Lead Opinion
Opinion by
I.
The circumstances giving rise to this criminal prosecution occurred on 29 July 2004, between 2:00 and 3:00 in the morning. The victim, Kevin Phillips, was shot 12 times, distributed over his stomach, arms, and buttocks. Emergency responders found him, alive, in the parking lot of an apartment complex, rendered aid at the scene, and transported him to the Prince George’s County Hospital Center. There, Phillips, who was semi-conscious at the time, told a detective that “Dubbies” shot him; however, he did not provide then any additional details about the shooting. He survived, but required stomach surgery and remained in the hospital for seven days. Phillips did not provide a further oral or written statement to police until approximately eight months later, on 24 March 2005. At that time, he identified, from a photo array, Darryl King as “Dubbies.” King was arrested and indicted in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County for attempted murder and related charges. He pleaded not guilty to all charges.
King’s trial defense stratagem was to cast doubt on the version of events recounted by Phillips and Phillips’s fiancée,. Terri Lagarde, the State’s key witnesses. King’s apparent conception of the relevant events was that, at the time Phillips was shot, Phillips was with a drug dealer named “Cat” and that Phillips was shot in a volley of gunfire which erupted during a dispute that he and Cat were having with others on
The State’s Case on Direct Examination
On direct examination by the prosecutor, Phillips testified that he was shot repeatedly by three men, including King, who he knew only as “Dubbies” at the time of the shooting. He did not know why King shot him. According to Phillips, he had pulled into the parking lot of his apartment complex, exited his car, and called his fiancée, Terri Lagarde, with his cell phone. While speaking with her, a black Ford Explorer, with its lights off, drove onto the parking lot and stopped. Of the five men in the vehicle, three exited and approached him. He recognized one of the on-coming men as “Dubbies,” a regular at the Crossroads nightclub, a haunt which Phillips also frequented. Dubbies kept his hands behind his back while announcing, “I come in peace.” Phillips, however, saw that Dubbies concealed a chrome .45 caliber handgun and, skeptical of Dubbies’s proclaimed benign intent, tried to run away. At that point, Dubbies and the two other gunmen brandished handguns and opened fire on Phillips. Phillips overheard one of the shooters complain, “he [Phillips] can’t die.” According to Phillips, there was no one else on the parking lot during the shooting.
Phillips also explained that he had not recounted the foregoing narrative to a detective until March 2005, nearly eight months after the shooting. He did not remember the detective’s name, only his face.
The State next called Detective Robert Holland, the officer in charge of investigating the shooting. He testified that he arrived at the crime scene shortly after emergency responders took Phillips to the hospital. Detective Holland explained that two complete bullets, two bullet fragments, and seven shell casings were found on the parking lot. All of the projectiles were fired from nine millimeter handguns. The State did not introduce any additional forensic evidence.
According to Detective Holland, he met with Lagarde on the same night as the shooting. He spoke with Phillips the following evening at approximately 10:00 p.m. At that time, Phillips could not provide much insight into the circumstances of the shooting, Detective Holland asserted, because Phillips “was still undergoing medical treatment”; however, he was alert and coherent enough to identify “Dubbies” as an assailant. The nickname eventually led the detective to consider
Detective Holland described, through the following colloquy, his efforts to set up a meeting with Phillips in the months following Phillips’s discharge from the hospital:
Q ... And once you got the photograph and you prepared a photo array what, if anything, did you do?
AI made attempts to contact Mr. Phillips.
Q And were you able to contact him?
A I was. After a few times, we finally had a meeting in March.
Q And when you say you were trying to contact him, when you say that, what exactly were you doing?
A At that point I had a cell phone number for him. I was trying to contact his cell phone which was the only point of contact I had for him. I left a couple of messages. I tried to call Terri, left a few messages with her, and we were back and forth leaving messages for one another for several weeks in-between.
After Detective Holland testified, the State rested.
Defense Cross-Examination
King’s defense counsel asked Phillips why he waited eight months before contacting police, to which Phillips responded that the officer investigating the shooting “wasn’t speaking to me. [He] was speaking to my girl [Lagarde].” Phillips asserted that he could not meet with police until March 2005 because he could not walk. He also revealed that Lagarde went with him when he finally gave his statement to the police. In his words, “she was just trying to calm me down [and] at the same time trying to give clarity to the police officer.” In hindsight, he claimed that Lagarde was there mainly to calm him down.
