4 N.Y.2d 349 | NY | 1958
Lead Opinion
This case presents us again with the question of the constitutionality of our motion picture licensing law. Undoubtedly this is often a question of the greatest delicacy. But as we ponder this particular case and what is involved here, we perceive no necessity for apprehension as to the justice or constitutionality of the Board of Regents’ determination to deny a license to this film, “ Lady Chatterley’s Lover ’ ’. This denial was based upon sections 122 and 122-a of the Education Law which require the denial of a license to motion pictures which are immoral in that they portray “ acts of sexual immorality * * * as desirable, acceptable or proper patterns of behavior.” It is this portion of the statute only which concerns us here. The vileness of the matter it seeks to reject is clear. It embraces not only films which are visually suggestive and obscene, nor only those which are sexually suggestive and immoral in theme, but those which combine the two. The statutory rejection is aimed at those
Having clarified the substance of what this case involves, we proceed to a consideration of the several issues raised. And we approach them with confidence in our Legislature, concern for our people, and a firm conviction of our solemn constitutional duty which requires us not only to protect the individual from oppressions of government, but the government and the people from abuses by the individual.
This film deals with the relationships of Lady Ohatterley with her husband, Sir Clifford Ohatterley, and her lover, Mellors. Sir Clifford returned to his wife from the wars as a cripple doomed to a life in a wheelchair. His war injury rendered him impotent to father offspring. By the standards of the community in which he lived, he was a man of affluence, owning a mine and extensive lands. His status was comparable to that of a feudal lord, and much like a feudal lord he was gravely concerned over the fact that he neither had, nor would have, an heir. This led him to propose to his wife, .Lady Ohatterley, that she have sexual relations with another man of her own choosing so that she might bear an heir for Sir Clifford. Lady Ohatterley appeared to reject this idea, inquiring of her husband whether he still loved her, and whether it would be wise to do such a thing since the possibility existed that she might fall in love with the man to whom she would give her body. Sir Clifford explained that his desire for her to have a child was the highest possible expression of his love, and he pointed out that another love could not be born of the purely physical relationship which he anticipated she would have with such a man. No more was said, and Lady Ohatterley left her husband’s bedroom in which they had been talking.
Subsequently, Lady Ohatterley’s sister suggested that she take a vacation from the arduous task of caring for her crippled husband. The city of Venice was suggested, and Sir Clifford heartily indorsed this idea, thinking that such a trip would provide his wife with the ideal circumstances for choosing a lover and committing adultery with him.
Events followed quickly on the heels of Lady Chatterley’s pregnancy — her trip to Venice, Mellors ’ dismissal by Sir Clifford because of scandalous ‘ ‘ rumors ’ ’ regarding the two, and her return to the manor. When she returned, Mellors was packing his things in preparation for his departure from the estate. She went first to Mellors to profess her love and to tell him that she would forsake her husband, her wealth and her position to live with him. She then went to her husband to admit the truth of the 1 ‘ rumor ’ ’ and to tell him of her decision to live with Mellors. Sir Clifford refused to agree to a divorce and insisted that he be given the child when it should be born. Lady Chatterley rejected that and returned to Mellors.
The dominant theme of the film may be summed up in a few words — exaltation of illicit sexual love in derogation of the restraints of marriage. Their relationship was presented as a true marriage. Their complete surrender to the baser instincts was presented as a triumph over the social mores. Their decision to live in adultery was quietly heralded as a conquest of love over the “ form ” of marriage. And this entire theme was woven about scenes which unmistakably suggested and showed acts of sexual immorality.
That such is the theme of this motion picture is not open to doubt, particularly in light of respondent’s own statement in its brief that the principal theme is that a true marriage exists where there is love, “ not when there is merely a formal relationship sanctioned by law.” And indeed, in its petition to the Board of Regents, respondent stated that “ [h]er [Lady Chatterley’s] relationship with Mellors, although not sanctioned by law, is portrayed as a true marriage.” Thus, this film unquestionably presents adultery as a proper pattern of behavior. And it does so employing several scenes of obscenity.
