88 Vt. 324 | Vt. | 1914
Lead Opinion
The plaintiff sues to recover a sum claimed to be due on a signed proposal submitted by it to the defendant and accepted by him, the body of which is as follows: “We herein propose to furnish for your new building at Brattieboro all necessary outside pebble metal material in galvanized finish at the price of $3.25 per hundred sq. feet. The amount of material necessary to be about 7,000 sq. feet.”
There was another contract between the parties, executed at the same time, wherein the plaintiff agreed to furnish and erect, for $1,232, a steel ceiling on certain interior surfaces of the same building. There was also a’ contract of prior date which evidenced an agreement of the plaintiff to cover other parts of the building with steel ceiling for $2,400.
The defendant claimed that the outside material specified in the writing sued upon was to be furnished without charge in consideration of his entering into the second contract for inside covering, and that he signed the writing, on the representations of plaintiff’s agent, to enable the plaintiff to secure the outside material from a firm carrying that stock. The main •question in the ease arises upon the admission of evidence offered to establish this claim of the defendant, against the plaintiff’s ■objection that it was evidence varying the terms of a written ■contract.
The subject has been quite fully treated in our own eases. The result of these cases is given in the Vermont Digest as follows: “A written contract having no latent ambiguity cannot be qualified, controlled, contradicted, enlarged or diminished, by any contemporaneous or antecedent parol understanding.” 1069, pi. 640. It is held further, in elucidation of the rule, that oral .testimony can no more be received to rebut or contradict the legal intendment of a written instrument than to contradict its express terms. Rich v. Elliot, 10 Vt. 211; Brown v. Hitchcock, 28 Vt. 452; Brandon Mfg. Co. v. Morse, 48 Vt. 322. The rule does not forbid evidence of extrinsic matters which tend to show that the writing was procured by fraud. Winn v. Chamberlin, 32 Vt. 318; Wilbur v. Prior, 67 Vt. 508. 32 Atl. 474. But a contemporaneous oral agreement that the use of the writing shall be confined to a specified purpose and not be enforced against the maker, cannot be shown. Gillett v. Ballou, 29 Vt. 296; Connor v. Carpenter, 28 Vt. 237. Evidence of an agreement concerning a branch of the transaction which is in' no way covered by the writing, and is not inconsistent with it, may be received, when it satisfactorily appears that the parties did not intend to reduce the whole transaction to writing. Winn v. Chamberlin, 32 Vt. 318; Labbee v. Johnson, 66 Vt. 234, 28 Atl. 986; Gilman Bros. v. Williams, 74 Vt. 327, 52 Atl. 428. A contract evidenced by several writings, although one is a receipt, cannot be varied or contradicted by parol in a point wherein the writings, taken together, are specific. Raymond v. Roberts, 2 Aik. 204, 16 Am. Dec. 698. Ordinarily the intent of the parties is to be determined from what appears in the writing. Pingry v. Watkins, 17 Vt. 379; Hakes v. Hotchkiss, 23 Vt. 231; Dixon v. Blondin, 58 Vt. 689, 5 Atl. 514. But when the intent of the parties upon the face of the instrument, is doubtful, or the language used will admit of more than one interpretation, the court will look at the situation and motives of the parties, the' subject-matter of the contract, and the object to be attained by it; and will receive parol evidence to this end. Lowry v.
In Farnham v. Ingham, 5 Vt. 514, it was held by a divided court that a parol agreement, made at the time of executing a note, that the note might be paid in a manner different from that expressed in it, was admissible in evidence. This was overruled in terms in Isaacs v. Elkins, 11 Vt. 679, and the rule then asserted has since been applied in several cases. In Stewards of M. E. Church v. Town, 49 Vt. 29, the suit was on a building subscription, and the defendant claimed that it was agreed as a part of the contract of subscription that he should be employed in the construction and could pay his subscription in work. The court said that the written subscription showed on its face a single, entire and completed contract, and did not purport to be a part of a contract, another part of which had been purposely omitted from the writing, and that the application of the general rule to the case could not be made plainer by discussion.
Reference should also be had to Blodgett v. Morrill, 20 Vt. 509; another suit on a subscription contract. Here the defendant offered to show that he was induced to sign the subscription solely by an assurance of the agent that “he wanted his signature to influence others to sign” and that “he should never be called upon to pay.” The court said that this was directly contradictory to the written stipulation, and could no more be received than could parol evidence of a promise not to collect a promissory note, or to accept payment in some different mode from that specified in the contract.