Phillips acknowledged that he and King knew each other socially and that Lagarde’s son used to baby-sit King’s chil
Q Do you live ... where his happened?
A No, I don’t live there.
Q You don’t live over there. Is that a place you go to often?
A Yes. We hang—yeah. That’s our place that we meet up, hang out, play games, smoke.
Q Okay. And who is it that [sic] you go there to do that with?
A The guy who owned the apartment, his name is Hector.
Defense counsel impeached Phillips with a November 2002 felony conviction for possession with intent to distribute cocaine.
*691 Q Isn’t it true that your supplier, Cat, your boss, was with you right there [at the time of the shooting] and had a gun?
AI have no boss.
A And there was nobody outside with me with any sort of weapon or any sort of—to harm anybody.
Q Sir, do you remember a week before this shooting when you approached my client and told him he should leave town?
A Nope.
Q Do you know a person named Cat?
A Yes.
Q All right what is your relationship with Cat?
A Friends.
Q Do you have any business relationship with Cat?
A Nope.
Defense counsel sought to question Phillips further, asking questions that, inferentially, would have elicited responses that Cat was the leader of a drug ring and that Phillips was in Cat’s employ. Specifically, King’s counsel proffered:
[M]y client ... had a personal face-to-face conversation with [Kevin Phillips] one week before the incident in question where this witness, Kevin Phillips, told my client, Darryl King, that he should leave town, that there was a meeting that Cat called. Cat is the leader of this drug ring in this area of which this witness, Kevin Phillips, is a very active member along with his girlfriend who’s going to testify for the State who was convicted along with him in the same drug case he was convicted of.
The trial judge, however, refused, upon the State’s objection, to permit further cross-examination regarding Cat be
King continued sowing seeds of doubt as to Phillips’s version of events during cross-examination of Lagarde, who confirmed that she knew King (as “Dubbies”) and that she and Phillips occasionally socialized with King and his girlfriend when they saw them at nightclubs. The genesis of the flagship issue in the case before us was defense counsel’s attempt to impeach Lagarde with her 2002 felony conviction for possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
[DEFENSE]: I believe that this witness is not being truthful. She has—
*693 THE COURT: That’s your belief.
[DEFENSE]: That’s correct. She has a prior conviction in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County for possession with intent to distribute marijuana in 2002 where she was represented by counsel, entered a guilty plea. She was sentenced. It is in her past and it’s an enrolled conviction. I would like to impeach her with that prior conviction.
THE COURT: What do you say?
[STATE]: I would object. She hasn’t even said anything that appears to be untruthful here.
THE COURT: She hasn’t said anything at all other than she heard of him, talked to him, and that she went to a location and she saw him.
[STATE]: That’s all she said.
THE COURT: If you want to impeach her, I would say the prejudice is not outweighed by the probative value.
THE COURT: And it doesn’t have to do with that case or the type of conviction. It has to do with the fact that insofar as impeaching her, the prejudice of that outweighs any probative value of impeaching her.
[DEFENSE]: I would like to put something on the record.
[DEFENSE]: I want to point out to the Court that, you know, a witness can perhaps to the Court who does not have the luxury of gaining other information and, obviously, doesn’t have a background with the case can appear to be telling the truth. But there is—this witness has given no statement to the police. I just learned that she was going to be a witness.
THE COURT: Well, she hasn’t testified to anything.
[DEFENSE]: To my judgment, she has. To my judgment, she is completely lying about the reality.
THE COURT: Do you have a witness who will testify to that?
*694 [DEFENSE]: Well, I can put my client on in camera to testify as to what this witness is lying about. We have not made a decision as to testifying in the trial ultimately, but I’ll be happy for a brief in camera hearing to proffer as follows: That this witness was told by Cat to tell ... the police to implicate Darryl [King] because she works for Cat and Cat wanted to kill [King] and Cat just wanted to get [King] anyway and personally told this witness to have Kevin Phillips say it was [King] and that Cat was actually on the scene ... where this happened....
