MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This is аn action for damages resulting from the crash of a helicopter manufactured by the defendant and purchased by the plaintiff. Jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship. 28 U.S.C. Section 1332. Plaintiff is a British Columbian citizen with its principal place of business in Canada. Defendant is a Maryland corporation with its principal рlace of business in Maryland. The helicopter in question was manufactured by defendant in California and sold to plaintiff on either October 7, 1964 or December 18, 1964. This contract was executed and the aircraft delivered in California. On September 17, 1967, the helicopter crashed in the Canadian province оf British Columbia. This action was filed on December 17, 1970. Plaintiff has also filed an identical action against the defendant in the Superior Court of the State of Washington for King County.
Defendant has filed an answer to the complaint with an affirmative defense and a motion to dismiss. Defendant moves for dismissal on several grounds. First, he аlleges that this action is barred by the appropriate statutes of limitations. Secondly, he alleges that *893 the complaint is defective, as plaintiff has failed to allege freedom from contributory negligence. Finally, defendant alleges that this action should be dismissed on the doctrine of forum non conveniens or, alternatively, transferred to the United States District Court in Seattle, Washington. We will deal with the defendant’s contentions in that order.
A federal district court sitting in a diversity action should apply the forum state’s conflict of laws rules. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co.,
courts have also held this last event rule applicable to product liability actions. Williams v. Brown Manufacturing Co., supra. Therefore, the product liability counts were also timely filed.
The contract counts, both as to breach of contract and those based on wаrranties, present different problems. The basic applicable statute of limitations may be found in Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 26, Section 2-725 (Smith-Hurd 1963). This section provides that an action for breach of any contract for sale must be commenced within four years after the cause of action has aсcrued. Subsection two goes on to state:
(2) A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party’s lack of knowledge of the breach. A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extеnds to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered. Ch. 26, § 2-725(2).
The exception contained in this subsection saves Count II of the complaint relating to a contract to provide information regarding servicing the aircraft as this contract called for a continuing duty to provide this information.
This exception also seems applicable to plaintiff’s Count III. Plaintiff alleges that defendant breached both express and implied warranties. These wаrranties relate to the merchantability of the aircraft. It seems reasonable to expect a warranty of this nature to continue beyond the tender of delivery and extend for the life of the product. For this reason, the alleged warranties extended to future performance within the meaning of Section 2-725(2). The four year period began to run from the date of discovery of the alleged breach — 1967. Therefore, the plaintiff’s Count III is not barred by the Illinois statute of limitations.
*894 This result leads to the next problem in the analysis of the statute of limitations issue. Simply because an action is timely and properly brought under thе forum’s local statute of limitations does not necessarily mean that it may still not run afoul of other applicable statutes of limitations. The reason for this is the presence of the Illinois borrowing statute. Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 83, Section 21 (Smith-Hurd 1966). The Illinois borrowing statute states:
When a cause of action hаs arisen in a state or territory out of this state, or in a foreign Country, and, by the laws thereof, an action thereon cannot be maintained by reason of the lapse of time, an action thereon shall not be maintained in this state. Ch. 83 § 21.
As Illinois’ only connection with this action is the presence of this suit in our courts, it seems quite clear that the “cause of action” has arisen elsewhere. The problem, therefore, is to determine where the cause of action arose; what that forum’s statute of limitations is; and whether the action would be barred there. Again, for the purpose of analysis, the tort and contract сounts will be dealt with separately.
The first issue which requires resolution is the locus of the tort cause of action. The rule is that a tort cause of action has arisen “where the last act occurred to create liability.” Manos v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.,
(a) The place where the injury occurred. (b) The place where the conduct occurred, (c) The domicile, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties, (d) The place where the relationship of the parties is centered.46 Ill.2d at 48, 49 ,262 N.E.2d at 596 .
The injury involved occurred in British Columbia. The conduct occurred in California and British Columbia. The plaintiff is domiciled and has its principаl place of business in British Columbia. The defendant is domiciled and has his principal place of business in Maryland. The relationship of the parties was originally centered in California,, but in 1965 defendant moved its California manufacturing operation to Maryland and totally extinguished all of its California connections. As а result, the center of the relationship moved to British Columbia where the aircraft was used and where the defendant knew the aircraft was to be used. With these contacts in mind, it seems obvious that British Columbia has the most significant relationship with the action. Therefore, were we to apply the Gray-Manos “last event” test or the Ingersoll *895 “most significant relationship” test, the result under the borrowing statute is the same. The tort cause of action arose in British Columbia. The British Columbian statute of limitations for tort actions is six years. Revised Statutes of British Columbia, Chapter 370, Section 3 (1960). Therefore, as the Illinois borrowing statute only applies if the action would be barred in that other jurisdiction, i. e., where the cause of action arose, and as it was clearly brought within the six year period, the Illinois borrowing statute has no application to the count’s sounding in tort.
