On March 14, 2005, plaintiffs Benjamin Klein and Atlas Telecommunications of Rockland County, Inc. (“Atlas”) (collectively, “plaintiffs”) brought a state court action against defendant Vision Lab Telecommunications, Inc. (“Vision Lab”) alleging violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227(b), (“TCPA” or the “Act”) and its state counterpart, section 396-aa of the New York General Business Law. Vision Lab removed the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441 and 1446, asserting removal was proper under the diversity jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Plaintiffs move to remand arguing that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because the TCPA grants state courts exclusive jurisdiction over private causes of action brought under 47 U.S.C. § 227(b). In their reply memorandum, plaintiffs requested alternative relief in the form of a certification for interlocutory appeal if this Court denies remand.
Shortly thereafter, defendant filed a motion to dismiss certain of plaintiffs’ claims under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) because: (1) plaintiffs’ damages claims alleging violations of 47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d), a Federal Communications Commission (“F.C.C.”) regulation governing facsimile sender identification, do not present an actionable claim under the TCPA; (2) plaintiffs’ claims arising from interstate facsimile transmissions under the New York State statute are preempted by the TCPA; and (3) plaintiffs’ prayer for attorney’s fees is not authorized by either the federal or state statutes at issue in this case.
For the reasons stated below, plaintiffs’ motion to remand is denied and defendant’s motion to dismiss certain of plaintiffs’ claims is granted. In addition, plaintiffs’ request for certification for interlocutory appeal is granted. Accordingly, the action is stayed pending the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
BACKGROUND
Klein, a resident of the State of New York, serves as C.E.O. of Atlas, a New York corporation with its principal place of business in Monsey, New York. (V.Complt. ¶¶ 1-2.) Vision Lab is a Florida corporation with its principal place of business in Miami Beach, Florida. (Id. ¶ 3.)
Plaintiffs allege that from May 2004 to February 2005, Vision Lab faxed in excess of 150 unsolicited advertisements to three telephone numbers registered to plaintiffs and linked to fax machines. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that Vision Lab faxed Klein seventy unsolicited advertisements, including twelve unsolicited advertisements for travel services and/or vacations; seventeen unsolicited advertisements for mortgages and/or mortgage services; forty unsolicited advertisements for stocks and/or stock investments; and one unsolicited advertisement for notary public training seminars.
(Id.
¶¶ 6-9.) In addition, plaintiffs allege that Vision Lab faxed Atlas ninety-five unsolicited advertisements, including eleven unsolicited advertisements for travel services and/or vacations; ten unsolicited advertisements for mortgages and/or mortgage services; seventy-one unsolicited advertisements for stocks and/or stock investments; and three unsolicited advertisements for notary public training seminars.
(Id.
¶¶ 14-16, 21-24.) Plaintiffs state that all these faxes were “wholly unsolicited” and were sent without the consent of either Klein or Atlas.
(Id.
¶¶ 10, 17, 25.) Plaintiffs add that Vision Lab, a “facsimile broadcaster,” “has willfully arranged for and caused hundreds of thousands of similar unsolicited faxes to be sent to fax machines all over the United
Plaintiffs commenced this action against Vision Lab in New York Supreme Court by causing it to be served with a Verified Complaint on March 14, 2005. In the Complaint, plaintiffs allege Vision Lab committed 658 violations 1 of § 227(b) of the TCP A, which makes it unlawful to use any fax machine, computer, or other device to send unsolicited advertisements to a fax machine. This included 493 alleged violations of 47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d), an F.C.C. regulation dictating that fax transmissions bear certain sender identification information, which plaintiffs assert was prescribed under, and therefore actionable under, 47 U.S.C. § 227(b). Specifically, plaintiffs claim that all but two of the 165 faxes 2 caused three individual violations of § 68.318(d) by failing to: (1) with one exception, identify the business, other entity or individual that sent the faxes; (2) with one exception, clearly indicate the telephone number of the sending machine; and (3) clearly indicate the name of the fax broadcaster under which the fax broadcaster was registered to conduct business. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 19, 27.) Based on the statutory amount of $500 per violation, plaintiffs claim total statutory damages of $329,000, or $139,500 for violations against Klein and $189,500 for violations against Atlas. (Id. ¶¶ 39, 47.) Plaintiffs increase this total to $987,000 to reflect treble damages available under 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3) for defendant’s alleged willful and knowing violations. (Id. ¶1¶ 40, 48.)
