140 Tenn. 582 | Tenn. | 1918
delivered the opinion of the Court.
A number of appeals to this court, at the present term, involve attacks upon the constitutionality of Acts 1917, chapter 12, and the proper construction of •the act if held to be constitutional. Two of these raise questions which make necessary a somewnat comprehensive survey of the act.
I. Contentions common to the causes:
The act, so far as pertinent to the determination of the issues, is as follows:
“An act prohibiting the receipt of intoxicating liquors from a common or other carrier, prohibiting the possession of such liquors hereafter received from a common carrier, or other carrier, and prohibiting the shipment and personal transportation of such liquors into this State, or between points within this State, whether intended for personal use or otherwise.
“Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Tennessee, that it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to receive, directly or indirectly, intoxicating liquors including wine, ale and beer, from a common, or other carrier, in this State, whether intended for personal use,*587 or otherwise, and whether interstate or intrastate shipments or transportation.
“Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that it shall he unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to possess intoxicating liquors, including wine, ale and beer, hereafter received, directly or indirectly, from a common or other carrier in this State, whether intended for personal use or otherwise, and whether interstate or intrastate shipments or transportation.
“Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, that it shall be unlawful for any express company, railroad company, or any corñmon carrier or person to ship or transport into this State or from one place to another within this State, intoxicating liquors, including wine, ale and beer, for any person, firm or corporation, whether in original packages or otherwise and whether intended for personal use or otherwise.
“Sec. 4. Be it further enacted that it shall be unlawful for any person to personally transport into this State or from one point to another within this State, even when intended for personal use, intoxicating liquors, including wine, ale and beer, in any quantity whatever.”
Subsequent sections deal with exceptions, such' as legality of deliveries to any priest or minister of wine for sacramental purposes, etc.
(a) Is the act violative of article 2, section 17, of the Constitution of 1870, which provides that no bill shall become a law which embraces more than one subject, that subject to be expressed in the title?
The rule of construction that every intendment is in favor of the constitutionality of a statute, and that every doubt must be solved in its favor, is applicable in the interpretation of titles. Railroad v. Byrne, supra.
What is the import of the words “that subject expressed” in this constitutional provision1? Must the subject be set forth in express words of unity, or is it sufficient if the singleness of the object or subject may be gathered from the language of the title 1
Cooley, in Constitutional Limitations (173), says that the general purpose of the constitutional provision is accomplished when a law has but one general object, which is “fairly indicated” by its title, and our cases have cited this statement with approval.
“Whatever is of sufficient import to direct the mind to the subjects of proposed legislation meets
“Subject” is not synonymous with “provision” and, where different provisions of the title and statute refer directly to the single subject and have a connection with and are not foreign to that subject and are not unrelated to one another, there is no violation of the constitutional provision. Plurality of the title is not an objection when the several plural provisions deal with, and by necessary construction are but, constituent parts of one subject. That construction may be resorted to to determine the singleness of the object or subject is demonstrable from our decisions.
In State v. Brown, 103 Tenn., 449, 53 S. W., 727, it appeared that the title and the act under test purported to raise the age of consent to twelve years, and to prescribe punishment in the penitentiary for persons having carnal knowledge of females over twelve and under sixteen years of age; and the court held, on construction:
“In reality, the subject is single, and the two purposes indicated relate to different parts of that one subject, which is the prevention and punishment of carnal connection with young females. This subject, though not formulated in the language we have employed, is clearly expressed in the title when reduced to its shortest meaning and read in connection with the law amended, and such a title, though sufficiently broad in its scope to include two or more different*590 grades or classes of crimes, is nevertheless single, and expresses but one subject. . . . Nor does it militate against the validity of the statute to say that it treats different offenses and prescribes different punishments for them. ’ ’
For- other cases illustrating the rule, see State ex rel. Morrell v. Fickle, 3 Lea (71 Tenn.), 79; State v. McMinnville, 106 Tenn., 384, 61 S. W., 785; Samuelson v. State, 116 Tenn., 470, 95 S. W., 1012, 115. Am. St. Rep., 805; State v. Cumberland Club, 136 Tenn., 84, 94, 188 S. W., 583.
In Montclair v. Ramsdell, 107 U. S., 147, 2 Sup. Ct., 391, 27 L. Ed., 431, it was said:
“It is not intended to prohibit the uniting in one bill of any number of provisions having one general object fairly indicated by its title. The unity of the object must be sought in the end which the legislative act proposes to accomplish.”
The unity of the subject is to be looked for in the ultimate object of the statute; if cannot with reason be held that each step towards the accomplishment of an end or object should be embodied in a separate act, and so long as the steps are of the same general nature and legitimately parts of one system, end, or object, the act is constitutional. School Dist. v. Hall, 113 U. S., 135, 5 Sup. Ct., 371, 28 L. Ed., 955.
