1. Chattel mortgages: recording in wrong county: priority: possession by mortgagor. I. It will be seen by the foregoing statement that there is no controversy as to the validity of the mortgages under which each party claims, nor' as to their priority of date. It appears beyond question that at the time each of said mortgages was executed and delivered by J. A. Frink he was a resident of Ida county; that Frank Frink had the immediate custody and control of the mortgaged property, with authority to carry on business in the usual course of retail trade, to add to the stock by purchases, make sales therefrom, settle with and collect from customers, to pay debts, to bank the funds and check against the same in the name of J. A. Frink, and, in short, to do to all appearances as owners usually do in such business, making reports of the business from time to time to J. A. Frink. There is a contention as to whether Frank Frink was doing this as an employe of J. A. Frink at a stated salary, or under a contract by which he had or was to have an interest in the goods and business. In our view of the law, and the unquestioned control that Frank Frink had over the property, it is immaterial whether he was serving upon a salary or for *225an interest in the property and business. His possession and control at the time each of said mortgages was executed was such as to preclude the idea of actual possession in J. A. Prink, as contemplated in section 1923 of the Code. Under that section no mortgage of personal property, when the mortgagor retains actual possession thereof, is valid against existing creditors or subsequent purchasers without notice, unless the written instrument is filed for record with the recorder of the county where the holder of the property resides. In determining what is meant by “actual possession,” as used in this section, we must have in mind the object and purpose of the section. In Thomas v. Hillhouse, 17 Iowa, 67, the court says: “The object and purpose of the statute was to prevent persons from acquiring or retaining credit by reason of the possession of personal property, which possession, in the eyes of the law, is evidence of ownership, and to protect purchasers thereof from the fraud which might otherwise be practiced upon them by persons in possession of such property, and thus the ostensible owners of it.”' Section 3087, Code, provides that, if the defendant is in actual occupation and possession of any part' of land levied on, the officer shall serve him with written notice. In Bennett v. Burton, 44 Iowa, 550, the court, in construing the words “ actual occupation and possession,” says : “The use of the word ‘ actual’ implies that the possession by defendant shall be real, not speculative or in theory. Now, the possession of the agent is, in a legal sense, the possession of the principal. The same may be true of the occupation of lands. But the possession and occupation of the owner through an agent is theoretical only. In truth, he does not occupy the land; it is occupied by another under his authority. The relation between the parties is the ground upon which the law deems the occupation of the agent to be that of the principal. By use of the expression ‘actual .occupation and possession’ the statute above cited implies that the land shall be in occupation of -the defendant himself.” In Smith v. Champney, 50 Iowa, *226174, the court, in considering whether possession had passed between vendor and vendee as contemplated in section 1923, says : “The rules of construction require us to give force to the word ‘ actual.’ * * * The word ‘ actual ’ must, if possible, be given some force of its own.” See, also, Barrows v. Harrison, 12 Iowa, 589; Sansee v. Wilson, 17 Iowa, 582; Campbell v. Hamilton, 63 Iowa, 293, and Lufkin v. Preston, 57 Iowa, 28. In view of the language and purpose of section 1923, we are of the opinion that actual possession, as therein contemplated, means a true, real, genuine, positive and certain possession, and not a virtual or theoretical possession. The mortgagor is in actual possession when he retains the property under his immediate personal supervision and control, though he employ others to aid in that control; but when the property is intrusted to the custody and control of another, without the immediate personal supervision of the mortgagor, then the actual possession is in that other, and not in the mortgagor^ These views are not in conflict with Stewart v. Smith, 60 Iowa, 275. In that case the property was in the possession of the mortgagor and in charge of his employes, under his immediate personal supervision and control. What is said as to those employes not being bailees or agents, with authority over the property, is simply to emphasize the fact that they were acting under the immediate direction of Moulton, the mortgagor.. Applying these views of the law to the established facts, it is apparent that J. A. Prink did not retain actual possession of the mortgaged property at the time either of the mortgages relied upon was executed and delivered. It follows, therefore that section 1923 does not apply; that no recording was required; and that the defendants’ mortgage, being first in date, is entitled to priority.
3 Appeal- intooUfayorabie to appellant. II. The court instructed the jury to the effect that if Prank Prink had possession simply as agent, employe 0r servan't °í. J- A. Pl’illk, Subject to ¿LS control and direction, • that would be an aotual .possession by J. A. Prink; but if Frank Frink was in possession under an agreement with *227J. A. Frink, whereby be (Frank) was to have an interest in the property, then J. A. would not be in the actual possession thereof. This instruction, though not in exact accordance with our views as herein expressed, was more favorable to the appellant, and hence was without prejudice to him.
' without prejuIII. Exceptions were taken to the ruling of the court in admitting and excluding certain testimony, but as none of this testimony controverts the fact that Frank Frink was in the actual possession of the goods, and as under our view of the law such possession gives priority to the mortgage of the defendants, it is not necessary that we further consider these exceptions, nor any other of the assignments of error. There being no question as to the value of the property, the judgment of the district court is Affirmed.
