OPINION
{1} Plaintiffs filed suit against Defendants for fraud, constructive fraud, and conversion based on Defendants’ failure to tell them that Defendant Jusbasche had pled nolo contendere to a charge of theft of trade secrets nineteen years earlier. The district court dismissed the complaint on the ground that Rule 11-410(A)(2) NMRA prohibited admission of evidence of the plea and related judgment. We hold that the rule does not prohibit admission of the plea of nolo contendere and related judgment when they are not offered as proof of guilt. Consequently, we reverse that portion of the district court’s order. We affirm the district court’s ruling that there are questions of fact pertaining to whether Defendants had a duty to disclose information about the plea that preclude summary judgment on that issue.
BACKGROUND
{2} William and Marci Kipnis (Plaintiffs) owned a hotel in Taos Ski Valley. Together with Michael Jusbasche and Rebecca MarkJusbasche (Defendants) they formed a limited liability corporation with the goal of replacing the hotel with condominiums. Plaintiffs contributed the hotel’s real estate and a liquor license to the corporation and Defendants contributed cash in excess of $4 million over several years, the bulk of which was considered a loan to the corporation. Defendants held a 51% interest in the corporation. In 2003 work began on a condominium complex to include thirty residential units and two commercial units. Twenty-four of the thirty residential units were sold during construction. However, the project was plagued by litigation and regulatory issues and ultimately the costs exceeded the parties’ estimates. By 2005 itbecame apparent that the project was not going to turn a profit. Ultimately, Defendants took title to five unsold residential units and the two commercial units and the corporation was dissolved.
{3} Plaintiffs filed suit alleging fraud, constructive fraud, intentional misrepresentation, and conversion
{4} Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing in relevant part that they had no duty to disclose the plea and judgment and that Rule 11-410(A)(2) barred the admission of evidence of the plea and “the surrounding circumstances of the case.” Rule 11-410(A)(2) provides that “[i]n a civil, criminal, or children’s court case, evidence of [a nolo contendere plea] is not admissible against the defendant who made the plea or participated in the plea discussions[.]” Plaintiffs argued in response that the question of whether Defendants had a duty to disclose the plea should be submitted to a jury and that Rule 11-410(A)(2) applies to prevent admission of evidence of a nolo contendere plea when it is offered as proof of guilt, but does not prohibit admission of such evidence for other reasons unrelated to the pleader’s guilt. Here, Plaintiffs argued they were not trying to prove that Jusbasche was guilty of the charge. Rather, “[t]he fact of the plea, in and of itself, is directly relevant in the instant lawsuit. Accordingly, evidence pertaining to the plea is admissible.”
{5} The district court agreed with Plaintiffs on both arguments and denied Defendants’ motion (Order 1). A trial date was set. However, at a pre-trial conference the district court reconsidered its ruling sua sponte and reversed the portion related to Rule 11-410(A)(2), stating that “[o]n reconsideration, the court determines that Rule 11-410 .. . precludes introduction of evidence concerning . . . Jusbasche’s plea of nolo contendere ... as a matter of law. The court’s ruling leaves Plaintiffs unable to prove a necessary element of their case.” The district court granted summary judgment to Defendants, and the complaint was dismissed (Order 2).
DISCUSSION
A. Rule 11-410
{6} “The standard of review on appeal from summary judgment is de novo.” Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz. v. Sedillo,
{7} As a preliminary matter, we note that, as it pertains to the exclusion of nolo contendere pleas, Rule 11-410(A)(2) is identical to Rule 410(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, with the exception that Rule 11-410 applies in children’s court cases as well as civil and criminal cases. See Fed. R. Evid. 410. When the state and federal evidence rules are identical, we may rely on interpretations of the federal rule as persuasive authority. See State v. Gomez,
{8} In Olsen, Olsen was convicted of murder and served five years in prison.
{9} On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit examined whether “any evidence of [Olsen’s] nolo plea, conviction, or sentence” could be admitted or considered by the district court. Id. at 58. It first held that under Rule 410(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, “[o]nly the nolo plea itself is barred by the relevant language of the rule.” Olsen,
{10} In Adedoyin, the defendant was tried for “improper entry into the United States by an alien, . . . [and] two counts of fraud and misuse of visas, permits],] and other documents].]”
{11} On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit relied on Olsen to affirm on two bases. First, it noted that there was in Rule 410 “a clear distinction between pleas of nolo contendere and convictions entered on the basis of such pleas.” Adedoyin,
{12} We derive two propositions from these cases. One is that the reach of Rule 410 is limited to the nolo contendere plea itself, not to the resultant judgment, conviction, or sentence. The other is that the consequences of a nolo contendere plea may be admitted as evidence when not offered to prove the pleader’s guilt. These propositions are found in other cases and sources as well. See, e.g., Sharif v. Picone,
{13} Other courts reject the dichotomy between pleas and convictions and instead treat nolo pleas and resultant judgments the same under the rule. Nevertheless, they endorse the second proposition from those cases: when the purpose is other than to prove guilt, evidence related to a nolo plea may be admitted. For example, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that
[rjeading [Rule 410] to preclude admission of a nolo contendere plea but to permit admission of conviction based on that plea produces an illogical result. Rule410’s exclusion of a nolo contendere plea would be meaningless if all it took to prove that the defendant committed the crime charged was a certified copy of the inevitable judgment of conviction resulting from the plea. We hold that Rule 410 prohibits the admission of nolo contendere pleas and the convictions resulting from them as proof that the pleader actually committed the underlying crimes charged.