Coming to a consideration of the act before us: We think it manifest that the statute was passed in the light of the decision of the supreme court of the United States in the ease of James Clark Dis
We are of opinion, therefore, that the real object and subject of the act in question may, by construction, be stated to be: An act to make more effective the prohibition laws of this State. The several steps or provisions of the act relate directly to that subject, and have relation one to the other as parts of a system of regulation of the movement, delivery, and possession of intoxicating liquors.* The act is therefore not to be denounced as unconstitu-' tional on the ground above stated.
(b) The supreme court of the United States, in the Clark Distilling Co. Case, distinctly held that a State may, consistently with the due process clause of the National Constitution, Amendment 14, forbid
“It must now he regarded as settled that, on account of their well-known noxious qualities and the extraordinary evils shown by experience commonly to he consequent upon their use, a State has power absolutely to prohibit manufacture, gift, purchase, .sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within its borders without violating the guaranty of the Fourteenth Amendment. (Citing eases.)
“As the State has the power above indicated to prohibit, it may adopt such measures as are reasonably appropriate or needful to render exercise of that power effective. (Citing cases.) And, considering the notorious difficulties always attendant upon efforts to suppress traffic in liquors, we are unable to say that the challenged inhibition of their possession was arbitrary and unreasonable or without proper relation to the legitimate legislative purpose.”
We hold that, for the same reasons, article 1, section 8, of our Constitution, is not violated by the provisions of section 4 of the Act of 1917 touching transportation by a person of intoxicating liquors intended for his own use. Such person is not thereby disseised of
(e) As to the construction of the act under review:
It is urged that personal transportation into this State, or between points within this State, denounced in the fourth section of the act, must he confined to intoxicating liquors which have been received from a common or other carrier, because, it is said, the word “such” in the third clause of the title refers, not to liquors, but to “liquors which have been received from a carrier.” We think it manifest that the reference of the-word “such” throughout the entire title is to the single word “liquors.” Instead of repeating the first adjective “intoxicating,” the word “such” is used. This is the plain grammatical construction; but, if the contrary were true, it would be our duty to disregard the rules of grammar, if there be room for more than one interpretation, in order to harmonize the'title with all the provisions of the act and uphold the legislative intent demonstrated in the body of the act. Palmer v. Express Co., 129 Tenn., 116, 158, 165 S. W., 236.
The proposition is advanced that the phrases “from one place to another” and “from one point to another,” appearing in the act, do not include a carrying from one point (depot) to another (fair grounds) in a given town; the argument being that a strict contrary construction would lead to the absurdity of punishing one for a movement of liquors by a person within the limits of his own premises or in
In Com. v. Waters, 77 Mass. (11 Gray), 81, 84, it was held in respect of a similar statutory provision in that State:
“ ‘Prom place to place,’ as used in Statutes 1855, chapter 215, section 20, prohibiting the transportation of spirituous liquors from place to place in the State, does not mean only from towns or counties, or such other territorial divisions or districts as have been or may be established by a law or by authority of the commonwealth. It is not every possible removal of spirituous liquors which comes within the statute. If the removal were only on the premises of the owher, or from one to another of his warehouses, or from one to another part of his shop, it would not be from place to place within the meaning of the statute; but the transportation from one place, whether it be a shop,' warehouse, railroad depot, or building used for any purpose whatever, of which the owner has no possession and in which he has no interest, to. a store of his own in which he transacts his usual business, is a thing altogether different in itself, and is a transportation from place to place.”
It is next contended that the phrase “common or other carrier,” in the first and second sections of the act, means a carrier for hire; and that the idea of liability of one who carries not for hire is excluded. The argument would assign a technical meaning to the word “carrier,” confining it to common or public carriers, and to private carriers for hire.
It may be that in the law of bailments there are but two kinds of carriers, common and private, each being a carrier for hire; but the legislature was not concerned with, the regulation of any phase of the law of bailments, but with the further suppression of the liquor traffic. It did not intend to prevent movements of liquors by “carriers for hire” only. Hendry v. State (Ga.), 93 S. E., 413. If so, that expression would have more clearly conveyed the idea, and, too, in fewer words. Knowing the evil practices of the bootlegger in the distribution' of intoxicating liquors and his ingenuity and resourcefulness, it was not the purpose of the legislature in passing the act to leave him free to ply his trade, or to put the prosecution to the burden of showing, in a given case, that he was technically a private carrier or carried for profit or hire. This construction the better harmonizes with the other sections, as the assistant attorney-general points out in his brief, in this:
(1) If the phrase “other carrier” means carrier for hire, then a receiving of intoxicating liquors trans
(2) In subsection 1 of section 5 it is provided it shall be lawful for any common, “or other carrier,” to transport wines for sacramental purposes to any priest or minister. May not a sexton of a church or communicant, as such “other carrier” convey, either for or without hire wine to the priest or minister and not be guiltless of an offense? Clearly he may.
