed Twin Commander a successor corporation to the other appellees. The holding that Twin Commander is liable as a successor of the Type Certificates issued by the FAA under 49 U.S.C. § 44704 certifying this aircraft meets federal safety standards, presents a question of first impression and impermissibly goes to the merits at the class certification stage. Davoll v. Webb,
T7 At the hearing before the trial court on March 27, 1998, appellants requested that the court certify a class consisting of current or prior owners of the Commander aircraft who owned the aircraft on May 14, 1991. Appellants also proposed certain subclasses consisting of class members who incurred expenses associated with recurring inspections of spar caps and those who replaced spar caps. Appellants later suggested the trial court certify a class that distinguished between those who were aircraft owners on May 14, 1991, before the Administrative Directive was issued, and those who purchased the aircraft after that date but before the last Administrative Directive of April 12, 1994. Appellants also suggested a separate class of thirteen members who purchased aircraft with a grain size problem. They then suggested the trial court adopt a test case basis approach for damages, followed by a suggestion that the court calculate a statistical matrix. Appellants also tried to persuade the trial court to certify this action as a class action to further the settlement of claims, stating at the hearing that many, if not most, cases settle after a court certifies them as class actions.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
18 Reversal of a trial court's order denying certification requires a clear showing of abuse of discretion. Mattoon v. City of Norman,
"The discretion granted to the trial court on the certification issue leaves the decision as to what method of trial is most efficiеnt primarily to the court that is in the best position to determine the facts of the case, to appreciate the consequences of alternative methods of resolving the issues of the case and that is in the best position to select the most efficient method for their resolution."
Boughton v. Cotter Corporation,
110 Just as the Tenth Cireuit observed in Boughton, " ... the issue on appeal is not whether the trial court could have certified a class but whether it was an abuse of discretion not to certify."
" 11 The opinion does not contain any analysis under the appropriate standard of review, nor does it conclude that the trial court abused its discretion. We decline to duplicate the independent review process utilized by the 5th Circuit in Pederson v. Louisiana State University,
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION
(12 The criteria for certification of class actions in the state of Oklahoma are set out in 12 0.98.1991, § 2023. Subsection (A) contains four requirements which must be met along with at least one of three additional requirements set out in subsection (B). The requirements contained in subsection (A) of § 20283 are:
1. The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;
2. There are questions of law or fact common to the class;
8. The claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and
4. The representаtive parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Since we hold that the record before the trial court amply supports denial of class certification because the prerequisites in subsection (A) are not met, an analysis of the additional requirements in subsection (B) of § 2023 is unnecessary.
$13 Appellants contend that the trial court based its order on reliance-related issués and misconstrued our decision in Black Hawk Oil Co. v. Exzon Corp.,
{14 Appellants argue appellees seek a ruling "tantamount to a declaration that a trial court's refusal to certify a class, made without reasons, is immune from appellate review." See response brief at p. 8. Such is not the case. On appeal, a trial court's general order that denies class certification is subject to the abuse of discretion standard of review.
NUMEROSITY
(15 To satisfy the numerosity requirement of § 2023(A)(1), the party who seeks certification " ... must first adequately define the class and then establish that it is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable." Davoll v. Webb,
{116 Appellants proposed three different class definitions to the trial court, none of which the court deemed a cognizable class. Appellants contend their proposed class definitions changed as they refined them over time. They also argue that Sholer v. State Department of Public Safety,
{ 17 The number of class members embodied in each different definition presented to the trial court varies from approximately thirteen members of aircraft owners who allegedly experienced grain size problems (the record before the trial court shows thirteen out of ninety-seven aircraft were susceptible to the grain size problem), to nearly two thousand members of aircraft owners who allegedly were affected by spar cap problems. As to this latter proposed class, those members do not stand in identical situations with regard to appellees. «During the March 27, 1998, hearing appellants also asked the trial court to certify as a class current or prior owners of Commander aircraft who owned aireraft on May 14, 1991, the date the first Administrative Directive was issued.
{18 Appellants argue Black Hawk Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp.,
PREDOMINANCE OF COMMON QUESTIONS OF LAW OR FACT
«19 The record before us supports the trial court's denial of the motion to certi
Questions of Law
$20 Common questions of law or fact do not predominate in this action because class members and any representative with a potential claim against Twin Commander will not have a claim against the other appellees, who divested themselves of the Aero Commander aircraft Type Certificates prior to their acquisition by Twin Commander. Twin Commander is a corporate resident of the state of Washington and never has had any contact with the state of Oklahoma. Therefore, aside from the obvious issue of an Oklahoma court's personal jurisdiction over Twin Commander, there lies the choice of law issue. This single issue contains a plethora of additional sub-issuеs, including applicable statutes of limitations and the tolling provisions of each, applicable states' breach of implied warranty provisions and statute of limitations sections of the nonuniform Uniform Commercial Code, applicable choice of law statutes and applicable statutes concerning fraud and deceit. These sub-issues will apply differently to Twin Commander than to the other appellees, who arguably have some nexus to the state of Oklahoma. Although the determination of these issues goes to the merits of the instant case, their very existence precludes a finding of predominance as to common questions of law, if any.