[DEFENSE]: I also have some additional argument and that is this. The case in which she was convicted involves six thousand grams of marijuana and the case that we all are aware of, [State v. Woodland,337 Md. 519 ,654 A.2d 1314 (1995) ], says a narcotics trafficker lives a life of secrecy and dissembling in the course of that activity.
THE COURT: I’ve read the case ... I say with reference to this witness, the prejudice of using that outweighs the probative value.
[DEFENSE]: I would suggest that it’s the prejudice to the accused is where the—
THE COURT: Prejudice to the witness.
[DEFENSE]: ... I do think, however, the prejudice to the accused is a factor and it is ordinarily probative and in the zone of convictions that are relevant for credibility purposes. That’s what the cases ultimately conclude. And here we have a witness who, I believe, is lying and I’m not allowed to attack her credibility with this.
THE COURT: She hasn’t said anything at all about the facts of this case. If she’s saying something about some collateral issue, you know, that’s something that you’ve just raised in your cross-examination. She wasn’t asked anything about the collateral matter. I’m denying your request.
King elected not to present any evidence and moved for a judgment of acquittal, which the court denied. The jury
King noted a timely appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, which, in an unreported opinion, affirmed. He filed with this Court a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari, which we granted. King v. State,
I. Did the Circuit Court and the Court of Special Appeals apply an erroneous legal standard in determining that a prior felony drug conviction was not admissible to impeach a prosecution witness?
II. Did the Court of Special Appeals err in holding that the prosecutor, in her closing argument, did not reference King’s failure to testify in his own defense and, therefore, did not violate his Fifth Amendment right to be free from self-incrimination?6
For the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. Because we shall hold that King is entitled to a new trial based on the Circuit Court’s ruling denying his request to impeach Lagarde with her prior conviction, we shall not consider the constitutional argument posed by his second question.
Standard of Review
Appellate review of a trial court’s application of the balancing test of Rule 5-609 is deferential. Jackson v. State,
“Abuse of discretion” is one of those very general, amorphous terms that appellate courts use and apply with great frequency but which they have defined in many different ways. It has been said to occur “where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the [trial] court,” or when the court acts “without reference to any guiding rules or principles.” It has also been said to exist when the ruling under consideration “appears to have been made on untenable grounds,” when the ruling is “clearly against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court,” when the ruling is “clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying a just result,” when the ruling is “violative of fact and logic,” or when it constitutes an “untenable judicial act that defies reason and works an injustice.”
There is a certain commonality in all these definitions, to the extent that they express the notion that a ruling reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard will not be reversed simply because the appellate court would not have made the same ruling. The decision under consideration has to be well removed from any center mark imagined by the reviewing court and beyond the fringe of what that court deems minimally acceptable. That kind of distance can arise in a number of ways, among which are that the ruling either does not logically follow from the findings upon which it supposedly rests or has no reasonable relationship to its announced objective. That, we think, is included within the notion of “untenable grounds,” “violative of fact and logic,” and “against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court.”
North,
III.
Analysis
When interpreting the Maryland Rules, we look to the ordinary rules of statutory construction. Hurst v. State,
Rule 5-609 provides, in relevant part:
(a) Generally. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the witness or established by public record during examination of the witness, but only if (1) the crime was an infamous crime or other crime relevant to the witness’s credibility and (2) the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice to the witness or objecting party.
(b) Time limit. Evidence of a conviction is not admissible under this Rule if a period of more than 15 years has elapsed since the date of the conviction.
See also Westpoint,
This Court limned the following three-part test for determining whether a witness may be impeached with evidence of a prior conviction under Rule 5-609:
First, subsection (a) sets forth the “eligible universe” for what convictions may be used to impeach a witness’s credibility. This universe consists of two categories: (1) “infamous crimes” and (2) “other crimes relevant to the witness’s*699 credibility.” Infamous crimes include treason, common law felonies, and other crimes classified as crimen falsi. If a crime does not fall within one of the two categories, then it is inadmissible and the analysis ends. This threshold question of whether or not a crime bears upon credibility is a matter of law. If a crime falls within one of the two categories in the eligible universe, then the second step is for the proponent to establish that the conviction was not more than 15 years old, that it was not reversed on appeal, and that it was not the subject of a pardon or a pending appeal. Finally, in order to admit a prior conviction for impeachment purposes, the trial court must determine that the probative value of the prior conviction outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice to the witness or objecting party. This third step is clearly a matter of trial court discretion.