We think that without doubt the West Virginia act-, so upheld by the supreme court of the United States, as well as that decision, was before the draftsman of the act here under consideration. That act prohibited carrying by a person “for hire or without hire,” and we are persuaded that it was not the intent of our legislature to make the act of 1917 less drastic in1 that respect.
II. Questions peculiar to the respective.causes, on appeal:
Kizer v. State.
Kizer was indicted for unlawfully transporting intoxicating liquor from one point to another in Car
The essential facts upon which the conviction is based appear in the agreed statements of facts as follows: That, the defendant purchased a pint of whisky from an unknown party near the depot in the town of Huntingdon, at the time alleged in the indictment,' and that, after hawing bought the liquor, the defendant went to the fair grounds of the colored people, about a mile from the place where he bought the whisky, carrying the whisky with him.
The act of carrying the whisky from one point to another is made unlawful, as the State insists, by the provisions of section 4, Acts of 1917, above quoted.
The contention of plaintiff in error on this appeal is that the act is directed at the suppression of transportation of such liquors as are intended for sale, and that transportation for the personal use of the transporter is not denounced.
The argument runs counter to the plain language of section 4, which makes it unlawful for any one to personally transport from one point to another within this State, even when intended for personal use. It cannot be maintained that the personal use thus specified is that of another person than the carrier. The word “personal” in the phrase “personal use” refers to the individual carrying the whisky recited in the preceding phrase “personally transport.” The same word twice used in the same act will, nothing else
Further, the legislative intent in passing the act was to prevent drunkenness which is produced by the personal use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage, with the view to protecting society from crime and pauperism, and thé financial burdens incident thereto. These ends are sought to be compassed, not by declaring the personal use of such liquors illegal, but by inhibiting movements thereof, the tendency of which is to make easy that use.
In Bird v. State, 131 Tenn., 518, 175 S. W., 554, Ann. Cas., 1917A, 634, the Acts of 1913 (2d Ex. Session), chapters 1 and 3, in relation to transportation of intoxicating liquors, were under consideration. It was held that these statutes had no application to personal transportation for one’s own use, since delivery to another was expressed in the one and implied in the other. The act under review' was intended to be an advanced step, and, its language being unambiguous, it is our duty to enforce the statute as it is written.
Chief Justice White, in construing the West Virginia act in this regard, .in the Clark Distilling Co. Case, supra, said that the statute as amended “leaves no room for doubt that it does forbid all shipments, whether for personal use or otherwise, and whether from within or without the State:” and at another
Hall v. State.
The presentment in this case, omitting formal parts, is as follows:
“Arthur Hall . . . did transport into the State of Tennessee, and from some point in said State unknown to the grand jurors aforesaid, to or near Mel-rose, in said county, a certain quality of intoxicating liquors, to-wit, 12 quarts of whisky.”
(a) The first contention of plaintiff in error is that two distinct offenses are set forth, but neither adequately. It is obvious from its language that the presentment described but a single continuous transaction or transportation, and it was permissible for the pleader to charge Hall in the same count, con-junctively, with transporting whisky into the State and from one point to another within the State. Thompson’s Shannon’s Code, section 7084; Griffin v. State, 109 Tenn., 17, 22, 70 S. W., 61, and cases there cited; Wharton, Cr. Pl. & Pr. (9 Ed.), sections 243, 251.
(b) It is urged that the presentment is defective in that it fails to specify the place where the transportation began as well as the place to which the whisky was transported. When the place where the transportation began is unknown to the grand jurors, it is allowable for them in the presentment to so state. In State v. Ferriss, 3 Lea (71 Tenn.), 701, it was said that, if a particular fact which is a matter of
(c) Another proposition of plaintiff in error is that the presentment should have been quashed, because, as it is based on section 4 of the act, it omits the word “personally” in describing the transporting. The pleader would have done well to use the statutory phrase “personally transport,” but we are of opinion the presentment was not improperly sustained.
We have held at this term that the státute does not make it an offense for one to procure liquor to be transported by another for himself, so far as the act of transportation is concerned. The idea of personal carriage is conveyed by the words “to transport” when one’s thus acting through another’s agency is excluded. The presentment is sufficient under Thompson’s Shannon’s Code, section 7080, and Acts 1911, chapter 32.
(d) The next assignment of error makes a statement of the facts necessary. These are few, only one witness having testified on the trial. Melrose is a railway station four miles south of Covington. The
The trial judge charged the jury in the following language:
“If you are satisfied from the proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant stepped off of a train with whisky in his possession, he would be guilty.”
The jurors could not have failed to understand that the train described by the State’s witness was the one to be considered by them. As may be seen by what has already been said, this charge was not erroneous; the facts not being in dispute. A carrying from such a train to the depot platform is a “transportation” within the meaning of the statute. Affirmance in each case results.
