Klumpert v. Vrieland

142 Iowa 434 | Iowa | 1909

Ladd, J.

1. WiiaswhaSt™aw!oii: governs. The sole inquiry is whether the residuary clause of decedent’s will leaving of his property “the balance ^ie Poor Voorst, Gelderland, Netherlands,” is valid. This necessarily depends on ^ jaw 0£ decedent’s domicile and location of the property, rather than the place of distribution. Caruth v. Caruth, 128 Iowa, 121.

The objections to the clause are: (1) That the beneficiaries are uncertain and impossible of identification; (2) no trustee is designated to select them; and (3) no trust is created. In passing on the questions thus raised, it will be well to keep in mind the suggestion of Gibson, O. J., in Bask v. Bask, 9 Pa. 260, that the courts have no more authority to make wills for the dead than contracts for the living, according to judicial notions of fitness and propriety, and also the statement of Ryan, C. J., in Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 10 (1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103), that it is as much the duty of courts to uphold and enforce an individual’s will .after the death as to uphold and enforce his contracts made during life.

2. charitable equitable' jurisdiction. So that, while courts of equity will look with favor on all charitable bequests, they will not ignore established principles of law in order to give them effect. Nevertheless, as said by Lord Harwicke, in speaking °f such a bequest, “there is no authority to COnstrue it to be void, if by law it can possibly be made good.” At the civil law legacies for charity were not allowed to fail because of the uncertainty or failure of the persons or objects for which destined. If left to the poor generally, it was sustained by giving it to the local’hospital if there were one, ¿nd, if not, to the poor of the parish. If the testator appointed a person to carry the charity into effect, he was compelled to perform it; if no person was designated, the bishop or ordinary of the place of testator’s nativity might compel its due execution. 2 Story’s Equity Jurisprudence (13th Ed.) sections 1137, 1140.

3. Same. Writers seem to agree that the rudiments of the law of charities in England were derived from the civil law, and that, long prior to the enactment of the statute of charitable uses in St. 43 Elizabeth, the court of chancery exercised in virtue of its inherent authority a large jurisdiction in cases of charities. Vidal v. Girard’s Executors, 2 How. 127 (11 L. Ed. 125); Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen (Mass.) 539, 576; Bascom v. Albertson, 34 N. Y. 584; Griffith v. State, 2 Del. Ch. 421. As was observed in Jackson v. Phillips, supra, that statute did not enlarge the discretion of the chancellor to depart from the expressed intention of the founder of a charity, save under the sign manual of the crown. See 2 Perry on Trusts, section 694. The cases under the latter were of two classes: (1) Bequests to peculiar uses, charitable in their nature but illegal as for a form of religion not tolerated by law; and (2) gifts to charity generally, without any trust interposed, and in which either no appointment is provided for, or the power of appointment is delegated to persons who die without exercising it. Discredit was brought upon the doctrine of cy pres by the arbitrary disposition of -.property by the sign manual. Thus, in the case of a gift of the first class to a Jesuba or assembly for reading the Jewish law it was applied to the support of the Christian Chapel at a foundling hospital. Nor was the power of enforcing bequests of the second class judicial, for the statute contemplated, not the expounding and carrying out of the testator’s intentions, but the prerogative power of ordaining what he had failed to express. This power of disposal by a sign manual of the crown was in.direct opposition to the declared intention of the testator, and its exercise is generally held to be inappropriate to the institutions of this country. Grant v. Sanders, 121 Iowa, 80. In Jackson v. Phillips, supra, Judge Gray observed that this power “has never, so far as we know, been introduced into the practice of any court of this country; and, if it exists anywhere here, it is in the Legislature of the commonwealth as succeeding to the powers of the king as parens patriae.” In so far as the statute recognizes, defines or indicates what are “charitable uses,” it is part of the common law and undoubtedly has influenced the courts of this country in the direction of liberal construction of instruments which undertake to bestow charity. See note to Hoeffer v. Clogan, 171 Ill. 462 (63 Am. St. Rep. 253).