Westpoint,
The State concedes that Lagarde’s 2002 conviction for possession with intent to distribute marijuana falls within the “eligible universe” of convictions that King potentially could use to impeach her credibility. Recently, in Westpoint, Judge Battaglia chronicled the cases of this Court discussing what kinds of convictions are admissible potentially for impeachment purposes.
King argues that the trial court, in applying the balancing test, did not give sufficient regard to his stake in impeaching Lagarde’s credibility and overemphasized the prejudice that would accrue to the State or Lagarde if her conviction was disclosed to the jury. The State, not surprisingly, rejoins that the trial judge acted within his discretion because Rule 5-609, by its plain language, does not require special attention to the interests of an accused in situations, such as this one, where the accused is neither the witness nor the objecting party. See Md. Rule 5-609 (directing court to balance probative value against “danger of unfair prejudice to the witness or objecting party”). The State contends that Lagarde’s conviction did not have meaningful probative value because Lagarde did not identify King as one of the men who shot Phillips. The State also argues that allowing King to use Lagarde’s conviction would have prejudiced unfairly the State by prompting jurors to infer that Lagarde currently is dealing drugs.
In Jackson v. State, we explained that the balancing test of Rule 5-609 “ ‘stems from the risk of prejudice.’ ”
In the present case, King advances two interrelated challenges to the trial court’s application of the Rule 5-609 balancing test. First, he asserts that, under the circumstances, Lagarde’s 2002 conviction would have been highly probative impeachment evidence because her testimony was integral to the State’s case and her credibility was important to the jury’s perception of her testimony. Second, King suggests that, as a general rule, there is significantly less potential for unfair prejudice where the witness to be impeached is not the defendant. This is so, King urges, because there is no danger of the jury using improperly the impeachment evidence as propensity evidence to convict the defendant. See Rule 5-404 (generally prohibiting evidence “for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith”). We shall discuss each of his contentions in turn.
“Where credibility is the central issue, the probative value of the impeachment is great, and thus weighs heavily against the danger of unfair prejudice.” Jackson,
The twists and turns of Phillips’s narrative do not connote untruthfulness necessarily, especially if a trier of fact chose to discount irregularities because of the physical and emotional strain on someone who survives such an attempt on his life; however, the relative lack of consistency in his account of the events of and surrounding the shooting, coupled with the impeachment evidence of his earlier conviction for possession
The State acknowledges that Lagarde’s testimony was “helpful” to its case; however, because she did not identify King as the shooter, the State posits that her testimony was not so important that King should have been allowed to impeach her with evidence of her prior conviction. We do not subscribe to the State’s characterization in this regard. The State’s case required the members of the jury to decide whether they believed Phillips’s narrative of events. Considering the somewhat confusing and conflicting aspects of his story, Lagarde’s testimony to key facts, consistent with those portions of Phillips’s account, was beyond “helpful”; it unquestionably made more probable Phillips’s account of the shooting, favoring the prosecution. Therefore, Lagarde’s testimony was important to the State, and the impeachment value of her conviction certainly would have been probative under the circumstances.
