118 Mo. 577 | Mo. | 1893
Lead Opinion
Plaintiff commenced this action of' ejectment in the Howell county circuit court in 1891 to recover eighty acres of land, alleging an ouster in March, 1882. The defendant admitted possession of a strip one hundred feet in width across one corner of the land, the strip containing three and one-half acres; but denied possession and disclaimed as to all the balance of the land described in the petition.
On the trial the parties made the following admissions :
The land described in the petition was government, land in 1881. The Kansas City, Springfield and Memphis Railroad Company, a corporation organized under the laws of this state, made its preliminary survey over the land in April, 1881, and in August, 1881, made a, definite location of its line and then cleared out the right of way and commenced the construction of the road. The articles of incorporation of the company were approved by the secretary of the interior on the fifteenth of February, 1882, who also approved the map of definite location crossing the land in question
Kinion, the plaintiff, settled on the eighty acres in February, 1881, made a homestead entry on the thirteenth of January, 1882, and made final proof on the twenty-fifth of October, 1888. The patent to him, as we understand the record, makes no mention of an •exception of this right of way. The proof in the case is clear that the plaintiff knew the railroad company had located its line of road over the land when he made his homestead entry.
The defendant claims the right of way under the act of congress of March 3, 1875 (18 IT. S. Stats, at Large, p. 482). The first section of that act provides: “That the right of way through the public lands of the United States is hereby granted to any railroad company duly organized under the laws of any state, * * * which shall have filed with the secretary of the interior a copy of its articles of incorporation, and due proofs of its organization under the same, to the extent ■of one hundred feet on each side of the central line of .said road.”
And the fourth section is in these words: “That any railroad company desiring to secure the benefits of ■this act, shall, within twelve months after the location ■of any section of twenty miles of its road, if the same be upon surveyed lands, and, if upon unsurveyed lands, within twelve months after the survey thereof by the United States, file with the register of the land office for the district where such land is located a profile of its road; and upon approval thereof by the secretary ■of the interior the same shall be noted upon the plats in said office; and thereafter all such lands over which .such right of way shall pass shall be disposed of subject
Although the plaintiff settled upon the land in-February, 1881, still he acquired no right thereto as-against the United States or anyone claiming under the United States, until he made his homestead entry-on the thirteenth of January, 1882. All this he concedes. But his claim is this: That the railroad company acquired no rights and was a trespasser, until the seventeenth of June, 1882, when the profile plat was. approved by the secretary of the interior. To this contention of the plaintiff we do not agree.
The act of congress operated as a grant of the right: of way to the company, and the grant took effect from the date of the acceptance of the provisions thereof in the manner pointed out by the act. According to the-fourth section a company desiring to secure the benefits-thereof must take the following steps: First, it must locate the road; and it necessarily follows that the company has the right to go upon the public lands for the-purpose of making the location, and in doing so it is not a trespasser. Second, the company is required to file a profile plat, within twelve months thereafter, with the register of the local land office. It is then provided, that upon the approval of the profile by the secretary of the interior, the same shall be noted upon the plats, in the land office; and thereafter the land over which the right of way is located shall be disposed of, subject, to the right of way.
Now it is conceded that the company took the first, step to accept the provisions of this act, and this, too, long prior to the time the plaintiff made his homestead, entry. While it does not appear that the company-
We do not stop to consider what effect a failure to file the profile with the register of the local land office within twelve months after the location of the road would have as to a homestead claimant who had no notice of the location of the railroad when he made his homestead entry; for it is an undisputed fact that plaintiff knew the road had been located across this land, the right of way cleared, and the work of construction of the road commenced when he made his
But it is said the act of the third of March, 1875, was not intended to apply to cases where the company can get the right of way from the occupying claimant, and we are cited to section 2288, Revised Statutes, United States, 1878, to show that the company could have acquired the right of way from the plaintiff. That section gives the homestead occupant the right to convey a railroad right of way across the homestead before his homestead title thereto is perfected; but it can have no application to the case in hand, because the plaintiff was not a homestead occupant when the company entered and located its road. According to the plaintiff’s claim, the company would be bound to procure the right of way from persons who settle Upon the lands under the pre-emption and homestead laws' after the location of the railroad and before the approval of the profile plat by the secretary of the interior. Such a construction defeats the leading object of the act; for it was manifestly designed to encourage the construction of railroads over public lands by granting a right of way without compensation.
On the admitted facts in this case, the judgment should have been for the defendant. The judgment is, therefore, simply reversed.
