129 Mo. App. 524 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1908
Lead Opinion
This is an action brought by a husband to recover damages alleged to have been sustained by him in consequence of personal injuries suffered by his wife as the direct result of the negligence of defendant. Plaintiff had judgment in the sum of $2,000, and the cause is here on the appeal of defendant.
It is alleged in the petition “that by reason of said injuries received by his wife he (plaintiff) has been damaged in these particulars: First, in loss of her services in the past as well as in the future; second, in loss of her society and companionship in the past as well as in the future; third, in the value of the services of plaintiff in nursing and caring for her; fourth, in the expense incurred by plaintiff which he has paid or become liable to pay for medical attendance upon his wife to the amount of three hundred dollars; fifth, in the amount paid by plaintiff or for which he has become liable to pay for medicines and nursing for his wife.”
The only claim of error made by defendant which appears to possess merit relates to the measure of dam
This is reversible error. On the finding by the jury that his wife had been injured by the negligence of defendant, plaintiff Avas entitled, under the allegations of the petition, to recover: First, damages which had resulted and Avhich Avould be reasonably certain to result in the future from the impairment of her ability to perform domestic services for the family; second, damages resulting to plaintiff from the loss of his Avife’s society and companionship in the past as well as in the future; third, the reasonable amount which plaintiff paid or became liable to pay for medical attendance, medicine and nursing, including compensation for the time plaintiff
Plaintiff was not entitled to any compensation for the loss of his wife’s services as a clerk in his store. Under the statutes now in force for the benefit of married women and the interpretation thereof by the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeals to be found in more recent decisions of those tribunals, the right of compensation for the wrongful injury to a married woman’s ability to perform labor beyond that pertaining to the care of the household and family, belongs to the wife and not to the husband. Correlative to the duty of the husband to support the family and provide for the education of the children, the wife owes him her service in caring for the household and in ministering to the needs of the family. Such service, which for convenience may be termed “domestic sendee” is a marital right of the husband and for any wrongful injury thereto, he may recover adequate compensation from the wrongdoer. Working as a clerk in a store is not domestic service and is labor the wife may refuse to perform without violating any duty to her husband. She no more is bound to perform that kind of service for him, either with or without compensation, than she is to perform it for a third person for his benefit. The fact that plaintiff’s Avife labored for him in his store without compensation could have no effect on the rights of the parties. When she became a wage-earner, Avithout pay, she gave her husband no right to require her to continue to perform such service. In other words, the donation to him of the fruits of her labor did not deprive her of the right given her by statute to the earnings from her future separate labor. The term “separate labor” as used in the statute should not be construed to refer only to service performed by the Avife for a stranger, but to mean labor other than domestic service and for which she would be entitled to demand and receive compensation. These considerations
It follows that the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded. Broaddus, P. J., concurs. Ellison, J., files dissenting opinion. He deems our decision to be contrary to opinion of Supreme Court in Plummer v. Trost, 81 Mo. 425. The case will, therefore, be certified to that court.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion.
I am compelled to differ from my colleagues. I think the foregoing opinion, though following Nelson v. Railroad, 113 Mo. App. 659, is a misconstruction of the Married Woman’s gtatute. Neither this nor the Nelson case is supported by Clow v. Chapman, 125 Mo. 101, Dunifer v. Jecko, 87 Mo. 282. Those cases do not involve a like question. In the case at bar the husband and wife were living together upstairs over a grocery store which he kept and in which she voluntarily assisted from time to time as a clerk. If there could be a valid agreement between them that she should be paid by the husband, there was none, ghe voluntarily did the work in assistance to the husband in earning a living for the family.
The statute enacted in aid and relief of married women is not a statute of divorcement. The husband
I cannot find anything' from the Supreme Court which, in any way, qualifies the foregoing cases. But in addition to their binding authority I believe them to be founded in good reason and fully supported by the cases in other jurisdictions; they have each been cited in several of these. In Standen v. Railroad, 214 Pa. 189, the action was to recover damages for injuries to the wife. The husband’s business was that of a florist. He testified that “she would do her own household duties, do her own washing and ironing, and while I was not working she would attend to the greenhouse;
In Hamill v. Henry, 69 Iowa 752, the wife lived with the husband and sold milk and butter and kept boarders in conducting the family affairs; the proceeds were held to be the husband’s. In McOlintic v. McClintie, 111 Iowa 615, the husband and wife were living together and the husband’s brother boarded with them, the wife doing his cooking, washing and mending; the earnings were the husband’s. To the same effect is Lyle v. Gray, 47 Iowa 153. In Reynolds v. Reynolds, 64 N. Y. 589, the husband took boarders into the house who were sick, the wife cooked for them, and waited upon them; the earnings were held to be her husband’s.