The probative value of Lagarde’s conviction is enhanced by other facts concerning Lagarde. First, Lagarde did not call the police promptly after she heard the shots over Phillips’s phone; instead, she waited a while and then went looking for him. Second, she also knew King and his girlfriend socially and even allowed her son to baby-sit their children. Third, although Phillips tried to back-peddle, he testified, on cross-examination, that Lagarde went with him to give a statement to police in March 2005 and helped him “give clarity to the officer.” These facts tend to suggest a lack of solidity in
King also is correct that the potential for unfair prejudice is less here, where the witness to be impeached with evidence of a prior conviction is not the defendant. “Evidence is prejudicial when it tends to have some adverse effect ... beyond tending to prove the fact or issue that justified its admission____” State v. Askew, 245 Conn. 351, 362,
We recognize the State’s considerable interest in having a defendant “stand before the bar of justice upon the merits” of the crime for which she or he has been charged. See In re Miles,
First, the same possibility exists when impeachment evidence of a prior conviction is introduced against a testifying defendant; however, prosecutors regularly are permitted to present such evidence in that instance. E.g., Jackson,
Second, when considering the impeachment evidence of a State’s witness’s prior conviction, the motivation for jurors to use improperly that evidence simply does not exist to the degree that it does when they are considering impeachment evidence of a defendant’s prior conviction. Jurors do not have quite the incentive to let a guilty person go free because they dislike the State’s witness; they have an interest in protecting their communities. Indeed, we occasionally are moved to chastise prosecutors for exploiting that interest by invoking the “golden rule” argument and asking jurors to consider that interest over the facts in evidence. See Lee v. State,
We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing King to impeach Lagarde with evidence of her 2002 felony conviction for possession with intent to distribute mari
Because we are not convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury would have found King guilty of attempted murder and related charges if the trial court allowed King to impeach Lagarde with her prior conviction, we are unable to declare the trial court’s error harmless. See Westpoint,
Notes
. It is not entirely clear whether King was advancing a self-defense argument or, simply, that he was not present on the parking lot. Suffice it to say, King’s position was that whoever shot Phillips did so during a shoot-out in which Phillips was a participant.
. Section 5-602 of the Criminal Law Article provides:
Except as otherwise provided in this title, a person may not:
(1) manufacture, distribute, or dispense a controlled dangerous substance; or
(2) possess a controlled dangerous substance in sufficient quantity reasonably to indicate under all the circumstances an intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense a controlled dangerous substance.
Maryland Code (2002 Repl.VoL), Criminal Law Article, § 5-602. A person convicted of possession with intent to distribute cocaine is guilty of a felony and subject to a term of imprisonment of up to 20 years. Id. § 5-608(a).
. In his appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, King contended that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation by foreclosing further cross-examination of Phillips about Cat. The intermediate appellate court disagreed, affirming the trial court. King does not seek our review of this contention.
. See supra note 3. A person convicted of possession with intent to distribute marijuana is guilty of a felony and is subject to a prison term of up to five years. Maryland Code (2002 Repl. VoL), Criminal Law Article, § 5-607(a).
. Rule 5-609 provides, in relevant part:
(a) Generally. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the witness or established by public record during examination of the witness, but only if (1) the crime was an infamous crime or other crime relevant to the witness's credibility and (2) the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice to the witness or objecting party.
. We reworded King’s second question. The question, as originally worded, asked:
Did the Court of Special Appeals improperly rule that the prosecutor’s blatant reference to Petitioner’s failure to testify at trial did not constitute reversible error?
. During her closing argument, the prosecutor said:
*696 You heard testimony from the victim that repeatedly he was the only person out there. It’s 3:00 in the morning. There's some testimony it was between 2, 2:30, 3:00. This happened between the two a.m. hour and the three a.m. hour. He says, I was the only person out there. I think he would know if there were other people outside. No one else was out there but him. And besides that, he is the only person that we have here today saying that they were shot.
In Smith v. State, this Court held that a defendant's Fifth Amendment right to be free from self-incrimination is violated when the prosecutor makes a remark that is " ‘susceptible of the inference by the jury that they [are] to consider the silence of the traverser in the face of the accusation of the prosecuting witness as an indication of his guilt.’ "
. As Judge Battaglia explained in Westpoint, this three-part test was articulated in Giddens, a case involving the interpretation and application of the predecessor of Rule 5-609, Rule 1-502. Westpoint,
. In Jackson, the State sought to impeach the testifying defendant. Naturally, we discussed these five considerations in that context, referring to the "defendant’s history,” the "defendant’s testimony,” and the "defendant’s credibility.”
. The State does not argue that Lagarde would have suffered unfair prejudice if her 2002 conviction was made known to the jury.
Dissenting Opinion
dissent.
Dissenting Opinion by MURPHY, J., which BATTAGLIA, J., joins.