Dissenting Opinion
SEPABATE OPINION.
The plaintiff settled on the land in question in February, 1881, before the railway company took any steps whatever toward placing its road thereon. The preliminary survey by the company was in April, 1881, and in August of that year its line
The defendant’s map of definite location was approved by the secretary of the interior, June 17, 1882.
The act of congress “granting to railroads the right of way through the public lands of the United States” (18 Stat. 482) prescribes the steps to be taken by companies desiring to secure its advantages. The ¡statute is very clear on the point now in view. It undertakes to offer a grant of certain portions of the public lands of the United States upon terms and limitations plainly stated. ' By the fourth section of the act it is provided that upon the filing of a profile of the road with the register of the local land office, and its approval by the secretary of the interior, “the same shall be noted on the plats in said office; and thereafter all such lands, over which such right of way shall pass, shall be disposed of, subject to such right'of way,” etc.
At the time when the profile was approved in this case, the plaintiff had already made his formal entry ■of homestead, which he ultimately perfected. Yet it is now held that the approval of the profile of the defendant’s railroad in some way related back to the time of the location of the road upon the land, and thus destroyed the right of plaintiff to his homestead.
The doctrine of relation is a fiction of jurispru- • ■dence, sometimes invoked to attain the ends of justice. But it certainly cannot be applied when it interferes with the express terms of positive law. The word •“thereafter,” in the statute before us, shows so manifestly the legislative purpose not to transfer to the railway company the public title until the date of .approval by the secretary, that no room is left for an
If congress had intended that the location of the road, as defined on the profile, approved by the secretary of the interior, should relate back and take effect as of a prior date, it would undoubtedly have so declared. Just as it did declare, for example, in another law, of May 14, 1880, “that any settler who has settled, or who shall hereafter settle, on any of the public lands of the United States, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, with the intention of claiming the same under the homestead laws, shall be allowed the same time to file his homestead application and perfect his original entry in the United States land office, as is now allowed to settlers under the pre-emption laws to put their claims on record, and his right shall relate back to the date of settlement, the same as if he settled under the pre-emption laws.” 21 Stat. 140; 1 Supp. Revised Statutes, United States [2 Ed.], 1874-1891, ch. 89, sec. 3, p. 282.
It is obvious that the word “thereafter,” in the railroad right-of-way act, was used accurately, and with a clear purpose. The same language is found in the act granting rights of way through public lands for irrigating canals. 1 Supp. Revised Statutes, United States [2 Ed.], 1874-1891, sec. 19, p. 946.
And the third section of the railway act in question provides how a right of way may be obtained by a railroad by process of condemnation of “private lands and possessory claims on the public lands.”
This indicates that the act was not designed te sanction any such application of the doctrine of “relation” as would entirely cut out such “possessory claims on the public lands,” vested prior to the approval of the profile of the road.
The view entertained by congress on the point of present consideration is further shown in the second
An intimation has been thrown out in this case to the effect that unless the act of congress is so construed as to unroot, by a vigorous application of the doctrine of “relation”, all homestead entries made between the location of the line and the approval of the profile, the leading object of the act, namely, the encouragement of railroad building, may be defeated. But to this it maybe answered: first, that the government has the undoubted right to name the conditions bn which its gift of the public lands shall take effect; and, secondly, that by permitting the permanent location of the right of way in sections of twenty miles each (see section 4)r the possibility of homestead entries being made with a view to intercept the line of the road is not so great as seriously to impair the value of the rights conferred by the act, or discourage the construction of railways.
If there is anything in the maxim that he who is prior in time is stronger in right, as applied to the facts of this case, it certainly should bear in favor of plaintiff, rather than of defendant.
Plaintiff had settled on the land before any move was made by the railway company towards acquiring any interest in it. In my opinion his rights under his homestead entry are superior to those of the defendant,, in view of the statutes referred to. .
Those cases appear to me correct interpretations of the law on this point, and in none of them is it suggested that the railroad title can, “by relation” or otherwise, be promoted in point of time so as to cut out a homestead entry made prior to the approval of the profile by the secretary of the interior.
As the opinion rendered by the learned chief justice denies absolutely the paramount effect of the plaintiff’s homestead entry and title, as claimed by him by virtue of the laws of the United States, and thus determines an important federal question under the judiciary act (R. S., U. S. [2 Ed.], 1878, sec. 709), it has seemed proper to give expression to some of the reasons which lead me to respectfully dissent from the .judgment pronounced in this court.