Under that statute, as well as independent of it, the purposes of the bequest before us must be regarded as charitable. Indeed, the relief of the poor and unfortunate has been, and doubtless will ever continue to be, the most prolific field of charity. That trusts for the benefit of the poor of a designated city or locality will be enforced is no longer an open question. Hunt v. Fowler, 121 Ill. 269, 277, (12 N. E. 331, 17 N. E. 491); Phillips v. Harrow, 93 Iowa, 94; Landis v. Wooden, 1 Ohio St. 160 (59 Am. Dec. 615); Hesketh v. Murphy, 35 N. J. Eq. 23; Id., 36 N. J. Eq. 304; Howard v. American Peace Society, 49 Me. 288, 302; Derby v. Derby, 4 R. I. 414; Williams v. Pearson, 38 Ala. 299; 2 Perry on Trusts, section 732; In re Strong’s Appeal, 68 Conn. 527 (37 Atl. 395); Zeisweiss v. James, 63 Pa. 465 (3 Am. Rep. 558). See Miller v. Atkinson, 63 N. C. 537; 2 Underhill on Wills, section 816; 3 Pomeroy, Equity, section 1022.

4. Same-Appointment by court. True there are decisions to the contrary, but they are by courts holding that the beneficiaries must be as certain as the donees in private trusts. Dashiel v. Attorney General, 5 Har. & J. (Md.) 392 (9 Am. Dec. 572); Beall v. Drane, 25 Ga. 430. See note to Fifield v. Van Wyck, 94 Va. 557, 64 Am. St. Rep. 760. In carrying into effect a legacy to an individual, the mode is deemed to be of the substance of the legacy; but, when the legacy is to charity, the court considers the charity as the substance, and, if the mode prescribed shall fail, will provide another rather than allow the purpose to fail. Story, Equity, section 1167; Heuser v. Harris, 42 Ill. 425; Jackson v. Phillips, supra. Even though no trustee be named in the instrument creating a charitable trust, it will not be allowed to fail because of the want of a trustee to carry out the design of the donor. Under such circumstances authority of the court to appoint is clearly to be implied. Russell v. Allen, 107 U. S. 163 (2 Sup. Ct. 327, 27 L. Ed. 397); Sears v. Chapman, 158 Mass. 400 (33 N. E. 604, 35 Am. St. Rep. 502); Howard v. American Peace Society, 49 Me. 288; Minot v. Baker, 147 Mass. 348 (17 N. E. 839, 9 Am. St. Rep. 713); Attorney General v. Jackson, 11 Ves. 365.

5. Same: trust implied. The more difficult inquiry is whether a trust was created by the will. That this was not done in express language is plain. But this gift was to the poor in a foreign country, and is not the design that the benefaction was to be executed through the executor or another as trustee to be implied from the nature-of the gift? An examination of the decisions construing similar testamentary clauses may throw some light on this inquiry.

In Moore’s Heirs v. Moore’s Devisees, 4 Dana (Ky.) 354 (29 Am. Dec. 417) the will provided that, in event of the death of the testator’s son before attaining majority, the estate be “converted into a fund for educating some poor orphans of this county (Harrison) to be selected by the county court, who are the guardians of such, and to be confined to such as are not able to educate themselves. That it may do as much good that way as it can, I desire the funds shall be taken and loaned out at interest, so as to be rendered a perpetual fund, and the interest only to be applied on their tuition — thereby affording a partial good to as many orphans as the scanty pittance will allow.” In sustaining the bequest, the court, speaking through Robertson, C. J., after citing numerous English cases, and especially Moggridge v. Thackwell, 7 Ves. 75, deduces three conclusion's: These concur in establishing:

(1) That when the charity is not given to trustees, and no particular object is designated, nor any person appointed to select the object, the king, as parens patriae, appoints the object,- under his sign manual, and the chancellor, as keeper of the great seal, directs the application, by the Attorney General to the crown, to make the appointment. In. this class of cases the chancellor does not act judicially as a court of equity. (2) When the donor refers to a future selection of the object by himself, and dies without making any selection, or when trustees, appointed for that purpose, die without acting, or when the fund is superfluous, the chancellor not only will appoint the charity, but will apply it according to a scheme to be submitted by the master in chancery. (3) When an ascertainable object is designated by the donor, in general or collective terms, as the poor of a given county or parish, or when a person is appointed by him to select a described portion, or kind or number from a designated class, the chancellor, sitting as judge in equity, will interpose on the ground of trust.