Plaintiffs also allege violations of N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 396-aa, which makes it unlawful to transmit advertisements by fax. Because § 396-aa exempts transmissions of five pages or less sent between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., (see N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law. § 396-aa(1)), plaintiffs claim only 119 violations of this statute— fifty-seven violations against Klein and sixty-two against Atlas. (V.CompltVt 42, 50.) Plaintiffs seek statutory damages in the amount of $5,700 for Klein and $6,200 for Atlas, for a total of $11,900, based on the statutory amount of $100 per violation. (Id. ¶¶ 44, 52.) In addition, plaintiffs seek attorney’s fees and costs.
DISCUSSION
1. Plaintiffs ’ Motion to Remand
A defendant may remove a cause of action initially filed in state court provided the action is one “of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). It is well settled that removal statutes are to be strictly construed against removal, with all doubts resolved in favor of remand, as removal jurisdiction undercuts federalism and abridges the deference courts generally give to a plaintiffs choice of forum.
See id.; see also In re NASDAQ Mkt. Makers Antitrust Litig.,
Defendant removed the present action pursuant to the diversity jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1332, asserting complete diversity of citizenship of the parties and an amount in controversy in excess of $75,000. (See Notice of Removal at 1-4.) Plaintiffs rightly do not contest that the diversity jurisdiction statute’s requirements are met. The requisite amount in controversy was properly pled, and the parties are of completely diverse citizenship: plaintiffs are a resident of New York and a New York corporation with its principal place of business in New York, and defendant is a Florida corporation with its principal place of business in Florida. Rather, plaintiffs contend that removal of this action was improper because the TCPA granted state courts exclusive jurisdiction over private causes of action brought under 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3).
The TCPA prohibits the “use [of] any telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to send an unsolicited advertisement to a telephone facsimile machine.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C). Recipients of unsolicited fax advertisements may bring a private right of action under § 227(b)(3) of the TCPA, which provides:
A person or entity may, if otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of court of a State, bring an action in an appropriate court of that State—
(A) an action based on a violation of this subsection or the regulations prescribed under this subsection to enjoin such violation,
(B) an action to recover for actual monetary loss from such a violation, or to receive $500 in damages for each such violation, whichever is greater, or
(C)both such actions.
If the court finds that the defendant willfully or knowingly violated this subsection or the regulations prescribed under this subsection, the court may, in its discretion, increase the amount of the award to an amount equal.to not more than 3 times the amount available under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph.
Plaintiffs rely extensively on the Second Circuit’s decision in
Foxhall Realty Law Offices, Inc. v. Telecomms. Premium Services Ltd.,
However, as plaintiffs themselves recognize, the decision in
Foxhall
addressed removal under general federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and not the general grant of diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. While plaintiffs argue that this distinction “is of no consequence,” (Pis. Mem. Supp. Mot. Remand at 6), this Court cannot agree. We recognize that numerous Courts of Appeal have addressed — and unanimously rejected' — removal of § 227(b)(3) claims based on federal question jurisdiction.
See
As Chief Judge Korman of the Eastern District of New York noted in a recent unpublished decision involving defendant Vision Lab and an identically grounded motion to remand, “an apparent consensus is emerging on this subject among those district courts which have addressed the applicability of § 1332 to TCPA claims.”
