175 N.W.2d 551 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1970
KITA
v.
MATUSZAK
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Sobieraj & Michael, for plaintiff.
Riseman, Lemke & Piotrowski, for defendant.
Before: FITZGERALD, P.J., and LEVIN and T.M. BURNS, JJ.
Leave to appeal denied July 21, 1970. 383 Mich. 806.
FITZGERALD, P.J.
Adolf Kita, Consul General of Poland and attorney-in-fact for certain Polish nationals, instituted suit in the Wayne County circuit court together with Richard J. Michael, co-administrator of the estate of John Matuszak, deceased, against Michael Matuszak, alleging that he had caused to be probated by fraud and deceit a false will of his sister, Lucya Remszel, wherein Matuszak was named as the sole legatee. An answer was filed denying the alleged fraud and pleading affirmative *424 defenses of res judicata of the probate court proceedings, laches, lack of capacity, estoppel and failure to assert a cause of action. Matuszak also counterclaimed against Adolf Kita, Jacob L. Sobieraj and Richard J. Michael, for libel based on the fact that these parties had charged him with criminal acts without foundation.
Plaintiff Kita moved to strike the counterclaim on the ground that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction over a foreign consul by virtue of 28 USC 1351. This motion as well as a motion for a rehearing were subsequently denied. The court ruled that plaintiff Kita, by initiating this action in the Wayne County circuit court, voluntarily subjected himself to its jurisdiction. It was further held that the counterclaim filed against the consul general by defendant was proper despite the specific provisions of 28 USC 1351. The plaintiff made application for leave to appeal which was granted.
The question with which we are concerned on this appeal is whether a circuit court of the State of Michigan, in a civil action, has jurisdiction over a duly qualified foreign consul who has been made a cross-defendant as a result of a counterclaim filed by the defendant and cross-plaintiff.
We must determine whether the Federal statute in question is applicable and controlling in a case where an action against a foreign consul is instituted by counterclaim in a state court, arising from an independent action filed by that foreign consul himself in the course of his recognized duties.
The trial court stated that this is a case of first impression in the State of Michigan and admitted a lack of jurisdiction in those cases in which a party chooses to institute action against a foreign consul within our state courts. However, the court chose to distinguish the former situation from the facts in *425 the case at bar where the action was initiated by counterclaim against foreign consul Kita, in a case started by the consul himself. The court thus held the counterclaim proper and found a voluntary submission to its jurisdiction, despite the wording of 28 USC 1351, which states:
"The [Federal] district courts shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the States, of all actions and proceedings against consuls or vice-consuls of foreign states."
To support its holding, the court analogized cases in which foreign governments, sovereign states, and immune officials of foreign nations have become amenable to counterclaim by instituting suits.
The cases of United States v. National City Bank of New York (CA 2, 1936), 83 F2d 236; National City Bank of New York v. Republic of China (1955), 348 U.S. 356 (75 S. Ct. 423, 99 L. Ed. 389), rehearing denied, 349 U.S. 913, (75 S. Ct. 598, 99 L. Ed. 1247); Republic of China v. Pang-Tsu Mou (D DC, 1952), 105 F Supp 411; Republic of China v. American Express Co., Inc. (CA 2, 1952), 195 F2d 230; and Hungarian People's Republic v. Cecil Associates, Inc. (SD NY, 1953), 118 F Supp 954, which served as the basis for the trial court's ruling, are not on point and cannot be considered as authority for obtaining personal jurisdiction over a foreign consul by the courts of our State.
These cases decided and held that jurisdiction to sustain counterclaims exists where actions are instituted by foreign governments, since the doctrine of sovereign immunity had been waived. This conclusion is based on the fact that when a foreign government brings an action, it automatically relinquishes its immunity and is amenable to counterclaims, at least to the extent of any set-off.
*426 The cases of United States v. Shaw (1940), 309 U.S. 495 (60 S. Ct. 659, 84 L. Ed. 888), and Wood v. Henley (1941), 296 Mich. 491, cited by defendant and relied upon by the trial court are again not applicable to the particular problem since they are concerned with a sovereign state relinquishing all immunity by bringing action in a particular jurisdiction. These cases relied upon by defendant as well as the trial court seek to relate or analogize between waiver of diplomatic or sovereign immunity and the case at bar in which a foreign consul instituted an action within the courts of Michigan. In all of the cases cited, there was no such impediment as 28 USC 1351 which provides for exclusive Federal jurisdiction of all actions against foreign consuls.