And concerning these the court proceeds:

In the two first classes, unless the donor manifest an intention to restrict his bounty to some general object of charity embraced by the statute, the legacy or gift will be void, and neither the king nor the chancellor can make any application of it. In the third class, if there be an available trust according to the common law, it is not material whether there be a charity within the statute; but if there be no trust that would be good at common law, and the object of the bounty be collective, and consequently indefinite and incapable of taking without the aid of the common statute — as, for example, a described class of unincorporated persons, as the mechanics of a particular place, the members of a specified church, or the poor of a designated town, or parish, or county — then, unless the selected object be such as the statute' recognizes as charity, the common law, and not the statute, applies, and the legacy or gift will, of course, be deemed void: but if the object be a charity, according to the statute, the gift or legacy will be deemed valid, and may be upheld or enforced by a court of equity, as an implied trust, made good and effectual by the operation of the statute.

' The bequest was held to be one of the third class, and, after pointing out that the others called for the exercise of prerogative powers not possessed by the courts of this country, it was said that:

Whenever the only objection to a devise or legacy is that it is for the benefit of a class of private individuals, described collectively by some characteristic trait by which they .may be identified, if the donation be a charity within the statute, and is therefore valid, it is, as a matter of course, as good and available as it would have been at common law, had it been to a competent person, in trust for another similar person, identified in the will by his proper name; and consequently whoever may hold the legal title— if it did not pass by the will — will hold it in trust for the collective body to whose use it was dedicated by the testator. This seems to be an undeniable proposition; and, if it be so, what objection can there be to the jurisdiction of a court of equity over it, as over any other valid and enforceable trust? Its being a charity according to the constructive operation of the statute can not be material except for the purpose of determining whether it is valid, and it -will be a statutory charity, or void, as it must be according to the common law, and the only law of the case, if it be not such a charity. If it be valid under the statute, then it will be just as available and just as judicially determinable as it would have been had it been a good trust according to the principles of the common law.

In State v. Gerard, 37 N. C. 210, certain lands were devised unto Benjamin Simon for life, and thereafter “to the poor of the county of Beaufort, on the express following conditions and no other; that is to say, that they shall never be sold, but be held as a stock belonging to the said poor, subject to be rented, cultivated or leased, as the wardens or managers of the poor may deem most advisable, but never to be let for a longer term of time than seven years.” The devise was held not to be to the wardens or trustees, but to the poor of the county to be made beneficent under the care of the wardens, that, as the poor had no capacity to take title to it, it descended to the heirs for them, and the court held that, the purpose being h definite charity, the chancery court would establish the charity and enter the necessary decrees for its execution, upon the principles of English jurisprudence taken from the civil law that charitable dispositions were not “permitted to fail, because of want of trustees, and, in analogy to the rule in equity in other cases, the person on whom the legal estate devolved was declared in equity a trustee pro hac vice.”

In Heuser v. Harris, 42 Ill. 435, one-half of the testator’s estate was left “to the school district in which the farm lays and shall be under control of one person elected by the people of the district, and he shall be elected for four years at one time and be required to give security for the faithful trust put in his hands, and no one .shall receive any percent for their trouble. It shall be loaned out, and none of it shall be used except the interest, and it for no other purpose than for schooling the children, and the other half shall go to the support of the poor of Madison County, but none of it shall be used but the interest.” In a learned opinion by Breese, J., the court sustained both bequests, the first for that the object was sufficiently definite and the trust to be executed through a trustee, and the last on the theory that by “poor of Madison County” were meant those who were dependent on public charity (paupers), and that, as these were under the care and supervision of the county court, it might administer the fund as trustee. The ground of the decision seems to have been that, as the county was charged with the support of paupers, and' this was administered through the county court in some counties and the board of supervisors in others, the reference to the poor of the county was intended in a technical sense, and, as the law designated the guardian of the poor, the design of the testator must have been that the bounty be administered through the officers charged with such duty. See, also, Prickett v. People, 88 Ill. 115.

In Howard v. American Peace Society, 49 Me. 288, the clause construed was a bequest “unto the suffering poor of the town of Auburn one-half of the remainder of my personal estate,” and the court construed the clause as creating a trust by implication and held, that the court had authority to name a trustee, and concluded as to the beneficiaries that: “It is very manifest that some designation of individuals must be made. If this is not to be done by the executor, it must be by a person appointed a trustee, to execute the trust. In looking at the whole will, and to the evidence in the ease, it can not be doubted that the testator had confidence in the ability, judgment and discretion of his executor. If it should be found that it would be proper, in the opinion of the executor, for the reasons before stated, that this donation should be passed at once to tire suffering poor of the town of Auburn, he might, with propriety, discharge his duty by the distribution of the whole sum. If otherwise, he might make the investment and distribute the income and, perhaps, a portion of the principal, till the aggregate should reach the whole, as circumstances might require; and we are of the opinion that the testator intended that his executor should execute this trust.”