However, respondent suggests that the film is nevertheless not immoral according to the mores and moral standards of the community. We think it is beyond cavil that the moral standards and mores of the people of the State of New York (indeed, of our nation) brand adultery as immoral and illegal. The relationship between Lady Chatterley and Mellors was precisely that — adultery. To urge that such conduct is not immoral constitutes a confession of values so condemnable as not to warrant further comment. The determination by the Board of Regents, a constitutional body, that this picture is utterly immoral in its theme, and. that it presented adultery as proper behavior, was entirely correct as measured by the standards of our community. But beyond that, the Legislature specifically designated such a motion picture as immoral, and the determination by the Regents was mandated by statute,
It is next urged that this statute is unconstitutionally vague and indefinite. The United States Supreme Court has established the necessary principle that motion picture licensing may be conducted only pursuant to a statute which is so clear in its terms that the licensor is furnished with a definite standard which he may apply (Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson, 343 U. S. 495, 504-505; see, also, Superior Films v. Department of Educ. of Ohio and Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, 346 U. S. 587). The purpose underlying this principle is to divest the licensor of unlimited restraining power based upon his own judgment of what shall or shall not be licensed — to avoid what may be denominated as discretionary censorship. The standard under consideration here is as explicit and restrictive in its terms as words permit. Our Legislature through section 122-a requires the denial of a license to any motion picture which portrays acts of sexual immorality (here adultery) as proper behavior. No one will deny that the Regents of New York State, just as the members of this court, know what an act of sexual immorality is, and that adultery is such an act. This standard leaves no area of judgment or speculation open to the Regents in which they might arrive at personal judgments as to what constitutes immorality. Their sole function under the statute is the fact-finding function as to whether a particular motion picture portrays acts of sexual immorality as proper behavior. If it does, it is ipso facto immoral by statutory mandate. To hold that this standard is vague or indefinite would be to hold that the requirement of definiteness expounded in the Burstyn case is impossible to satisfy.
It should be noted that section 122-a was enacted by our Legislature in 1954 in an attempt to comply with the decision without opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the
Respondent next argues that expression of opinion may not be suppressed in the absence of a showing of clear and present danger of substantive evil to the community. It should first be emphasized that the scope of section 122-a is not mere expression of opinion in the form, for example, of a filmed lecture whose subject matter is the espousal of adultery. We reiterate that this case involves the espousal ■ of sexually immoral acts (here adultery) plus actual scenes of a suggestive and obscene nature. The question, then, is whether such a motion picture must be shown to present a clear and present danger of substantive evil to the community.
Respondent’s argument fails to recognize the evil and danger to society which inheres in expressions which debase fundamental sexual morality by portraying its converse to the people as alluring and desirable. Such expression has been universally and traditionally condemned by our national society — its inherent evil dependent not at all on the times. It is the very nature and function of such expression to corrupt the public morals. The United States Supreme Court has said that the prevention and punishment of such expression has 1 ‘ never been
Our conclusion, therefore, is the same as that of the United States Supreme Court in the Roth case (supra). It is unneces
Essentially, then, the question amounts to this: What can society do about protecting itself from motion pictures which are corruptive of the public morals 1 We hold that it may refuse to license a motion picture which alluringly portrays adultery as proper behavior. We so hold with full confidence that our Founding Fathers never intended that our Federal Constitution be the altar upon which this State, and this nation, must sacrifice themselves to the ravages of moral corruption. Our Constitution is a document for government, not a tool for anarchy or a license for corruption.