Saporito v. Vision Lab Telecomms., Inc.,
No. 05-CV-1007, slip op. at 6 (E.D.N.Y. May 10, 2005)
(“Saporito
/”). Indeed, no less than five other district courts came to the same conclusion as Chief Judge Korman: diversity jurisdiction provides a basis for hearing TCPA claims in federal court.
See Accounting Outsourcing,
Plaintiffs would have this Court ignore these well-reasoned opinions. First, plaintiffs argue that § 1332 is no “less a general jurisdictional statute than § 1331,” implying that if Congress’s statements regarding exclusive jurisdiction were enough to defeat jurisdiction under § 1331, that language also must be sufficient to defeat jurisdiction under § 1332. (Pis. Mem. Supp. Mot. Remand at 8; Pis. Reply Mem. Supp. Mot. Remand at 3-4.) This argument ignores the fact that “[rjather than granting jurisdiction on the basis of federal law, § 1332 is an independent grant of jurisdiction designed to prevent discrimination against out-of-state defendants regardless of whether federal law is in
The diversity jurisdiction statute is not a general jurisdictional grant nor is it akin to Section 1331 providing for the federal question jurisdiction. Rather, diversity jurisdiction, expressly contemplated by Article III of the United States Constitution, is an independent basis for federal jurisdiction created to prevent discrimination against non-resident defendants regardless of whether federal law is involved.
Kopff,
So is plaintiffs’ second line of argument, which asserts that Congress clearly indicated through the TAPA’s statutory language that state courts have exclusive jurisdiction over private causes of action. (Pls. Mem. Supp. Mot. Remand at 9 (citing
Foxhall,
Also, this Court finds persuasive — as have other federal district courts — the analysis in Kinder, which reasoned that
in those actions where diversity of citizenship properly exists, Plaintiffs interpretation of the TCPA would create the anomalous result that state law claims based on unlawful telephone calls could be brought in federal court, while federal TCPA claims based on those same calls could be heard only in state court. Such an interpretation would also undermine the purposes of supplemental jurisdiction by requiring parties who bring TCPA claims along with other federal claims to maintain separate, parallel actions in state and federal court.
This interpretation is consistent with the purposes of the TCPA, as reflected in the Act’s legislative history.
See Accounting Outsourcing,
Plaintiffs’ arguments are not bolstered by their reliance on two recent federal district court
decisions
—Gottlieb
v. Carnival Corp.,
When, in Foxhall, the Court held that state courts have exclusive jurisdiction over a cause of action created by the TCPA ... it must be assumed that it used its words carefully and advisedly. Being conscious of the admonition against making a fortress out of the dictionary, the word “exclusively” requires no definition. To conclude that when courts of appeal used the word “exclusively” to mean it does not apply to diversity jurisdiction is to conclude that “exclusively” means “exclusively” except when it does not and would be reminiscent of the colloquy between Humpty Dumpty and Alice:
“when I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, ... “it means just what I choose it to mean — neither more nor less.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.”
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, Ch. VI.
Gottlieb,
However, this Court agrees with Chief Judge Korman’s assessment of Gottlieb and its reliance on Foxhall:
“If the language [on exclusive jurisdiction] is taken out of context, it certainly ... would seem to indicate that federal courts could never hear claims under the TCPA.” But plainly, the meaning of the word “exclusive” as used in Foxhall can only be ascertained by reading the term in context. Simply put, because diversity jurisdiction was not raised in Foxhall, the use of the word “exclusive” in that case must be understood to mean that, as between state and federal courts, state courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
Saporito v. Vision Lab Telecomms., Inc.,
No. 05-CV-1007, slip op. at 4-5 (E.D.N.Y. July 8, 2005)
(“Saporito
II”) (quoting
Saporito I,
slip op. at 4 (citation omitted)).
Foxhall
did not address diversity jurisdiction, nor did the opinion indicate whether the requirements for diversity were met. While in
Gottlieb
Judge Glasser concedes that
Foxhall
did not discuss diversity, he
Accordingly, plaintiffs’ motion to remand is denied.