There is nothing in the evidence in this case that affords any basis for a claim that the uniting was fraudulently procured, and no such claim is made. The position taken by the defendant is comprised in two distinct propositions. It is claimed that the outside material was “thrown in” by the plaintiff to secure the defendant’s, order for further inside work; so that the amount paid for the latter was the consideration for both. It is claimed that the writing in suit was signed by the defendant merely to enable the plaintiff to meet some trade requirement, the exact nature of which does not appear, — and was to be used for no other purpose. In passing upon the defendant’s claim, the writing in suit and the contemporaneous agreement for inside work are to be considered together. This contemporane
There are several classes of cases from which this case is to be distinguished. Among these are cases where the writing was one of security, and was not intended to state the whole contract; eases where the possessor of a,n instrument which has been satisfied presents it as evidence of an existing obligation; cases where the writing was to take effect only when the promissee had secured another signer, or complied with some like condition; cases where the writing was hot to take effect unless the promissor failed to perform some alternative ■ undertaking. The writing in this casé took effect upon delivery, and the plaintiff has performed according to its terms. It was the only contract relating to the outside covering of the building, and if there had been a failure of performance on the part of the plaintiff, it would have been the defendant’s evidence of his right to recover damages.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. I cannot agree with my associates as to the law of this case. I do not question the general rule of evidence laid down by the majority; the trouble is, it has no application to this record. The evidence admitted did not vary the written contract, — it showed that there never ivas a contract. It showed that the paper-writing purporting to be a contract was not Such, but a writing given for a legitimate, specific purpose, which had been fully accomplished.
The simple question is, Can parol evidence be given, in such circumstances, to show that the writing never had force as a valid contract 1
This question, I maintain, must be answered in the affirmative.
That such ought to be the law, and that the holding of the majority results in gross injustice will be readily admitted. If one can induce me to execute and deliver to him, solely for his legitimate purposes, a writing which is, in form, a contract, and when that purpose is accomplished, hold me to it. and the courts are powerless to prevent such a fraud, it is a reproach to the law and a humiliation to fair minded men. Happily, such is not the law, — at least it was not until the majority opinion was promulgated.
The leading case on this subject is Pym v. Campbell, 6 El. & Bl. 370, 88 E. C. L. 370, the doctrine of which Prof. Wigmore says, 4 Wig. Ev. §2410, is “completely accepted” in this* country, and is exactly in point. The plaintiff in that case produced an agreement signed by the defendant; but the latter gave evidence that the parties, having negotiated a purchase, agreed on the terms thereof; and it was also agreed that they and a third person should have a meeting, when, if the third person approved of the property, they would execute the bargain. At the proposed meeting, the plaintiff did not attend ' until the third’ person had departed. Y/liereupon. it was arranged that the parties should draw up and sign a memoran•dum of the agreement of sale, but that it should not be a bargain until the third person approved. The latter did not approve. Lord Chief Justice Campbell directed the jury to find for the defendant if satisfied of the arrangement testified to. And this was held to be correct. “The distinction in point of law,” said Erie, J., “is that evidence to vary the terms of an agreement in writing is not admissible; but evidence to show that there is not an agreement at all is admissible.” This ease is like Dodd v. Kemnitz, hereinafter cited, and is expressly approved in Wallis v. Littell, 11 C. B. (N. S.) 369, 103 E. C. L. 368.
In Humphrey v. Timken Carriage Co., (Okla.) 75 Pac. 528, the offer was to show that the order for the goods in question was given at the solicitation of the company’s agent, who represented that he had sold a carload of goods to one Berkey, who was financially involved, and it was feared that a shipment to him would involve the company with other creditors; that if Humphrey would sign the order for the goods, he would not be held liable for them, and that it would be used only for the specific purpose of enabling the company to ship to Berkey without danger. This evidence was excluded as in conflict with the contract; and this was held to be error. It is only fair to say that Prof. Wigmore criticises this ease as unsound, — apparently upon the ground that the arrangement was a fraud upon the other creditors. If so, I agree that the case is unsound; but I do not understand that the case involves a question of fraud.
It was held in Brick v. Brick, 98 U. S. 514, 25 L. ed. 256. that parol evidence is admissible to show that a certificate of stock was delivered as security, merely; that the court can look beyond the terms of the writing, and that the parol evidence rule does not forbid an inquiry into the object of the parties in executing and receiving it.
Ware v. Allen, 128 U. S. 590, 32 L. ed. 563, 1 Sup. Ct. 174, holds that parol evidence is admissible in an action-between the ■original parties to show that a written instrument, absolute on its face, and duly executed and delivered, was conditional and not to take effect until another event takes place; and that the contract therein involved never went into effect.
Mr. Justice Harlan says in Burke v. Dulaney, 153 U. S. 228, 38 L. ed. 698, 14 Sup. Ct. 816: “The rule that excludes parol evidence in contradiction of a written agreement presupposes the existence in fact of such agreement at the time suit is brought. But the rule has no application if the writing was not delivered as a present contract. ’ ’ This case was, both as to fact and result, essentially like Gilman Bros. v. Williams, 74 Vt. 327, 52 Atl. 428.
I do not overlook the fact that some of these cases are in equity; but Chief Judge Eedfield says that the rule is the same at law as it is in equity. Winn v. Chamberlin, 32 Vt. 318. And, of course, this is just as it should be.
I have made no effort to make the foregoing list of cases exhaustive, for I do not need to go away from home at all, in my quest for authority. The rule I am contending for is not unfamiliar to this Court.