Our holding that a license may constitutionally be denied under the circumstances presented here is well supported in principle by our prior decisions (see Matter of Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents, supra; Matter of Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, supra). We noted in Excelsior that sexual immorality is the only legal basis for censorship, keeping in mind that the licensing statute must be very clear. While we noted in Excelsior (supra, p. 240) that “ [w]e will hot ' * * * quibble or quarrel as to concepts of decorum or delicacy or manners ”, it would seem unnecessary to stress that adultery is not a mere matter of etiquette. Moreover, we view the several decisions of the Supreme Court as indicating the
Strictly from a pragmatic standpoint, public morality is essential to a civilized society. 1 ‘ History bears witness to the fate of peoples who have been indifferent to the vice of indiscriminate sexual immorality — a most serious threat to the family, the home and the State.” (Matter of Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, 305 N. Y. 336, 342, supra.) ‘ ‘ The destruction of morality renders the power of the government invalid, for government is no more than public order. It weakens the bands by which society is kept together.” (Commonwealth v. Sharpless, 2 Serg. & Rawl. 91, 103 [Pa., 1815].) Thus, it has always been true that the preservation of public morality is a proper subject for the exercise of the police power. And the Constitutional right freely to express one’s thoughts has never been thought to divest society of its right and duty to preserve fundamental public sexual morality. (Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, supra, pp. 571-572.) Thus, sexually impure utterances tending to corrupt the public morals have always been criminally punishable. Very recently, the United States Supreme Court sustained the injunctive process as a perfectly constitutional remedy whereby a State may protect its people from the evil effects of obscene books. (Kingsley Books v. Brown, 354 U. S. 436.) The Kingsley case has put to rest the claim that no prior restraint is constitutionally permissible. That court said: “ The phrase 1 prior restraint ’ is not a self-wielding sword. Nor can it serve as a talismanic test.” (P. 441.) Stress was laid on the fact that upon the courts falls the duty of close analysis and a pragmatic assessment of the operation of the statute under particular circumstances. We apply these thoughts also to the remedy of motion picture licensing.
We do not regard the word “ censorship ” as a self-wielding sword and we reject it as a talismanic test. Whatever may be
“ To hold that liberty of expression by means of motion pictures is guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments, however, is not the end of our problem. It does not follow that the Constitution requires absolute freedom to exhibit every motion picture of every kind at all times and all places. * * * Nor does it follow that motion pictures are necessarily subject to the precise rules governing any other particular method of expression. Each method tends to present its own peculiar problems.” (Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson, supra, pp. 502-503; emphasis added.)
A contention that motion pictures must be subject to only the same type of regulation as books is “ sterile argumentation [which] treats society as though it consisted of bloodless categories” (Kovacs v. Cooper, supra, p. 96). The greater capacity for evil which inheres in motion pictures has been recognized by the highest Federal tribunal as ‘ ‘ relevant in determining the permissible scope of community control ’ ’ (Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson, supra, p. 502). We heed the warning of Justice Holmes that “ ‘ [t]o rest upon a formula is a slumber that, prolonged, means death ’ ”, and we obey the admonition of Justice Fbankfuktbb, as he pondered this thought, against ‘1 mechanical jurisprudence through the use of oversimplified formulas.” (Kovacs v. Cooper, supra, p. 96.) ‘1 The tyranny of labels * * * must not lead us to leap to a conclusion that a word which in one set of facts may stand for oppression or enormity is of like effect in every other.” (Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U. S. 319, 323.) To deny the remedy
In considering the question of motion picture licensing, this court has pointed out that “ [n]o other method will afford reasonably adequate protection to the public.” (Matter of Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, supra, pp. 343, 351.) We are not concerned here with licensing books, pamphlets, newspapers, etc., the traditional media of expression. Moving pictures are our only concern and, what is more to the point, only those motion pictures which alluringly present acts of sexual immorality as proper behavior. This is not a case of a book on a shelf or in a home — it is a case of mass dissemination of approved illicit sex by the spoken word and a visual art. It is a case not of one showing but hundreds of showings. It is a case not of an audience of one, but audiences of hundreds —in some cases thousands — at each showing. It is a case not merely of a theme of words, but a theme woven about scenes clearly portraying and suggesting acts of adultery. Bearing in mind the broad scope of motion picture presentation, how may society effectively discharge its responsibility to protect itself from morally corruptive films. After all, we are dealing only with a question of remedy — there is no question as to the evil which is the subject of the remedy. Not even the injunctive process, already recognized as constitutionally permissible against obscene books, is adequate unless the theory is to be that the public morality may be corrupted from the first show
Analyzing this statute still further, we note that full judicial review under article 78 of the Civil Practice Act is available as a matter of right from any and every adverse determination by the Board of Regents (Education Law, § 124). Fully appreciative of the preferred position of the constitutional guarantee of free expression, the courts of this State will always be alert to excesses and most quick to correct them, as indeed we were recently in the Excelsior case (supra). We note further that, “ * * * this sovereign State put the licensing power in one of its most powerful and most respected governmental bodies, the Board of Regents, a 1 citizens5 board ’ which is at the head of the State’s educational system. Censorship in New York is, therefore, carried on at the highest level's of responsible State Government.” (Matter of Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, 305 N. Y. 336, 350, supra.) Thus safeguarded, the operation of this statute is simply to protect the citizens of our State from motion pictures which alluringly portray acts of sexual immorality (here adultery) and recommend them as a proper way of life. No other remedy will accomplish this result. Considering all of the foregoing,
It is fundamental that each sovereign State has, under the Federal Constitution, the primary responsibility for the preservation of the basic morality of its people. Of course, it is equally fundamental that the State must discharge that responsibility without undue infringement upon individual liberty. But the distinction between liberty and license must be made. We fail to perceive what right is infringed here. The Constitution of the United States, ‘£ that great ordinance of government and orderly liberty ”, is invoked to protect the mass dissemination of approved sexual immorality by adultery in motion pictures from the only effective remedy which society possesses. (See Schaefer v. United States, 251 U. S. 466, 477; italics supplied.) In the name of liberty we are requested to confer license to corrupt. “It would be a travesty on the constitutional privilege he invokes to assign him its protection. ’’ (Gilbert v. Minnesota, 254 U. S. 325, 333.)