121 It is apparent from the transcript of the trial court's hearing on certification that it pondered choice of law as a factor in its decision to deny certification. During the hearing, appellants failed to present an in-depth analysis of choice of law and appellees effectively demonstrated the quagmire of legal issues in this area that are not сommon to the proposed plaintiffs in each of the three classes presented.
Questions of Fact
122 Whether or not the initial sales of these aircraft occurred in Oklahoma, as Appellants impliedly ask the court to assume, is an issue of fact that must be proven at the trial of this matter. It must involve an individual analysis of each used sale transaction and each previous sale transaction through the entire chain of ownership of each aircraft. As such, individual questions preclude common questions from being predominant.
123 Thе record establishes major differences in each appellee's different transactions with aireraft purchasers. The Rockwell entities designed, manufactured and sold these aircraft. GAC and Twin Commander held Type Certificates during different time intervals but did not design, manufacture or sell any of these aircraft. None of the aircraft were purchased in Oklahoma and none of the purchasers are Oklahoma citizens. Fact issues permeate determinations of the relation of each appellee's involvement with the aircraft to the Australian airworthiness directive issued after the corrosion discovery in 1985, to subsequent airworthiness directives issued by the Federal Aviation Administration, and to the different moments at which various class members received notice of these directives or notice of the corrosion issue. These fact questions are not common to all appellees.
"I 24 In addition, it is logical and the record before the trial court indicates that individual issues predominate concerning the differing terms of hundreds of aireraft purchase contracts. Some contain clauses that stipulate what jurisdiction's law will apply, others contain disclaimers of warranties, still others contain virtually no terms. If the instant action were certified as a class action, the trial court would be forced to analyze each individual contract as to its disclaimers, warranties, applicable choice of law and statute of limitation. The trial court also would be required to analyze each individual class
T25 The trial court recognized the problems associated with litigating issues that involve four different alleged defects-corrosion, fatigue, cracks, improper brake structure and wing rib damage. The court noted each aircraft did not have all four of the defects and that this discrepancy would cereate problems of proof. The court also stated it would complicate issues for the jury and expressed concern that the jury would experience difficulty in understanding the evidence presented by all potential plaintiffs. This concern was not limited to damage assessment issues because the trial court stated that individual claims regarding both damages and liability would attach and cause numerous problems. We agree.
126 Even though the potential inability of proposed class representatives to prove their fraud claims relates to the merits and is inaрpropriate to the certification stage, (see Black Hawk Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp.,
T 27 Appellants argue our opinion in Black Hawk Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp.,
TYPICALITY
128 The record before us reveals that the claims of the representative parties are not typical of the claims of the class as a whole. As stated above, those who have claims against Twin Commander will not have claims against the remaining appellants. Two of the class representatives will not have claims against Twin Commander becаuse they were not owners of aircraft during the time period applicable to Twin Commander. See Twin Commander's Petition for Certiorari at pp. 3, 9-10. Appellants do not address this fact but instead argue one of the representatives has a potential claim against Twin Commander and thus class certification is appropriate. This ignores the fact that a representative's claims against Twin Commander will not be typical of class members' claims against other appellees. At most, a ten-month period exists during whiсh a potential plaintiff must have acquired an aircraft to make a claim against Twin Commander. That period is as much as twenty-
129 Since Twin Commander did not design, manufacture or sell the aircraft, appellants' liability theory against it must differ from its liability theory against the Rockwell entities. Appellants concede any purchaser of an aircraft after April 9, 1991, has no fraud claim. Thus, a potential fraud claim against Twin Commander will foeus on how many class members purchased aircraft between these two dates, not on how many aircraft were inspected or affected by service bulletins. Appellants concede certification of a class or a subclass is reserved for the trial court under our decision in Private Truck Council of America, Inc. v. Oklahoma Tax Commission,
30 The instant case involves hundreds of contracts with differing terms regarding central issues such as breach of warranty and choice of law, thus defeating the typicality requirement set forth in § 2028(A)(8).
" ... I)t is often necessary to analyze the substantive claims and defenses of the parties and the essential elements of those claims and defenses.... Nevertheless, there is a distinction between identifying the issues that the case will present for purposеs of determining whether the requirements of Rule 23 have been met and deciding those issues on the merits."
Davoll v. Webb,
CONCLUSION
31 Pursuant to Rule 1.11(k)(1), Rules of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma, we need not consider whether the proposed class representatives would adequately represent the class members because this issue is not raised by appellees in their petitions for cer-tiorari. We are unpersuaded by the arguments of appellants and vacate the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals.
CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED; COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OPINION VACATED; ORDER OF THE TRIAL COURT SUSTAINED.