The rules relating to where a contractual cause of action arose are somewhat different. The basic rule is that a сontractual cause of action arises when the contract is executed and where the article is sold. Hardman v. Helene Curtis Industries, Inc.,
The issues, then, are which California statute of limitations is applicable and when does it begin to run. Count II alleges a contract to supply plaintiff with service information. Unfortunately, plaintiff has not elected to advise this court whether he is alleging the breach of a written or oral contract. As plaintiff drafted the complaint and failed to state whether the contract is oral or written and, if the latter, has failed to include a copy as an exhibit, we must assume the contract alleged in Count II of the complaint to be oral. Actions on oral contracts are governed by Section 339 of the California Code of Civil Procedure. It requires that an action must be filed within two years or be barred. This presents the problem of when the statute begins to run. The rule has been stated in Howe v. Pioneer Manufacturing Company,
It is the general rule that the apрlicable statute of limitations begins to run even though the plaintiff is ignorant of his cause of action or of the identity of the wrongdoer.
However, a judicially created exception exists which is quite similar to the Illinois discovery rule. Aced v. Hobbs-Sesack Plumbing Co.,
Count III of the complaint presents different problems. One issue facing this court is whether the express warranty claims fall under the statute dealing with written contracts or that dealing with oral contracts. As the above noted exception relating to prospective performance also applies to both warranty claims, the length of the statute is critical. California provides for a four year period for written contracts, but only two years on oral contracts. Cаlifornia Code of Civil Procedure, Sections 337 and 339. The implied warranty clearly falls under the oral contract provision and is, accordingly, barred.
The express warranty, however, presents a problem. Section 337(1) of the California Code of Civil Procedure provides, “[wjithin four years: 1. An action upon any сontract, obligation or liability founded upon an instrument in writing. . . .” The actual bill of sale, however, makes no reference to any express warranties, and plaintiff
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has not provided any written contract with these references. We must, then, make a determination whether express oral representations without any written reference in the contract itself falls under the two or four year statute. This issue has been decided by the California courts. In Benard v. Walkup,
In making this determination it is not sufficient that the cause of action is in some way remotely or indirectly connected with such an instrument or that the instrument is a link in the chain estаblishing the cause of action, but the instrument must, itself, contain a contract to do the thing for the nonperformance of which the action is brought.
See, also, O’Brien v. King,
Defendant has also moved to dismiss on the grounds that the negligence counts fail to allege freedom from contributory negligence as required by Illinois’ pleading rules. While this court agrees with defendant that a proper complaint filed in the Illinois state courts must allege freedom from contributory negligence, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure contain no such requirement. Rule 8(a) of those rules sets out the standards which a pleading must meet. They simply require a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8(a). As defendant is well aware, the Federal Rules treat contributory negligence as an affirmative defense which must be pleaded in answer, as defendant has done. Even though this court is sitting as a diversity court and as such is bound to follow state law on all substantive questions, an exception exists. Erie Railroad Co. v. Tomрkins,
[T]he coui't has been instructed to apply the Federal Rule, and can refuse to do so only if the Advisory Committee, this Court, and Congress erred in their prima facie judgment that the Rulе in question transgresses neither the terms of the Enabling Act nor constitutional restrictions.380 U.S. at 471 ,85 S.Ct. at 1144 .
This court believes Rule 8(a) to be valid and, therefore, binding upon us. The pleadings in question fully comply with the federal standard, and thus should not be dismissed.
Defendant also asks this coux't to dismiss on forum non conveniens grounds or to transfer this action to thе Federal District Court ixx Seattle, Washington. In support of this request, defendant asserts that an identical action is now pending in the Superior Court of King County, Washington. Aside from the pendency of that other action, this court can see no reason whatsoever to transfer this action to Washington. Therefore, as defendant should only have to defend one action, this court now requests plaintiff to dismiss the state coux-t action, or this court will feel obligated to dismiss the instant action pux’suant to Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 110, Section 48(1) (c) [Smith-Hurd 1968].
In summary, it is the holding of this court that defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted as to Counts II and III of plaintiff’s complaint, and denied as to all other counts and grounds.