Only the State, close to the problems of its people, can fully appreciate them. We are disturbed by the increasing marks of moral laxity. Sex crimes occur daily. Advertising appeals more and more to the sexual appetite. Sexual immorality and obscenity appear in books, pamphlets, voice recordings, motion pictures, photographs, prints, and in every other form which the imagination of those bent upon immorality and filth can devise. Sadly enough, we could go on. But this much is sufficient to demonstrate that our public morality, possibly more than ever before, needs every protection which government can give. We are unable to look upon moral disintegration as a mere change in custom. We reiterate that “ [t]he destruction of morality renders the power of the government invalid, for government is no more than public order * * (Commonwealth v. Sharpless, supra, p. 103.)
There would seem to be little difficulty for most to accept sheer obscenity as a proper basis for motion picture censorship. However, to lay hold of obscenity as the only proper basis for motion picture censorship is to ignore substance in favor of form. As we noted earlier in discussing the question of clear
We refuse to be led away by alarmist cries that, if a license is refused under the circumstances disclosed by this record, the door is opened to unnecessary and unwarranted extensions of that remedy. The very test of necessity which we have utilized precludes that possibility. And we have already declared it to be our most solemn constitutional duty to “ ‘ eschew the extremes and shun the extremists ’ ”. (Matter of Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents, supra, p. 246.) There is nothing extreme about refusing a license to films which alluringly portray acts of sexual immorality by adultery as proper behavior. To withhold our approval from this amount of regulation would itself be an extreme. To those who fear possible unnecessary extensions of this remedy, we reply that this court is competent to define the permissible scope of motion picture licensing and to safeguard constitutional liberties.
It is not aside from the issue to ponder, for a moment, the fact that this State and this nation have always been dedicated to the observance of fundamental morality. Indeed, when we
This case presents not only a question of law. It presents a matter of governmental conscience for which we are all responsible. We perceive no requirement in our Constitution that prohibits us from concluding as we have. If our people must be exposed to mass sexual immorality, if the very fabric of our society is to be laid bare to such corrosive influences, it must be at the command of our people themselves. Their command, however, has been to the contrary by virtue of this enactment. We think their decision is supported by their Constitution.
No other issues are raised which require discussion.
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division, and the determination of the Board of Regents confirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). Appellants, the State Board of Regents, have banned the motion picture “Lady Chatterley’s Lover ” as being “immoral” within the special definition of that word in subdivision 1 of section 122-a of the Education Law, that is, as being a film ‘1 which portrays acts of sexual
The question for decision is the one that has troubled our court and other State courts as well as the United States Supreme Court in a long series of litigations (from Mutual Film Co. v. Ohio Ind. Comm., 236 U. S. 230 [1915], to Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago, 355 U. S. 35 [1957]) involving State or municipal censorship of movies. Our problem is whether this statute insofar as it imposes prior restraint on the showing of this film in New York State offends against the free speech guarantee of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. In arriving at our answer we must perform a double duty. We must abide by the decisions of the supreme Federal judicial tribunal so far as pertinent and at the same time we must be reluctant to strike down a solemn legislative enactment on the ground of unconstitutionality, for that we may do “ only as a last resort ” (Matter of Ahern v. South Buffalo Ry. Co., 303 N. Y. 545, 555). I am voting to reverse here and to uphold this denial of a license because this New York statutory definition of “immoral” carefully and quite recently devised by chapter 620 of the Laws of 1954 to meet constitutional objections (see Matter of Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, 305 N. Y. 336, revd. 346 U. S. 587) to the use of such wide or vague terms as “immoral” and “tend to corrupt morals ”, is not patently unconstitutional. Furthermore, neither it nor any other State statute closely resembling it has been held invalid by the Supreme Court.