II. Plaintiffs’ Request for Interlocutory Appeal
A federal district court may permit an interlocutory appeal if it finds that: (1) the order “involves a controlling question of law,” (2) “as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion,” and that (3) “appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The trial judge has substantial discretion in deciding whether or not to certify,
see D’Ippolito v. Cities Serv. Co.,
[L]eave to appeal from interlocutory orders should be granted only in “exceptional circumstances” because to do otherwise would “contravene the well-established judicial policy of discouraging interlocutory appeals and avoiding delay and disruption which results from such piecemeal litigation.”
In re Ionosphere Clubs Inc.,
We agree with plaintiffs that the jurisdictional issue in this case is controlling.
See Klinghoffer,
“An immediate appeal is considered to advance the ultimate termination of the litigation if that ‘appeal promises to advance the time for trial or to shorten the time required for trial.’”
In re Oxford Health Plans, Inc.,
[I]f the Second Circuit determined, as did Judge Glasser, that diversity jurisdiction cannot provide a basis for hearing TCPA claims in federal court, this case would have to be promptly remanded to state court, terminating the litigation in federal court.... On the other hand, if the Second Circuit were to affirm ... and hold that diversity jurisdiction provides a proper basis to hearTCPA claims in federal court, an interlocutory appeal would not advance the termination of this litigation, since after the appeal the case would simply resume in district court.
Saporito II, slip op. at 8. Although an interlocutory appeal could delay resolution of this process, it could prevent an even greater delay and much wasted expense. Proceeding with the case where the possibility exists that this Court lacks jurisdiction could force plaintiffs to try this case twice, once in federal court and again in state court. Such a scenario violates the spirit of the TCPA. Consequently, we are inclined to weigh this factor in favor of granting the interlocutory appeal.
However, “the mere presence of a disputed issue that is a question of first impression, standing alone, is insufficient to demonstrate a substantial ground for difference of opinion.”
In re Flor,
Accordingly, plaintiffs’ request for certification is granted. In the interest of judicial efficiency, the present proceeding is stayed, aside from discovery, while this Court awaits a definitive ruling on the jurisdictional question from the Second Circuit. Even if that ruling results in a remand of this action to state court, the discovery accomplished in the meantime will be equally useful in that forum.
III. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
As the parties have fully briefed the issues presented by defendant’s motion to dismiss, and because the decision on those issues will affect the scope of discovery, this Court presently will rule on defendant’s motion.
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), the issue is “whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.”
Scheuer v. Rhodes,
Defendant asserts that plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed because (1) violations of 47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d) are not actionable under the TCPA, (2) the TCPA preempts plaintiffs’ state law claims, which all relate to interstate facsimile transmissions, and (3) plaintiffs’ request for attorney’s fees is not authorized by either the federal or state statutes at issue in this case.
A. Violations of 47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d)
Defendant argues that plaintiffs cannot bring individual causes of action under § 227(b) for violations of regulation § 68.318(d). Plaintiffs’ Complaint charges defendant with three violations of that regulation per fax for failing in its faxes to: (1) with one exception, identify the business, other entity, or individual that sent the faxes; (2) with one exception, clearly indicate the telephone number of the sending machine; and (3) clearly indicate the name of the fax broadcaster under which the fax broadcaster was registered to Conduct business. (V.Complt.1ffl 12, 19, 27, 38, 46.) Defendant asserts that the regulations at issue were not promulgated pursuant to § 227(b), but rather § 227(d)(1)(B), governing technical and procedural standards, and that no cause of action for such violations exists under § 227(b) because such violations are reserved for prosecution by the F.C.C. or state attorneys general. (Def. Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 6-8; Def. Reply Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 3, 5.) Plaintiffs contend that their claims for § 68.318(d) violations are actionable under § 227(b) in order to enable recipients of unsolicited fax advertisements to identify the sending party so that a lawsuit can be filed against the proper offending sender. (Pis. Mem. Opp. Mot. Dismiss at 1, 9.)