United States v. Nguyen,
{14} The better reasoned approach is that it is not necessary to interpret Rule 11-410(A)(2) to apply only to pleas to conclude that it does not prohibit admission of a nolo plea in this case. Indeed, such a construction is contrary to the intent of the drafters of the federal rule, “who explicitly declared that it was based on ‘the inconclusive and compromise nature of judgments based on nolo pleas.’ ” Glen Weissenberger & James J. Duane, Weissenberger’s Federal Evidence, § 410.3 (7th ed. 2011) (quoting the Advisory Committee Note to Rule 410). “Moreover, this proposed reading reduces the rule to a meaningless nullity,” id., because
by that reasoning Rule 410(a)(2) could be easily and thoroughly circumvented in every case ... by simply telling the jury about the criminal conviction that was entered against the defendant, without disclosing how the conviction was reached or that it was based on the plea. That arrangement would do nothing to fulfill the purposes underlying Rule 410.
Id. Finally, “this . . . argument overlooks the fact that Rule 410(a)(2) does not merely exclude the nolo plea itself, but in fact excludes ‘evidence of... a nolo contendere plea.’ ” Id. (emphasis omitted) (omissions in original).
{15} Although we reject the idea that the rule only prohibits admission of the plea itself, we agree with the cases and the authorities holding that “Rule 410 was obviously intended to provide that pleas of nolo contendere — and convictions on the basis of such pleas — are excluded by that rule only if they are offered to prove that the defendant is guilty of the crime in question.” Weissenberger, supra (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted); see also David P. Leonard, The New Wigmore: A Treatise on Evidence: Selected Rules of Limited Admissibility, § 5.8.3; Barbara E. Bergman, Nancy Hollander & Theresa M. Duncan, 1 Wharton’s Criminal Evidence § 4:44 (15th ed.) (“If a defendant pleads nolo contendere, Fed. R. Evid. 410 prohibits the use of that plea as either an admission or proof of guilt, in a subsequent civil or criminal proceeding, whether arising out of the same facts or not, against the defendant who made the plea.” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and footnote omitted)). Hence, consistent with the weight of authority on this issue, we hold that Rule 11-410(A)(2) does not prohibit admission of a nolo plea or judgment based thereon for purposes other than to prove guilt.
{16} Given thatthis holding permits use of both nolo pleas and resultant judgments, we need not address Defendants’ argument that, even if use of convictions is permissible, here, evidence of the Texas proceedings is inadmissible because there was no adjudication of guilt and no conviction per se.
{17} New Mexico case law does not require a different result. Defendants argue that in State v. Trujillo, the New Mexico Supreme Court held that Rule 11-410 states a broad prohibition without qualification and that our interpretation is contrary to the rule’s plain language as that Court interpreted it. See Trujillo,
the plain import of the language of Rule 410 is to prohibit the admissibility of statements made during plea negotiations in any proceeding. The other exclusionary rules which surround Rule 410 in the Rules of Evidence contain express exceptions to the general rule of inadmissibility. See [Rules 11-]407, 408, 409, 411 [NMRA]. Rule 410 stands out among these rules because it contains no language which limits its exclusionary effect.
Trujillo,
{18} Despite its broad language, Trujillo does not address the situation presented here, and we decline to read into it a blanket prohibition encompassing the present facts. Cf. Weissenberger, supra (stating that “it is universally agreed that this is one of those rare rules that ‘can’t mean what it says,’ for it would lead to absurd results if read too literally, and every court and commentator agrees that there are at least some purposes for which a plea of nolo contendere should be admissible against the one who entered the plea[.]” (footnote omitted)). In addition, the Trujillo Court’s reasoning was based in large part on policies behind nolo pleas.
{19} Finally, our holding is consistent with the rationales behind excluding nolo contendere pleas from evidence. The primary reason for the exclusion is the promotion of plea bargaining. The Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 410 state that “[ejxclusion of offers to plead guilty or nolo has as its purpose the promotion of disposition of criminal cases by compromise. ... As with compromise offers generally, . . . security against having an offer of compromise . . . admitted in evidence effectively encourages it.” The New Mexico Supreme Court explained that “Rule 410 embodies the public interest in encouraging negotiations concerning pleas between the criminal defendant and the [s]tate [and that] candor in plea discussions aids greatly in the reaching of agreements between the defendant and the [s]tate.” Trujillo,
{20} As observed by the Olsen court, however, this purpose may give way to other important interests: “The reach of this policy rationale has limits, of course; the plain language of the rule reflects Congress’s balancing of the promotion of compromise against the admission of relevant evidence.”
