892 F. Supp. 2d 534 | S.D.N.Y. | 2012
MEMORANDUM
On June 16, 2012, Special Master Daniel J. Capra issued a Report and Recommendation (the “GT SJ R & R”) recommending that the Court deny the motion for summary judgment of defendant Grant Thornton LLP. After receiving the parties’ written objections, oral arguments, and supplemental briefing on choice of law, the Court considered the entire matter de novo, and, by “bottom-line” Order dated July 27, 2012, denied defendant’s motion for summary judgment. This Memorandum sets forth the Court’s reasons for that ruling.
To start, the Court finds itself in agreement with Special Master Capra’s excellent Report and Recommendation in all material respects and hereby adopts it in full as if incorporated herein. Because, however, Grant Thornton, in objecting to the Report and Recommendation, raised the issue of choice of law, which was not presented to the Special Master, the Court writes separately to address that issue.
The Trustee brings this aiding and abetting fraud action against Grant Thornton as the assignee of the claims of customers of Refco Capital Markets (“RCM”) who deposited funds in foreign exchange accounts at RCM, known in these multidistrict proceedings as the “FX Customers.” RCM held itself out as an offshore brokerage firm, incorporated and registered in Bermuda, which was not subject to U.S. federal or state securities laws and regulations. See Declaration of Catherine Joyce dated July 20, 2012 (“Joyce Deck”) Ex. F (certificate of incorporation); id. Ex. G (FX Customer agreement); Capital Management Select Fund Ltd. v. Bennett, 680 F.3d 214, 220, 231 (2d Cir.2012). The FX Customers are scattered to the four winds — but none is domiciled in New York. See Joyce Deck Ex. B (list of FX Customer addresses).
Because Grant Thornton is here sued as aiding and abetting fraud, the Trustee must first show the existence of a primary violation by RCM, i.e., a fraud committed by RCM on the FX Customers. See Kirschner v. Bennett, 648 F.Supp.2d 525, 533 & n. 11 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (citing JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Winnick, 406 F.Supp.2d 247, 252 (S.D.N.Y.2005)). Relevant to that primary violation, the Second Circuit has recently opined on the relationship between RCM and its customers in the context of securities customers who brought claims alleging that RCM committed securities fraud by breaching their brokerage agreements through rehypothecating
This Court agrees with the Special Master that the determination in Capital Management that RCM gave clear notice that it was not bound by U.S. broker-dealer laws and regulations regarding rehypothecation does not preclude the FX Customers from asserting New York common law fraud claims for inducing the FX Customers’ deposits in the first place. See GT SJ R & R at 4-6. But that does not address the first-order question: does New York tort law even apply to the FX Customers’ claims?
At oral argument held before the Court on July 13, 2012, Grant Thornton argued that that RCM — a Bermuda entity dealing with far-flung FX Customers around the world, who expressed no indication that they knew they were dealing with a New York brokerage — should not be subject to a New York common law duty to disclose its “hopeless insolvency.” Transcript of Oral Argument dated July 13, 2012 (“Tr.”) at 17-25. Neither party at oral argument, however, knew whether Bermuda law imposed a similar duty to disclose. Accordingly, the Court ordered supplemental briefing on (1) whether Bermuda imposed a similar duty to disclose, thereby obviating any conflict; and (2) if not, whether the Court should apply New York law or Bermuda Taw to the FX Customers’ claims. See Order dated July 16, 2012. Having reviewed the parties’ supplemental briefing, the Court answers the questions posed thusly: (1) Bermuda law does not impose a duty to disclose hopeless insolvency or the like. (2) Nonetheless, under choice of law principles, New York is the locus of the fraud alleged and New York law applies to the primary violation allegedly committed by RCM.
A federal court sitting in diversity applies the choice of law rules of the forum state, here, New York. See Thomas H. Lee Equity Fund V, L.P. v. Mayer Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP, 612 F.Supp.2d 267, 283 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (citing Klaxon v. Stentor Elec. Mfg., 313 U.S. 487, 496-97, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941)). Under New York choice of law rules, the Court must first determine whether there is any actual conflict between New York and Bermuda law. See Curley v. AMR Corp., 153 F.3d 5, 12 (2d Cir.1998).