Section 227(d)(1)(B) states:
It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States—
(B) to use a computer or other electronic device to send any message via a telephone facsimile machine unless such person clearly marks, in a margin at the top or bottom of each transmitted page of the message or on the first page of the transmission, the date and time it is sent and an identification of the business, other entity, or individual sending the message and the telephone number of the sending machine or of such business, other entity, or individual.
The regulation at issue, § 68.318(d), incorporates language identical to § 227(d) before adding language pertaining to fax broadcasters and fax machines:
Additional limitations.
(d) Telephone facsimile machines; Identification of the sender of the message. It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States to use a computer or other electronic device to send any message via a telephone facsimile machine unless such person clearly marks, in a margin at the top or bottom of each transmitted page of the message or on the first page of the transmission, the date and time it is sent and an identification of the business, other entity, or individual sending the message and the telephone number of the sending machine or of such business, other entity, or individual. If a facsimile broadcaster demonstrates a high degree of involvement in the sender’s facsimile messages, such as supplying the numbers to which a message is sent, that broadcaster’s name, under which it is registered to conduct business with the State Corporation Commission (or comparable regulatory authority), must be identified on the facsimile, along with the sender’s name. Telephone facsimile machines manufactured on and after December 20, 1992, must clearly mark such identifying information on each transmitted page.
47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d).
Although no independent cause of action exists for violations of § 227(d),
see Lary v. Flasch Bus. Consulting, 878
So.2d 1158, 1165 (Ala.Civ.App.2003) (“Congress did not authorize private citizens to bring actions to impose penalties for or recover damages allegedly flowing from violations of subsection (d) of that statute.”);
see also Missouri ex rel. Nixon v. Am. Blast Fax, Inc.,
Defendant argues that § 68.318(d) was promulgated under § 227(d), and, therefore, does not permit a private cause of action for technical violations. Plaintiffs contend the regulation was issued under § 227(b), and is, therefore, actionable. Defendant believes that a mere citation to § 227(d)(1)(B) in the Final Rule, see 68 F.R. 44144, provides sufficient basis for finding the regulation was promulgated under the authority of that subsection. 3 The Final Rule, in the same paragraph that defendant cites, states that the purpose behind the identification regulations is to “permit consumers to hold fax broadcasters accountable for unlawful fax advertisements when there is a high degree of involvement on the part of the fax broadcaster.” Id. Section 68.318(d), by requiring faxes to contain certain identifying information, better enables consumers to identify the proper parties against whom private rights of action under the TCPA should be brought. But it does not, as plaintiffs contend, make it “absolutely clear that the regulation must have been promulgated pursuant to ... § 227(b).” 4 (Pis. Mem. Opp. Mot. Dismiss at 4-5.) This Court cannot understand how language governing technical fax requirements in § 227(d), a section that contains no language permitting a private right of action, suddenly bestows a private right of action when it is redrafted into an F.C.C. regulation that fails explicitly to identify the subsection under whose authority it was promulgated. 5
The TCPA empowered citizens to sue for relief from the problem created by
Accordingly, defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted with respect to plaintiffs’ claims under 47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d). 7
Federal law can preempt state law with an express statement from Congress, without an express statement when the federal statute implies an intention to preempt state law or when state law directly conflicts with federal law.
See N.Y. Conference of Blue Cross v. Travelers Ins.,
Section 227(e)(1) of the TCPA states:
[N]othing in this section or the regulations prescribed under this section shall preempt any State law that imposes more restrictive intrastate requirements or regulations on, or which prohibits—
(A) the use of telephone facsimile machines or other electronic devices to send unsolicited advertisements....