Of course if we had here (as in Brown v. Kingsley Books, 1 N Y 2d 177, affd. 354 U. S. 436) a case of hard core out-and-out pornography, our task would be simple enough. In Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson (343 U. S. 495, 502) the Supreme Court rejected the absolutist idea that “The Constitution requires absolute freedom to exhibit every motion picture of every kind at all times and all places ”. And, more specifically, in Roth v. United States (354 U. S. 476 — a criminal prosecution) the court flatly announced that “ obscenity is not within the area of
Helpful as are the Roth decision’s explanations of the constitutional limits of speech and press freedom (and see, also, Alberts v. California, 354 U. S. 476, and Kingsley Books v. Brown, 354 U. S. 436, decided by the court on the same day), there are still large areas of uncertainty. The publications which were the subject matter of Roth, Alberts and Kingsley
In the Excelsior Pictures case (3 N Y 2d 237, supra) our own court overruled the Regents’ restraint of a nudist movie since the majority of this court considered the picture innocent and innocuous, merely unconventional in that it pictured activities of unclothed family groups in a secluded camp. In January of this year (Sunshine Book v. Summerfield, 355 U. S. 372) the Supreme Court, with no explanation beyond a reference to the Roth case (supra), held invalid the exclusion from the mails of a nudist magazine (also a magazine dealing with homosexuality — One, Inc., v. Olesen, 355 U. S. 371). Presumably, the court having looked at those books simply held them not to be obscene. A few months earlier the court in Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago (355 U. S. 35, supra) reversed a ban by the Chicago authorities on the French moving picture “ Game of Love ”. That picture was from all accounts sexy in the extreme (see descriptions in the lower court opinions at 139 F. Supp. 837 and 244 F. 2d 432) and it had been denied exhibition under an ordinance condemning movies 11 immoral or obscene ’ ’.
All this recent history suggests that the Supreme Court will insist that censorship for obscenity be “closely confined” (Kingsley Books v. Brown, 354 U. S. 436, 441, supra) especially as applied to works of any literary or dramatic merit or expressing “ideas having even the slightest redeeming social importance — unorthodox ideas, controversial ideas, even ideas hateful to the prevailing climate of opinion ’ ’ (Roth opinion, p. 484, supra). Similarly, our own State Constitution says that: “ every citizen may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right ”. But we are still left with our own stern duty of upholding, if we can on reason and authority, our own State’s statute.
It still remains that the States have large remaining powers to apply reasonably related remedies to domestic evils (see Butler v. Michigan, 352 U. S. 380, 383, supra). The problem is not one of precise definition of “ prior restraint ” or “ obscenity ” or other word or phrase. A leading authority on legislation says that “ the question should be not one of standards but rather whether censorship should be permitted in the particular case regardless of the wording” (Control of Objectionable Publications — A Drafting Problem, 44 A. B. A. J. 175). To be examined is “ the operation and effect of the statute in substance ” (Near v. Minnesota, 283 U. S. 697, 713; Kingsley Books v. Brown, 354 U. S. 436, 441, supra). The “ operation and effect ’ ’ of subdivision 1 of section 122-a of our Education Law in this instance has been to keep from the screen a. motion picture the theme of which is adultery, alluringly and approvingly depicted. Until the highest national tribunal says otherwise, we should let our statute so operate.
The order should be reversed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division, and the determination of the Board of Regents confirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). When sections 122 and 122-a of the Education Law are read in the light of recent decisions dealing with administrative censorship of motion picture film, it seems clear that the learned Appellate Division, Third Department, quite properly annulled the determination of the Board of Regents and directed that a license issue for the showing of the motion picture entitled “ Lady Chatterley’s Lover ”.
