1992 Conn. Super. Ct. 249 | Conn. Super. Ct. | 1992
On December 20, 1988, the plaintiff, Lyle M. Kizina, was driving on I-84. His automobile was involved in an accident with cars driven by defendants Lynn K. Minier and Roger Martineau. CT Page 250
The plaintiffs filed this complaint on October 22, 1990. Plaintiff Lyle Kizina claims damages for his injuries. His spouse seeks damages for loss of consortium due to her husband's injuries. Counts 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, and 20 of the complaint involve claims for damages for loss of consortium suffered by Lyle Kizina's children, Jason and Rebecca, as a result of their father's injuries.
The defendants have filed motions to strike the counts involving the loss of consortium suffered by Jason and Rebecca. Defendants argue that damages for loss of consortium are not properly recoverable by the children of an injured party in Connecticut.
On April 10, 1991, the plaintiffs filed a memorandum in opposition to the defendants' motions to strike. The plaintiffs argue that the time has come for the Connecticut courts to recognize the right and cause of action of a minor child for loss of parental consortium resulting from injuries sustained by the child's parent.
It will be helpful to briefly state the history of the development of the modern day cause of action of loss of consortium. Its origin was based in the property right a master was seen to have in his servant. When the servant was injured by a tort, the master could recover for the loss of the services of the servant. By 1619, this concept was applied to the marital relationship. The husband was entitled to recover for the loss of services of his tortiously injured wife, who, like the servant, owed her husband "services". No similar cause of action was recognized in favor of the wife. Like the servant, she was in a subordinate position and was owed no analogous services by her husband. W. Page Keeton et al, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts, 931, (5th ed. 1984) [hereinafter Prosser]. CT Page 251
The notion of what constituted the services that the husband was owed was the first aspect of the consortium claim to evolve. Originally, the labor of the wife on behalf of the husband was the service that was owed. Eventually the concept was expanded to encompass sexual attention, society, and affection. Id.
The conflict between the inferior status imposed on women by the common law, and changing social norms, prompted the enactment in this country of Married Women's Acts. Married women were given the right to sue and be sued in their own right. Courts were then confronted with the question of what affect these laws, and the attendant changes in societal norms, had on the loss of consortium cause of action. The majority of courts extended women some measure of loss of consortium rights where their husbands were injured by intentional torts. Hopson v. St. Mary's Hospital,
Connecticut followed the minority approach. In Marri v. Stamford Street R. Co.,
The most significant modern development in the loss of consortium claim came in 1951. In Hitaffer v. Argonne Co.,
Analogous to the cause of action based on loss of spousal consortium, and with a similar history, is the claim for loss of consortium based on the parent/child relationship. The father was deemed to have a possessory interest in the services of his child, as he had in the services of his wife or his servant. Thus he was entitled to recover the pecuniary value of these services if the child was tortiously injured. Theama by Bichler v. City of Kenosha,
The recognition of a child's cause of action for loss of consortium of a tortiously injured parent is a very modern development. The failure of the courts to recognize such a cause of action was subject to learned criticism as early as 1916. Pound, Individual Interests in the Domestic Relations, 14 Mich. L. Rev. 177-185 (1916). Nonetheless, it was not until 1980 that Massachusetts, in Ferriter v. Daniel O'Connell's Sons,
This court has analyzed the precedents and determined that the reasoning of the courts recognizing the child's cause of action is persuasive. These decisions have generally focused on analyzing, and refuting, the arguments advanced against such recognition. This court will adhere to that approach in the following discussion.
It has been argued that the recognition of a child's cause of action for loss of parental consortium is more properly a matter for legislative rather than judicial action. This argument ignores two key historical facts. First, it has always been the duty of the courts to adapt the common law to fit present circumstances. See, e.g., Theama, supra, at 518, 519. Second, the cause of action of loss of consortium was created and refined by the courts. The rules denying a child's recovery for loss of parental consortium were court made rules. Thus it is appropriate for the courts to abandon the rules when they no longer fit modern conditions. Id.
Opponents of recognition maintain that it will result in increased insurance costs and thus burden society as a whole. A related argument is that recognition will multiply litigation. To these arguments, it must be stated that insurance practices must adapt themselves to the law, and not the law to insurance practices. See, e.g. Norwest v. Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital,
Those whose oppose recognition have argued that such claims are so subjective that juries could not be expected to evaluate CT Page 253 them in a consistent and/or principled way. They also advance the related argument that, as a practical matter, juries presently include the value of the child's loss of consortium in the recovery they allow the injured parent. But courts and juries face, and, we are confident, surmount, such problems every day. The losses a child suffers as a result of a parent's injuries are no more ephemeral or indeterminate than claims for "pain and suffering" or "emotional distress", or indeed for loss of spousal consortium. This problem as well the possibility that both child and injured parent will recover the value of the child's loss of consortium, can be overcome by the requirement that the elements of damages be specifically and explicitly articulated and argued, coupled with the courts properly instructing the jury. Berger v. Weber,
A final argument advanced against recognition of a child's claim for loss of consortium is that the love, companionship, and guidance of the injured parent are irreplaceable. Awarding children money for such losses will not replace what has been lost, but will only result in the child being "unusually wealthy". Borer v. American Airlines,
The history of the loss of consortium claim articulated above demonstrates that it has, albeit in uneven advances, tracked changing economic conditions and the attendant changes in societal attitudes about the nature of the relationships implicated. The law involving the parent child relationship, and the state's interest therein, has changed greatly since the child was viewed as merely another servant in the household of the paterfamilias.
The Connecticut Supreme Court did not hesitate to recognize the loss of consortium claims of spouses when it determined that the reasoning behind its longstanding Marri rule was "no longer persuasive". Hopson, supra at 494. The court `cased its decision in part on the "movement of the law" in favor of recognition of spousal consortium. Id., at 495. The movement of the law is clearly in the direction of recognition of a child's claim for damages for loss of consortium resulting from a parent's injury, and this court's recognition of the cause of action is consistent with the principles articulated in Hopson.
For the foregoing reasons, the defendants' motions to dismiss the Counts 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 19 and 20 are denied. CT Page 254
SANTOS, J.
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