Defendant asserts that the TCPA preempts N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 396-aa because the New York State statute cannot apply to the regulation of interstate fax transmissions. 8 (Def. Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 8.) Plaintiffs contend that the state statute applies to both interstate and intrastate faxes. Therefore, this Court must decide whether plaintiffs’ claims based on interstate faxes are permissible under N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 396-aa. 9
While “Congress authorized the states to adopt legislation containing
‘more restrictive intrastate
requirements or regulations,’ ... nothing in the TCPA purports to authorize the states to adopt
less restrictive
regulations governing
interstate
While plaintiffs correctly observe that § 396-aa does not expressly preclude its applicability to interstate faxes, (Pls. Mem. Opp. Mot. Dismiss at 19-20), this Court is persuaded to follow Judge Glasser’s opinion in
Gottlieb,
which held that § 396-aa applies only to intrastate communications “in view of Congress’s intent that the TCPA extend the reach of state laws by regulating interstate communications.”
Gottlieb,
C. Attorney’s Fees
Defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claim for attorney’s fees is also granted. Defendant rightly notes that absent explicit congressional authorization, attorney’s fees are generally not recoverable.
See, e.g., Key Tronic Corp. v. United States,
CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ motion to remand is denied and defendant’s motion to dismiss certain of plaintiffs’ claims is granted, thereby dismissing plaintiffs’ claims for: (1) Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) violations of 47 C.F.R. § 68.318(d), set forth in the Complaint at paragraph 38(2)-(4); (2) N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 396-aa violations, set forth in the Complaint at paragraphs 36, 42-44 and 50-52; and (3) attor
SO ORDERED.
Notes
. This comprised 279 violations against Klein and 379 violations against Atlas. (V.Complt. ¶¶ 38, 46.)
. This Court calculated defendant sent 165 faxes; however, paragraph 6 of the Affidavit of Aytan Y. Beilin in support of plaintiffs' motion to remand indicates defendant sent 166 faxes.
.
See Adler v. Vision Lab Telecomms., Inc.,
No. CIV.A.05-0003,
. Nor is plaintiffs’ argument that § 68.318(d) falls under § 227(b) because the F.C.C. had authority to make regulations and cited § 227 in its entirety as authority for so making this regulation a convincing one. (Pis. Mem. Opp. Mot. Dismiss at 6-8.) Defendant does not challenge the F.C.C.'s authority to make this, or any, regulation in furtherance of the TCPA. Rather, defendant challenges the ability of plaintiffs to bring a private right of action under the regulations.
.Equally as curious is why plaintiffs also have not alleged a violation of the last sentence of § 68.318(d) for failure of a fax machine manufactured after December 20, 1992, to supply identifying information on each transmittal page. Plaintiffs' reasoning appears to lead to the conclusion that plaintiffs are entitled to the statutory remedy of $500 for each page on which a post-1992 fax machine failed to print the required information, since this requirement would also aid identification of the sender.
. Under 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(b)(3), the F.C.C. can impose penalties of $11,000 for regulation violations, compared to the $500 plaintiffs assert that they can claim.
. Dismissal of the § 68.318(d) claims reduces
. Neither plaintiffs' Complaint nor their briefing papers allege that defendant sent any intrastate faxes.
. The text of N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 396-aa reads:
1. It shall be unlawful for a person, corporation, partnership or association to initiate the unsolicited transmission of telefacsimile messages promoting goods or services for purchase by the recipient of such messages. For purposes of this section, ''telefacsimile” shall mean every process in which electronic signals are transmitted by telephone lines for conversion into written text. This section shall not apply to telefacsimile messages sent to a recipient with, whom the initiator has had a prior contractual or business relationship nor shall it apply to transmissions not exceeding five pages received between the hours of 9:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M. local time. Notwithstanding the above, it shall be unlawful to initiate any telefacsimile message to a recipient who has previously sent a written or telefacsimile message to the initiator clearly indicating that the recipient does not want to receive telefacsimile messages from the initiator. 2. Any person who has received a telefacsimile transmission in violation of this section may bring an action in his own name to recover his actual damages or one hundred dollars, whichever is greater.