The case of Birkbeck v. Aekroyd, 74 N. Y. 356, is widely referred to; it was cited in Plummer v. Trost, supra. It is there said that notwithstanding the statute the wife “may still regard her interests and those of her husband as identical and allow him to claim and appropriate the fruits of her labor. The bare fact that she performs labor for third persons, for which compensation is due, does not necessarily establish that she performed it upon her separate account. . . . The true construction of the statute is that she may elect to labor on her own account and thereby entitle herself to her earnings; but in the absence of such an election, or of circumstances showing that she intended to avail herself of the privilege and protection conferred by the statute, the husband’s common law right to her earnings remains unaffected.” That case is approved in a number of others in that State, among others in Coleman v. Burr, 93 N. Y. 17; Blaechinska v. Howard Mission, 130 N. Y. 497. Nor is it in any way modified by
In Hazelbaker v. Goodfellow, 64 Ill. 238, it is said that where the wife performed labor for the husband, or bestowed labor in his business, or in acquiring the products of his business, it is not her separate labor. But when the labor is for a third person with the assent of the husband that it shall be separate, the earnings would be hers. And that abandonment necessarily shows an election and consent. In Railway v. Twiname, 121 Ind. 375, the wife, as in Blair v. Railroad, 89 Mo. 334, assisted in the millinery business owned by her husband. She was superintendent. It was held that the husband was entitled to recover the value of her services. In Georgia Banking Co. v. Tice, 124 Georgia 459, it was held that the wife’s services as a clerk in her husband’s store were not her separate labor. And that unless changed by his consent and her election, her services were his as at common law, citing among other cases, Blair v. Railroad, supra. In Monahan v. Monahan, 77 Vt. 133, it is said that “the fact that the wife assisted the husband in his business and in caring for the money which was the product of their joint labor did not make it her property, in the absence of an agreement that it should be hers.”
From the foregoing I draw the following conclusions : First, that the wife’s service in her husband’s business, whether as a clerk in his store, or cook in his boarding house, or assistant in his laundry or on his farm, or the like, is not her separate labor, in the absence of an understanding between them to that effect;
Second. Neither is her service for third persons in an effort to aid the husband in support of the family, her separate labor. It is rather that commendable effort to help in the struggle which a large mass of the people, in city and country, have to undergo to provide a living for themselves and to clothe and educate their children.
Third. Where she works for third persons there must be an election, that is to say, an intention on her part that it is work for herself, — an election or intention that her work shall be her separate labor.
Fourth. Election and non-election may each be shown by circumstances. Thus abandonment by the husband, or being separated, as in Smith v. Railroad, 119 Mo. 246, 252, would be sufficient to show her election to exercise her right to her earnings; and so might other circumstances. On the other hand, if her work for such third persons is joint effort to provide for the family, it would be incompatible with the idea of “separate” labor.
Questions have been suggested as likely to arise, such as whether the statute gives the wife, who is maintaining marital relations with her husband, the right, without his consent, to engage in business or labor on her separate account, except as bestowed upon her separate estate? And whether the wife, without her husband’s consent, could engage in business or labor, on her separate account (not in relation to her separate estate) to such an extent as to involve an abandonment of her household duties to him and their children? I have not been referred to a case where such questions were decided. In some jurisdictions, as Georgia, it seems to be implied that the husband must consent as well as the wife elect; while in others, as New York (possibly influenced by a late statute), it seems implied that
But a suggestion does arise which should receive consideration. It may be said to relate to the substance of the husband’s claim of loss by an injury to the wife’s earning capacity beyond her household duties. It is said that the wife has a right, at any time, to cease letting her husband take her earnings and to elect to take them herself as proceeds of her “separate labor,” and therefore the husband’s loss cannot be ascertained and is unsubstantial. I think there is no merit in such claim. If it is the husband’s good fortune to have a wife who is able, willing and actually does help in the support of the family, it is a material pecuniary loss to be deprived of such service. The fact that she had a right to cease such service does not cut him off on the ground of uncertainty. A parent’s pecuniary loss in the death or disabling of his minor son is uncertain. If he had not been killed or injured he may have died soon after the date of his injury, or he may have proven to be an undutiful son and refused to perform any service, or, worse still, he may have turned out to be an expense or care, yet, the parent may have damages. “What may or may not be done by any one in the future depends upon so many contingencies that prospective loss of earnings cannot be susceptible of direct and conclusive proof even in case of adults. Nevertheless such damages are uniformly allowed.” [Wise v. Transit Co., 198 Mo. 546, 560;
In speaking of loss of service which the wife was not in duty hound to perform, hut which she voluntarily did perform, the Supreme Court of Georgia said, in Georgia Banking Co. v. Tice, supra: “But it is said that in such a case the wife is under no legal obligation to use her talent for the benefit of her husband. Let this be granted. At the time of the injury she was using it, and it was lawful for her to do so, and it does not lie in the mouth of a wrongdoer to say that a wife actually engaged in a business or avocation which results in earnings to the husband may at some time in the future decline to further engage in such occupation. We do not think that merely because a wife can earn money for her husband by engaging in business he would be entitled to recover from a wrongdoer, but, when at the time of the injury she is actually engaged in a business or calling or avocation which results in earnings for the husband, and there is nothing to indicate that there'was any agreement between the husband and wife that this should terminate at any time in the future, we think that as against a wrongdoer the inference is to be indulged that the wife will continue the work for the benefit of her husband during the period of her life in'which she is able to' perform the services.” The same view was taken by the Supreme Court of Indiana in Citizens Street Ry. Co. v. Twiname, supra, wherein it was said that the husband was entitled to recover for the service .which “the wife was accustomed to perform.”
For the foregoing reasons I am constrained to dissent from the majority opinion.