As the record indicates, the Regents sitting as a Board of Review of its Division of Motion Pictures (an administrative agehcy empowered to censor motion picture film in advance of public showing,'Education Law, §§ 122-132) affirmed a denial Of the petitioner’s application for a license to exhibit the film in question — not conditionally, unless certain designated sequences Were deleted, as directed by the acting director of the Motion Picture Division, but absolutely and finally in language reflecting the vague generality of the statute, viz., that ‘1 the said film is ‘ immoral ’ within the meaning of the provisions of Sections 122 and 122-a of the Education Law” (Journal of Regents meeting, Sept. 28, 1956).
The correctness of that ruling, which a bare majority Of this court is about to approve, depends in the final analysis solely on whether the enforcement of sections 122 and 122-a (subd. 1) satisfies constitutional due process.
When the Regents relied on the term 1 ‘ immoral ’ ’ and the phrase 1 ‘ tend to corrupt morals ’ ’, as used' in section 122, as authority for banning the motion picture film La Ronde, the Supreme Court reversed, without opinion (Matter of Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Board of Regents, 305 N. Y. 336, revd. 346 U. S. 587), at the same timé it decided Superior Films v. Department of Educ. Of Ohio (346 U. S. 587), both on authority of Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson (343 U. S. 495) which had sustained a prior attack on section 122 as being too vague and indefinite to satisfy constitutional safeguards by providing essential criteria and Standards for the guidance of administrative discretion.' To meet the consequential effect of that adverse ruling section 122-a of the Education Law (L. 1954, ch. 620) was enacted in an effort to more precisely define the term “immoral” and the phrase “tend to corrupt morals” as used in section 122 for the purpose of censorship as denoting ‘ ‘ a motion picture film or part thereof, the dominant purpose
However well intentioned, the language as used still falls short of providing fundamental standards deemed essential for the guidance of administrative discretion. The added words are no more meaningful than the term “ sacrilegious ”, “immoral”, “tend to incite to crime”, “ prejudicial to the best interests ”, “ harmful and indecent ”, all found too general and unprecise to meet constitutional standards (Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson, supra; Matter of Commercial Pictures v. Board of Regents, supra; Winters v. New York, 333 U. S. 507; Gelling v. Texas, 343 U. S. 960; Superior Films v. Department of Educ. of Ohio, 346 U. S. 587, supra; Matter of Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents, 3 N Y 2d 237; Holmby Prods, v. Vaughn, 350 U. S. 870; Hallmark Prods. v. Carroll, 384 Pa. 348). The term “ immoral ” as used in section 122 has not been clarified by the amendment. It is still vague and indefinite. When the censor relies on the term “immoral” as a basis for prior restraint, he necessarily must resort to his own notion of its meaning since the statute itself provides no test or standards to guide him in the'exercise of his discretion. As the learned Justice, writing for the court below, succinctly pointed out: ‘ ‘ A statute which leaves any field open to the opinion, discretion or individual point of view of a censor in barring a moving picture violates the Fourteenth Amendment ’ ’.
No one contends that the film in question is obscene within the narrow legal limits of obscenity as recently defined by the Supreme Court in the application of which that court has said it is vital ‘ ‘ that the standards for judging obscenity safeguard the protection of freedom of speech and press for material which does not treat sex in a manner appealing to prurient interest” (Roth v. United States, 354 U. S. 476, 488; Matter of Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents, 3 N Y 2d 237, supra; Holmby Prods. v. Vaughn, 350 U. S. 870, supra). This film is not being banned because of the manner in which the sequences are produced or because of any existing clear and present danger — elements which must be proven before prior
A motion picture film should not be singled out as a subject for prior restraint under the beneficient guise of regulating community mores, any more than the prior censorship of press, books, the theatre or other media of communication which, as we know, includes a motion picture. Censorship under such guise is a type of paternalism that lends itself to the whim and caprice of the administrator. Whenever tested, censorship of motion picture film in advance has been disapproved. All but six States in the Union- either do not have any film censorship in advance or have discontinued such practice. It should be noted that discontinuance of administrative censorship of motion picture film in advance is not likely to create a vacuum for carte blanche exhibition of indecent films, so long as we have on our statute books appropriate penal laws to deal with the suppression of legally offensive motion picture film and the punishment of its exhibitors (cf. Penal Law, §§ 1141, 1141-a; Code Crim. Pro., § 22-a; Brown v. Kingsley Books, 1 N Y 2d 177, affd. 354 U. S. 436).
