137 A. 175 | Pa. | 1927
Argued February 7, 1927. This is a bill in equity to enjoin the use of a trademark. The chancellor determined the case in plaintiff's favor, awarded the permanent injunctive relief prayed for and defendant appeals. Both parties are millers and the trade-marks are used on the bags of flour sold by each. *155
The registration certificate issued to plaintiff by the secretary of the Commonwealth under the provisions of the Act of June 20, 1901, P. L. 582, and the amendment of April 24, 1905, P. L. 302, describes his trade-mark as "a golden dove within a circle, the whole surrounded by a larger circle within which are the words printed 'Golden Dove.' " It is described by the chancellor in his findings as "a picture or symbol of a golden or yellow dove in flight, over a blue background within a circle, the whole surrounded by a larger double blue circle within which are printed the words 'Golden Dove Brand' in red letters." He finds "That the label or symbol of the defendant is a picture of a dove in flight, identical in form and shape with the dove of the plaintiff's trademark, over a blue background within a circle, the whole surrounded by a larger blue circle within which are printed the words 'Three Spring Mills, White Wonder,' and in a similar but smaller sized label the same dove and background with the same circles, with the words 'Three Spring Mills, White Dove.' " The chancellor determined that "the defendant's label is identical with the trade-mark of the plaintiff in appearance, form, design and description with a few very minor changes; for instance, the dove is of a lighter color and the outer circle has a beaded effect."
Plaintiff adopted his symbol of the golden dove in 1888, defendant his of the white dove in 1893. Plaintiff registered his trade-mark on August 4, 1925. Defendant has not attempted to register his.
While both parties have been marketing their respective brands of flour, the plaintiff since 1888, and defendant since 1893, they did not come into competition, although their mills were only eight miles apart, until about 1915, when defendant, owing to the building of an improved highway, was able to put his flour into the Altoona market by motor truck; this was one of the principal marts for plaintiff's product. Plaintiff learned of defendant's use of the trade-mark soon after the latter *156 began to dispose of his flour in Altoona but took no steps to assert an infringement until August, 1925, when a formal complaint was made to defendant followed by this proceeding in September of that year.
In his discussion of the case the chancellor says: "A critical inspection and comparison of the trade-marks used by the parties disclose certain differences but there is a very general similarity in the form, figure and appearance of the two trade-marks . . . . . . It is contended upon the part of the defendant that the coloring and lettering of his trade-mark are so different as to readily distinguish it from that of plaintiff." The court points out that it is not the color or the words in the circle which give the plaintiff a special privilege but that the essential characteristic is the design or figure, in this instance the dove. In Juan F. Portuondo Cigar Mfg. Co. v. Vincente Portuondo Cigar Mfg. Co.,
In Tupelo Cotton Mills v. American Bleached Goods Co., 4 Fed. Rep. 2d Series 953, the appellee used a trademark consisting of a bird with wings outstretched, just leaving a twig, the body of the bird being red and its wings and tail black. In a circle surrounding the bird, said to represent a scarlet tanager were the words "Pride of the West — Indian Linon." The appellant adopted as his trade-mark a bird perched on a twig with wings outstretched, carrying in its mouth a string from which was suspended a disk bearing the word "Tupelo." In the *157 drawing the breast of this bird, said to represent a bluebird, was lined for red while the head, back, tail and wings were lined for blue. It was held that the resemblance was such as likely to cause confusion and to create mistakes in the minds of the public notwithstanding the contention of defendant that the two birds were readily distinguishable. The Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia in disposing of the case said: "Appellant suggests that these two birds are easily distinguishable. They might be by ornithologists, but the purchasing public includes comparatively few persons who have particular knowledge of birds. To the average person these goods would be bird goods, and would not be known as bluebird or tanager goods." Commenting upon that case the court below here observed: "The resemblance was not so strong as it is in the instant case. The principle object, that of a dove, in its form as well as the spread of its wings makes an unusual figure. Placing the various samples which were offered in evidence side by side, the similarity is so marked that if they were separated the public could be readily confused, especially if they kept in mind the chief feature of the trade-mark, namely, a dove in flight, against a solid background."
In a letter to plaintiff dated August 4, 1924, defendant, while not admitting an actual infringement of plaintiff's trade-mark, tacitly acknowledged a similarity. He wrote: "I had a letter a few days since from your attorney . . . . . . in regard to an alleged infringement on your Golden Dove Brand. I have noticed in the last few shipments that the color of the dove has been very nearly like yours, but not made so by my orders."
Defendant produced as witnesses four merchants engaged in business in Altoona who sold the flour of both parties, who testified that so far as their knowledge went there had been no confusion about the flour among the retail trade because of the similarity of labels. While such testimony is of undoubted value in aiding the *158
determination as to whether the purchasing public would be misled in its buying (Heinz v. Lutz,
Appellant further contends that even if plaintiff has a superior right to use the trade-mark he has lost the right to deny him its use by laches, plaintiff having admitted he knew of defendant's use eight or ten years before beginning this proceeding. We think it can be fairly inferred from the testimony that for several years after plaintiff became acquainted with the fact of defendant's use, the flour of each was being largely sold in different markets and that it was only in comparatively recent times, shortly before plaintiff first notified defendant of the infringement, that the sale of his product in the *159
Altoona market became of consequence to appellee. In suits for unfair competition or infringement it is well settled that mere laches in the sense of delay to bring suit does not constitute a defense. Such laches may bar an accounting for past profits, but will not bar an injunction against a further continuance of the wrong: Hesseltine, The Law of Trade-Marks and Unfair Trade, page 282; Juan F. Portuondo Cigar Mfg. Co. v. Vincente Portuondo Cigar Mfg. Co.,
The assignments of error are overruled and the decree affirmed at appellant's cost.