In was held in Sanders v. Howe, 1 D. Chip. 363, that, in an action on a promissory note given by the defendant to the plaintiff, it was competent to show that it'was delivered upon a condition that it should be returned upon the happening of an event which had taken place.
So in Labbee v. Johnson, 66 Vt. 234, 28 Atl. 986, it was held that the maker of a promissory note may always show the terms and conditions on which it was delivered, and that the payee or holder has' no right to hold it except for the accomplishment of a particular purpose.
That one could show by parol that he signed the agreement in question upon the condition that it should not be binding unless all the defendant’s creditors signed it, and that they had not all done so, is held in Holmes v. Crossett, 33 Vt. 116; Elastic Tip Co. v. Graham, supra, was a case of this kind.
Stewart v. Martin, 49 Vt. 266, was also trover for a promissory note. In holding that plaintiff could show that the note was executed for a particular purpose which had been accomplished, Judge Boss says: “The maker or owner of a promissory note may always show the terms and conditions on which it was delivered, and that the payee or holder had no right to hold it except for the accomplishment of a particular purpose.”
I find the rule for which I stand nowhere more tersely stated than by Mr. Justice Munson, himself, when he says in Webster v. Smith, 72 Vt. 12, 47 Atl. 101, that “the rule which prohibits the introduction of parol evidence to vary a written instrument has no application when the legal existence or binding force of the instrument is in question. ’ ’ This statement was approved in Cameron v. Estabrooks, 73 Vt. 73, 50 Atl. 638.
I cannot close this dissent better, or make the injustice of the majority holding more apparent, than by quoting Judge Brewer in Olmstead v. Michaels, (C. C.) 36 Fed. 455, 1 L. R. A. 840, as follows: “That parol testimony is competent to show that which appears as a perfect written contract was not signed by the parties with the intention of making a contract, and that no binding obligation was assumed by either, is we think unquestioned. A familiar illustration is this: suppose a gathering of young people in which a moot court is proposed for the amusement of those present, and a suit for breach of promise of marriage is the case to be tried in such moot court, and- a young man and a young woman, for the purposes of such trial, sign what upon its face appears to be a contract to marry. Would it for a moment be doubted if, after the evening’s amusement was ended, she should bring suit for damages for breach of such marriage contract, that parol testimony was competent'to show the purposes for which the paper was signed, and that no real or binding obligations were assumed by either party in signing it?”
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. The difficulty in this case arises not so much from disagreement as to principles as from their application to the facts of the ease. If the parol evidence rule applies, the judgment below should be reversed; otherwise not. That rule presupposes the existence of a valid written contract; but when the execution of a writing as a contract is the very question in issue, the rule does not apply to that issue. In order for the exclusion rule to operate there must be a valid writing; hence, when the immediate issue is whether there is or was a valid writing covering 'the contract, to exclude oral testimony bearing upon that issue upon the assumption of such written contract would be to beg the question. Bank of Br. No. Am. 2 Cooper, 137 U. S. 473, 34 L. ed. 759, 11 Sup. Ct. 160; 2 Jones on Ev. §437. The rule therefore is not infringed by showing that the writing never had a legal existence or binding force. 1 Elliott on Ev. §§514-515. It is necessary to distinguish carefully between the eases in which it is conceded that there is a legal written contract and those where the existence of such a contract is the issue. 'While it is uniformly held that collateral agreements are inadmissible to contradict, enlarge or vary a written contract, it is held with equal uniformity that they may be proved for the purpose of showing that the writing never had existence as a legal contract. This distinction runs through all the decisions including those of our own Court.
I am not immindful of the danger of fraud arising from the reception of parol evidence in any case to avoid the effect of a writing; but it would be a travesty upon justice if rules of procedure calculated to prevent fraud were so administered as to assist in perpetrating a palpable fraud. Such need not be the ease, and hence the well recognized limitation of the exclusion rule to cases in which the existence of the writing as a legal contract is conceded or has been established. Protection against fraud is afforded, to some extent at least, by what Mr. Chamberlayne calls “special inertia.” He says: “A preponderance (of evidence) in any case is sufficient. But the opposite scale may be conceived as containing a certain weight in caution against any action in such a matter; or, if it be preferred, that the scales do not work readily.” 2 Cham. Mod. Law Ev. §1002, note.
Applying these rules to the ease at bar, if the order for the outside materials was found to be a legal- contract, the defendant’s position would be untenable. In that ease it could not be shown that the material was not to be paid for without violating the exclusion rule. On the other hand, if the writing never had binding force as a contract, but was intended to serve a particular purpose other than evidencing the contract, then the contract as to such material rests in parol, and it would not violate the exclusion rule to receive evidence tending to show that the outside material was to be furnished without charge in consideration of extensive orders for other materials. It is enough to say that the reception of the evidence tending to show the purpose for which the order was given was not subject to objection under the parol evidence rule; that the evidence on that point fully justified the jury in finding that the order was not intended by the parties as a contract; and that the jury having found that fact under proper instructions, the exceptions to the admission of parol evidence of the contract are unavailing. For these reasons I would affirm the judgment.