{21} The second reason nolo contendere pleas are excluded arises from the fact that a nolo contendere plea is not an admission of guilt. “Rather, it is a statement of unwillingness to contest the government’s charges and an acceptance of the punishment that would be meted out to a guilty person.” Id. at 59. “A plea of nolo contendere is used by the accused in criminal cases to save face and avoid exacting an admission that could be used as an admission in other potential litigation, to avoid trial with its attendant expense and adverse publicity in the event of a conviction.” 21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal Law § 675 (footnote omitted). Thus, a nolo plea is less probative of guilt than a guilty plea. See Sharif,
B. Duty to Disclose
{22} Defendants argue that, even if we determine that the district court erred in its construction of Rule 11-410, they are entitled to summary judgment because they had no duty to disclose the fact that Jusbasche had entered a nolo plea in a criminal case nineteen years earlier. This argument is made pursuant to Rule 12-201(C) NMRA, that permits an appellee to “raise issues on appeal for the purpose of enabling the appellate court to affirm, or raise issues for determination only if the appellate court should reverse, in whole or in part, the judgment or order appealed from.” Plaintiffs argue that whether there was a duty to disclose this information is a question of fact that should be submitted to the jury. We agree with Plaintiffs.
{24} Here, Defendants do not dispute that they had actual knowledge of the plea and that Plaintiffs were ignorant of the facts surrounding it. Instead, they frame the issue as whether they had actual knowledge that such information was important to Plaintiffs. They maintain that they could not have known that Plaintiffs wanted to know about the plea because William Kipnis’s question was too vague. [Id.] In the context of the two-pronged formulation of the test in McElhannon, we understand Defendants’ argument to be that the information was not “basic to the transaction” and that they could not have known that Plaintiffs would have terminated the partnership if they knew of the plea, i.e., “proceeded] in ignorance” of that information.
{23} “New Mexico case law clearly recognizes that a claim for fraud ‘may be predicated on concealment where there is a duty to disclose.’ ” Azar v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
{25} Here, Defendants agreed for the purposes of the motion to dismiss that Plaintiffs asked Defendants if “there was anything in their personal histories [they] should know about before going into a business relationship with them” and that Defendants answered negatively. Thus, these basic facts are undisputed. Where the parties differ is on the effect of the question. Did Defendants understand the question to encompass a nineteen-year-old plea, as Plaintiffs argue, or, was it too vague to require a response that specific? Similarly, the parties differ on whether Defendants knew that, “because of the relationship [with Plaintiffs], the customs of the trade or other objective circumstances, [Plaintiffs] would reasonably expect a disclosure of those facts.” McElhannon,
{26} Defendants spend a substantial portion of their briefing arguing that Plaintiffs effectively “nullified their fraud claims” and negated any duty to disclose by stating that they were not “contending . . . that . . . Jusbasche was guilty of the crime to which he pled nolo contendere.” Defendants interpret Plaintiffs’ statement to mean that they stipulate that Jusbasche in fact was not guilty. Defendants overstate Plaintiffs’ position. Just as a defendant entering a nolo plea does not accept guilt, Plaintiffs’ statement that they are not seeking to prove Jusbasche’s guilt in their fraud action does not equate to an acceptance of his innocence. Furthermore, Plaintiffs are not required to prove, in a fraud action, whether Jusbasche was guilty. The facts are that Jusbasche pled nolo contendere to theft of trade secrets and did not disclose the plea to Plaintiffs. That Jusbasche was not adjudicated guilty simply goes to the materiality and weight of those facts.
CONCLUSION
{27} Here, like in Olsen and Adedoyin, whether Jusbasche was actually guilty of a theft of trade secrets is immaterial to Plaintiffs’ claim that he breached a duty to disclose the fact that he was accused of and sentenced for that charge. Accordingly, Plaintiffs seek to admit evidence of the plea and sentence not as evidence of guilt but as evidence of what Defendants failed to tell them. This is a permissible use under Rule 11-410(A)(2). Finally, whether Defendants had a duty to disclose information about the plea and its consequences depends on resolution of facts, a task for a jury. We therefore reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment based on Rule 11-410(A)(2) (Order 2) and affirm its denial of summary judgment as to whether Defendants had a duty to disclose the plea (Order 1).
{28} IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
Plaintiffs’ complaint also alleged breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. These counts have been cither dismissed or withdrawn and are not at issue on appeal.
We note that, after this statement of the general rule in Connecticut, the court went on to affirm the admission and consideration of a nolo plea in Town of Groton because of the unique policy considerations attendant to the “legitimate expectations of the employer that are inherent in the employment context” that are not involved in “the ordinary civil or administrative context}.]”