Here, the procedural history of this case has left the FX Customers with one primary violation allegedly committed by RCM: that RCM failed to disclose it was “hopelessly insolvent” before accepting the FX Customers’ deposits, in violation of a New York common law duty to disclose. See GT SJ R & R at 6-12 (citing Craigie v. Hadley, 99 N.Y. 131, 1 N.E. 537 (1885); St. Louis & S.F. Ry. Co. v. Johnston, 133 U.S. 566, 10 S.Ct. 390, 33 L.Ed. 683 (1890)). Based on the parties’ submissions to the Court, however, it appears that Bermuda does not recognize the duty to disclose hopeless insolvency or the like.
The Trustee puts forth two Bermuda law principles as analogous to the New York duty to disclose hopeless insolvency: implied agency and affirmative misrepresentation. See Plaintiffs Supplemental Memorandum of Law on Choice of Law dated July 20, 2012 (“PI. Supp. Br.”) at 5-6. As Grant Thornton correctly argues, however, both of these theories have already been rejected as creating liability in this case even as a matter of New York law, see PAT R & R at 15-16; Kirschner, 648 F.Supp.2d at 535-37, and neither gets
In particular, Szur imposes a duty on a broker to affirmatively disclose certain significant information, whereas Bermuda courts have generally refused to expand the obligations of a broker to his customers beyond contractual obligations. Chudleigh Deck ¶ 4; White v. Conyers Dill & Pearman, Civil Appeal No. 31 of 1993 at 5 (Court of Appeal for Bermuda), cited with approval in Phoenix Global Fund Ltd & Anor v. Citi Group Fund Servs. (Bermuda) Ltd & Anor (Civil Jurisdiction 2006: No. 20) at 263 (Supreme Court of Bermuda). Accordingly, in the absence of a case on point showing that Bermuda recognizes a duty to disclose hopeless insolvency or the like, the Court concludes that Bermuda law and New York law differ on this issue. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 44.1.
Having identified a conflict between Bermuda and New York law, the Court must now decide which law applies to the claims brought by the Trustee on behalf of the FX Customers. In a tort law case, New York uses an “interests analysis” to determine which law governs, applying the “law of the jurisdiction with the most significant interest in, or relationship to, the dispute.” White Plains Coat & Apron Co., Inc. v. Cintas Corp., 460 F.3d 281, 284 (2d Cir.2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Padula v. Lilarn Props. Corp., 84 N.Y.2d 519, 521, 620 N.Y.S.2d 310, 644 N.E.2d 1001 (1994). In weighing the interests in a tort case, New York distinguishes between “conduct regulating” and “loss allocating” rules. Lee v. Bankers Trust Co., 166 F.3d 540, 543 (2d Cir.1999). Conduct regulating rules are those “governing conduct to prevent injuries from occurring”; loss allocating rules “are those which prohibit, assign, or limit liability after the tort occurs.” Padula, 84 N.Y.2d at 521, 620 N.Y.S.2d 310, 644 N.E.2d 1001; see also Cooney v. Osgood Mach., 81 N.Y.2d 66, 72, 595 N.Y.S.2d 919, 612 N.E.2d 277 (1993).
Here, the question of whether a broker has a duty to disclose that it is hopelessly insolvent before accepting a customer’s funds is clearly a conduct regulating rule designed to prevent brokers from fraudulently inducing deposits that customers will never get back. Cf. Thomas H. Lee Equity Fund V, 612 F.Supp.2d at 284 (holding that negligent misrepresentation and fraud claims against Mayer Brown for misrepresenting Refco’s financial condition in connection with LBO involved conduct regulating rules). It would, after all, be difficult to allocate loss between the parties when one of the parties is insolvent. When the conflict involves rules that regulate conduct, the site of the tort governs. Padula, 84 N.Y.2d at 521, 620 N.Y.S.2d 310, 644 N.E.2d 1001; accord Sheldon v. PHH Corp., 135 F.3d 848, 853 (2d Cir.1998).
The Court disagrees. Although RCM is the specific Refco entity that the Trustee alleges defrauded the FX Customers, the alleged “hopeless insolvency” that gave rise to the fraud in the first place goes well beyond this offshore brokerage subsidiary, and encompassed Refco as a whole. The Refco umbrella of companies included three primary operating subsidiaries, of which RCM was one. Capital Management, 680 F.3d at 219. RCM was used as a piggy bank to fund the Refco fraud— Refco insiders used client money deposited at RCM to disguise its financial condition, see id. at 223; Kirschner, 648 F.Supp.2d at 528-32 — but the alleged “hopeless insolvency” created by the Refco fraud that gave rise to RCM’s duty to disclose was a result of tortious (and indeed, criminal) conduct carried out in New York. See Thomas H. Lee Equity Fund V, 612 F.Supp.2d at 284 (applying New York law in choice of law dispute because, inter alia, New York “is the jurisdiction where the Refco fraud originated and where substantial activities in furtherance of the fraud ... were committed” and the “overwhelming bulk of events surrounding ... the underlying fraud occurred in New York where Refco was headquartered”).