In Urmey’s Executor v. Wooden, 1 Ohio St. 160 (59 Am. Dec. 615) the remainder was given “to the poor and needy, fatherless, etc., of Jefferson and Madison townships,” and the bequest was sustained apparently on the theory that a trust was to be implied from the language employed in connection with the statute of charitable uses. See, also, County of Lawrence v. Leonard, 83 Pa. 206; Sears v. Chapman, 158 Mass. 400 (33 N. E. 604, 35 Am. St. Rep. 502.) A bequest to the poor inhabitants of St. Leonards was sustained as an equitable trust by the Master of the Rolls in Attorney General v. Clark, 1 Amb. 422.

The statute of charitable uses known as St. 43 Elizabeth, though an amendment to the common law of England when enacted, is, in so far as consistent with our institutions, a part of the common law of this State. Coning v. Emery, 16 Pick. (Mass.) 107; Doyle v. Andis, 127 Iowa, 36. And though but for it there might be doubt as to this bequest creating a trust, these decisions seem to have put a construction thereon in harmony with what was said- in Moore’s Heirs v. Moore’s Devisees, supra, i. e., that, when the object designated by the donor of the charity is the poor of a given county, parish, or other definite locality, “the chancellor, sitting as a judge in equity, will interpose on the ground of trust.” A reading of that famous act may leave some doubt as to this being within its language, but, as seen, such has been the construction given it in the English courts as well as those of this country, and, as a commendable purpose of the testator will be effectuated thereby, we are not inclined to reject such construction. In Wisconsin a different conclusion has been reached. In Estate v. Heffen, 70 Wis. 522 (36 N. W. 407) the bequest was “to the Salesianum, near the City of Milwaukee in the State of Wisconsin, and the poor of the city of Green Bay in the State aforesaid, to be equally divided between the said two legatees,” and it was construed to be a gift direct to the poor of the named city as donees, and, as these were not identified, the clause was declared void; the court pointing out the difficulties in ascertaining who were intended. The decision appears to have been influenced by a line of eases in that State apparently exacting as great certainty in a charitable as in a private trust. See Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis. 238; Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis. 276. These cases were explained by Ryan, C. J., as not being inconsistent with his opinion in Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 70, 100 (1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103), and in Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485 (82 N. W. 345, 50 L. R. A. 307, 76 Am. St. Rep. 924, 942), Marshall, J., in a lengthy review of the decisions of that State, reached the conclusion that notwithstanding them and Fuller’s Will, 75 Wis. 431 (44 N. W. 304), the test of definiteness of charitable trusts in Wisconsin is not the same as that of a private nature. Though Estate of Heffen, supra, is referred to as holding that the uncertainty which was declared fatal was of donees and not beneficiaries as such, the decision was not approved. No consideration appears to have been given therein to the character of the gift or the design of the testator or to the influence of the statute of charitable uses in ascertaining whether a trust should be implied. To say that only those within the class designated at the very moment of testator’s death were intended applied a limitation not sanctioned by the language employed. Manifestly the bounty was intended for the poor whin distributed “for ye have the poor always with you.” The term is used in such an instrument in a generic sense and has reference to those in the condition described as a continuing but ever changing body. The individuals are to be ascertained by the executor or trustee designated by the court to execute the trust to be implied from the very nature of the gift.

7. Same: intent of tesator. According to the pleading, there can be little or no doubt as to who the testator in this case designed should enjoy his bounty. The answer averred, and it is to be taken as true on demurrer, that Voorst is a municipal corporation of the Netherlands, and by the poor of that place are meant all who are supported by its institutions of charity, and under the laws there such a bequest is to be distributed among such institutions, according to the number of persons supported by each. Though the bequest is to be construed according to the laws of this State, it is to be executed in a foreign country, and the testator, in directing that his bounty be bestowed on “the poor of Voorst,” may well be assumed to have accorded to this expression the meaning it has in that place as identifying the beneficiaries intended.

The district court erred in declaring the bequest invalid, and its judgment is reversed.