For these reasons and for the reasons so well stated by Judge Fuld with which I agree, I vote-to affirm the judgment appealed from, with costs.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). In my opinion, an affirmance is compelled not only on the ground that the term, “ immoral,” as defined in the Education Law, lacks that precision of meaning demanded by the Due Process Clause (see, e.g., Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Regents, 346 U. S. 587, revg. 305 N. Y. 336; Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago, 355 U. S. 35, revg. 244 F. 2d 432), but also for the reason that the film, “ Lady Chatterley’s Lover ” — based on “ a novel of great fame by an eminent author ” (per Desmond, J, concurring, p. 367) — is not of a character which the First Amendment permits a state to exclude from public view. I agree, therefore, with what Judge Dye has said, but I would add these further thoughts on the more basic issue presented.
I cannot accept the premise underlying the opinions written for reversal on behalf of the majority, in other respects conflicting, that there is no meaningful distinction, so far as the doctrine of prior restraint is concerned, between a case involving post-publication prosecution and one involving prior administrative censorship. As I read the cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, legislation aimed at preventing the exhibition of moving pictures without advance approval by an administrative body, constituting as it does the clearest sort of previous restraint, is to be sharply differentiated from a statute providing for prosecution after publication. (Compare Roth v. United States, 354 U. S. 476 [per Brennan, J.], pp. 494-495 [per Warren, Ch. J., concurring], with Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson, 343 U. S. 495; Holmby Prods. v. Vaughn, 350 U. S. 870; Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago, 355 U. S. 35, supra.)
In reaching the conclusion that a system of prior administrative censorship is unconstitutional, I have in mind that even the limited injunctive process, with provision for prompt trial by the court, was recently regarded by four justices of the Supreme Court as an impermissible prior restraint. (See Kingsley Books v. Brown, 354 U. S. 436, 445-447.) Indeed, the majority of the court as well, after noting that “ 1 the protection * * * as to previous restraint is not absolutely unlimited ’ ’ ’, went on, significantly, to say, ‘ ‘ the limitation is the exception; it is to be closely confined so as to preclude what may fairly be deemed licensing or censorship ” (354 U. S.,
Were we.dealing with newspapers or books or with a stage play, there could be no question as to the unconstitutionality of the statute under consideration, and I perceive no basis for distinguishing between such forms of expression and a moving picture. The Constitution protects all expression and is limited neither by the thoughts put forth nor by the' medium employed. It protects the transmission of ideas and beliefs, whether orthodox or unorthodox, popular or unpopular, and its protection extends alike to words uttered in the street, a public hall or a theatre (with actors live or on a screen) and to words written in newspapers, books or motion picture subtitles. A belief does not lose its character as a belief, an idea does not become less of an idea, because, instead of being expressed by the airborne voice, the printed word or the still picture, it is put forward by a moving picture with a sound track. The First Amendment does not inquire whether the medium is visual, acoustic, electronic or one yet to be devised, nor does it seek to know the speed of dissemination or the size of the audience. In short, the Amendment’s meaning and vitality may not be conditioned upon the mechanism involved, and the differences existing between a book and a moving picture do not support a holding that the freedom of expression assured by the Constitution is inapplicable to the moving picture.
I would, therefore, affirm the Appellate Division’s order.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I agree with the Appellate Division and with my dissenting brethren that section 122-a of the Education Law is unconstitutional, in which event this problem play cannot be suppressed as “immoral”. On the other hand, it would have been within the jurisdiction of the Regents (it seems to me) to have eliminated several passages in this picture as “ obscene ” under section 122. The Motion Picture Division of the Education Department attempted some
Judges Froessel and Burke concur with Chief Judge Conway ; Judge Desmond concurs in result in a separate opinion; Judges Dye and Fuld dissent and vote to affirm, each in a separate opinion in which the other concurs and in both of which dissenting opinions Judge Van Voorhis concurs in part in a separate dissenting opinion for remission of the matter to the Board of Regents.
Order reversed, etc.