Moreover, even RCM itself was based in significant part in New York. While RCM operated as a Bermuda company in order to avoid U.S. securities laws and regulations, in 2001, two and a half years before the commission of the deposits at issue here, RCM “repatriated” its operations from Bermuda to the United States and closed its Bermuda office in January 2002. See Kirschner, 648 F.Supp.2d at 530 n. 8; Declaration of Nicholas J. Calamari dated July 20, 2012 (“Calamari Deck”) Ex. 1 (“Dispenza Dep.”) at 35-36; see also Calamari Deck Ex. 5 (“Maggio Dep.”) at 48.
While Grant Thornton argues that the New York mailing address was simply “RCM c/o Refco Securities LLC,” Calamari Deck Exs. 2-3; see also Joyce Deck Ex. E at 9-10 (Trustee describing RCM as “Bermuda-registered company” that was not “regulated” in the United States), this just proves the Court’s point. Refco Secu
Although RCM was organized under the laws of Bermuda and represented itself as a Bermuda corporation, it operated from New York at all relevant times. These operations were under the leadership of, and through a sales force of account officers and brokers employed by, its affiliated corporation, Refco Securities, LLC, (“RSL”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Refco that operated as a U.S.-based broker-dealer registered with the SEC
Capital Management, 680 F.3d at 220.
The contractual choice to avoid U.S. regulations was one the customers made, and the Second Circuit has upheld the Court’s prior ruling that the customers’ choice to invest money in an offshore brokerage firm was one they made knowingly and voluntarily, and one they cannot now complain about as a misrepresentation. Capital Management, 680 F.3d at 230 (“Here, more than simply remaining silent as to whether it was complying with U.S. law, RCM represented that it was not a U.S.regulated company.”). But this is wholly distinct from determining the locus of any claim that is actionable. Here, when Ref-co crossed the line into illegality, Refco insiders siphoned off money from one Ref-co entity to another in a complicated scheme of heroic proportions to disguise Refco’s financial condition. Kirschner, 648 F.Supp.2d at 528-32. The efforts to disguise Refco’s financial condition — and as a consequence, RCM’s financial condition— and the subsequent failure to disclose that alleged hopeless insolvency to the FX customers, were centered in New York.
The difference between Capital Management and this case may thus be described as the difference between the law governing the going-forward relationship between the brokerage customers and RCM, and the position of RCM vis-a-vis customers at the time the customers made the decision to deposit their funds at RCM. At that time, it is undisputed that RCM said nothing to the FX Customers regarding its alleged hopeless insolvency. The question of whether RCM was hopelessly insolvent, giving rise to a duty to disclose, relates entirely to the Refco fraud, which was centered in New York.
Therefore, applying New York choice of law principles to this case, the Court concludes that New York has greater interests in this action than Bermuda, and thus that New York law applies to the Trustee’s claims. Accordingly, the Court, reaffirming its “bottom line” Order of July 27, 2012, hereby denies defendant’s motion for summary judgment. As previously indicated, trial will begin on September 4, 2012, at 9 A.M.
. As a matter of practice, the Court would normally have referred the newly presented issue to the Special Master for reconsideration. See, e.g., Supplemental Order, Krys v. Sugrue, 08 Civ. 3065, D.E. 598 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2012). Since, however, trial in this case is firmly set to begin on September 4, 2012, the Court directed supplemental briefing after oral argument, so as to resolve the issue in advance of trial. See Order dated July 16, 2012.
. Rehypothecation, in the general sense, refers to a broker using or pledging the use of its customer’s margin account securities to obtain financing for its own transactions. Capital Management, 680 F.3d at 220 n. 4.
. Grant Thornton notes that this repatriation involved relocating RCM’s back office operations to New Jersey, Am. Compl. ¶ 264, and its trading operations to Vienna, Joyce Decl. Ex. P at 677-79. But this does not change the fact that after December 2001 RCM had no significant ties to Bermuda, whereas RCM’s principal place of business in 2004 and 2005 was New York. Calamari Decl. Ex. 4 ("Kraker Dep.”) at 21.