It is recognized as the practice under the law of nations, and also treaty stipulations for consuls, that, upon the demise of one of their nationals, it is proper to care for the property left by him and to see to it that it reaches the proper parties. Consuls may take appropriate measures for the protection of the property interests of the citizens of the country which they represent. See In re Herman's Estate (1924), 159 Minn 274 (198 N.W. 1001); 4 Am Jur 2d, Ambassadors and Consuls, § 19, p 101. It is clear from the facts of the case at bar that Consul Kita was acting in his official capacity in instituting the original action in the Wayne County circuit court and therefore that court cannot assert jurisdiction as to the counterclaim.
To further distinguish the cases relied upon from the case at bar, we must recognize the fact that foreign consuls do not share the privileged immunity of foreign nations, sovereign states and ambassadors or other public ministers. The case of Arcaya v. Paez (SD NY, 1956), 145 F Supp 464, affirmed (CA 2, 1957), 244 F2d 958, distinguishes the immunities *427 of ambassadors and consuls and explains that ambassadors remain absolutely immune while "a consul is not immune from suit except when the action is based upon acts which he has committed within the scope of his duties." (The question raised by the aforementioned quotation is properly left for determination by the Federal court.)
Such foreign representatives are therefore subject to the laws and regulations of the country to which they are accredited. 4 Am Jur 2d, Ambassadors and Consuls, § 15, p 98. When these representatives have violated the laws of our country or the rights of our citizens, they are subject to civil action within our courts and in turn may use our courts for the same ends and purposes.
It is the holding of this Court that 28 USC 1351 grants exclusive jurisdiction to the Federal courts in all cases affecting foreign consuls and vice-consuls and a state court can in no case claim jurisdiction of civil actions against foreign consuls, with the exception of actions for divorce and alimony. See 4 Am Jur 2d, Ambassadors and Consuls, § 16, p 99. The case of Valarino v. Thompson (1853), 7 NY 576, directly upholds and defines the exclusive Federal jurisdiction over foreign consuls:
"The defendant, therefore, is exempted as a consul from liability to be sued in the state courts. It [the statute] prescribes the tribunal in which a consul in this country is to be called on to answer, and excludes the state courts from jurisdiction. The object of this exclusion was to keep within the control of the Federal government, and subject to the authority of its courts, all cases and controversies which might in any degree affect our foreign relations. The United States government has an interest in maintaining this exclusive jurisdiction, for the purpose of preventing it from being involved in controversies *428 with foreign powers without its consent, and for acts not its own. * * * The exemption of a consul from liability to be sued in a state court, if it can be called a privilege, is not the privilege of the consul, or of his sovereign, but of the United States government; and therefore it cannot be renounced by the consul." (Emphasis supplied.)
See, also, Davis v. Packard (1833), 32 US (7 Pet) 276 (8 L. Ed. 684); Espinal v. Bayer (1963), 41 Misc. 2d 429 (246 NYS2d 107); and Bors v. Preston (1884), 111 U.S. 252 (4 S. Ct. 407, 28 L. Ed. 419).
The defendant, as well as the trial court, seeks to support his position as being based on a waiver of immunity or preferential status and a submission to the jurisdiction by Consul Kita. Such a view receives little support in logical analysis and case law, since the authorities relied upon dealt exclusively with foreign nations, sovereign states and immune governmental representatives who actually did possess a "preferential status".
However, in the case currently being considered on appeal, no such immunity existed and hence it could not be waived by the foreign consul in question. The statutes of the United States have granted exclusive jurisdiction to our Federal courts to hear actions against consuls and vice-consuls. There is no authority which supports the contention that Consul General Kita made himself amenable to the jurisdiction of the circuit court by institution of the original action there and thus subjected himself to defendant's counterclaim. Jurisdiction of the subject matter of a judicial proceeding is an absolute requirement and obviously it either exists or does not exist. Such jurisdiction cannot be conferred by consent, by conduct or by waiver, nor may statutory jurisdiction be conferred by consent. 1 Callaghan's Michigan Pleading & Practice, § 2.14, p 52.
*429 We therefore hold that the Wayne County circuit court erred in its ruling that Consul General Kita voluntarily subjected himself to its jurisdiction and made himself amenable to the counterclaim of defendant. The analogies utilized by the trial court and defendant are neither supported by logical practice nor are they substantiated by the weight of authorities. The Federal statute conferring exclusive jurisdiction on the Federal district courts is applicable to a situation in which the action is asserted by counterclaim as well as where it is asserted in independent action. The fact remains that the jurisdiction conferred by 28 USC 1351 is exclusive of the courts of our sovereign states and so the great weight of authority as stated in Davis v. Packard, supra, is that "the act of Congress is general, extending to all suits against consuls * * *."
The motion to dismiss the counterclaim was improperly denied by the circuit court.
Reversed and remanded. No costs, interpretation of a statute being involved.
All concurred.