I agree with the majority that this Court should not attempt “to fashion [in the case at bar] a broad rule governing the admissibility of prior convictions to impeach all State’s non-victim, fact witnesses.” I also agree that (1) “when considering the impeachment evidence of a State’s witness’s prior conviction, the motivation for jurors to use improperly that evidence simply does not exist to the degree that it does when they are considering impeachment evidence of a defendant’s prior conviction,” and (2) as a general rule, the trial judge should overrule the State’s objection to defense counsel’s otherwise proper impeachment by conviction question posed to a State’s witness unless the State is able to “articulate a concrete reason why the jury would be inclined to disregard the court’s instructions, about the proper perspective from which to consider an impeaching conviction[.]” From my review of Ms. Lagarde’s entire testimony, however, I am persuaded that this general rule is inapplicable to the case at bar.
To comply with the requirements of Md. Rule 5-609, the Circuit Court was required to balance the “probativeness” of Ms. Lagarde’s conspiracy conviction “against , its potential for unfair prejudice to the witness or to the objecting party.” Beales v. State,
If Petitioner had asserted that he shot Mr. Phillips in self-defense, Ms. Lagarde’s testimony about Mr. Phillips’ spontaneous declaration, “[t]hey just shot me for nothing,” would have been of significant consequence to the issue of whether Petitioner had acted in self-defense. That defense, however, was not asserted in the case at bar. According to his trial counsel, Petitioner was a witness rather than a participant.
Another essential component of the balancing process required by Md. Rule 5-609 is an analysis of what the witness has testified to on cross-examination up to the point at which the trial judge must determine whether to admit or exclude evidence of the witness’s prior conviction. During Ms. Lagarde’s cross-examination, the Circuit Court permitted Petitioner’s trial counsel to question her about whether she had (1) a “business relationship” with Cat, (2) “any dealings with Cat,” and/or (3) knowledge of “any type of business relationship” between Mr. Phillips and Cat.
It is well settled that the jury’s disbelief of a non-party witness does not permit the jury to find that the opposite of what the witness testified to is true. In VF Corp. v. Wrexham Aviation Corp.,
In Gray v. State,
As noted by this Court in Dehn v. Edgecombe,384 Md. 606 ,865 A.2d 603 (2005):
“ ‘Abuse of discretion’ is one of those very general, amorphous terms that appellate courts use and apply -with great frequency but which they have defined in many different ways----[A] ruling reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard will not be reversed simply because the appellate court would not have made the same ruling. The decision under consideration has to be well removed from any center mark imagined by the reviewing court and beyond the fringe of what that court deems minimally acceptable. That kind of distance can arise in a number of ways, among which are that the ruling either does not logically follow from the findings upon which it supposedly rests or has no reasonable relationship to its announced objective. That, we think, is included within the notion of ‘untenable grounds,’ ‘violative of fact and logic,’ and ‘against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court.’ ” Dehn v. Edgecombe,384 Md. at 628 ,865 A.2d at 616 quoting North v. North,102 Md.App. 1 , 13-14,648 A.2d 1025 , 1031-1032 (1994).
Id. at 383-84,
From my analysis of Ms. Lagarde’s testimony, I am not persuaded that the Circuit Court’s decision to prohibit Petitioner’s trial counsel from questioning Ms. Lagarde about her prior conviction was either “violative of fact and logic” or “beyond the fringe” of what is “minimally acceptable.” I would therefore (1) decide both issues presented to us, and (2) affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.
Judge BATTAGLIA has authorized me to state that she joins this dissent.
. The record shows that law enforcement officers and emergency medical personnel responded to reports of gunfire, located Mr. Phillips, and transported him to the Prince George’s County Hospital Center.
. The various statements made by Petitioner’s trial counsel in support of the argument that Petitioner was a "mere witness” are consistent with (oral and written) statements made by the Petitioner during a December 29, 2005 custodial interrogation. Prior to trial, the Circuit Court granted Petitioner’s motion for suppression of those statements on the ground that the State had failed to rebut Petitioner's suppression hearing testimony that his statements were given only because a Secret Service Agent threatened to arrest Petitioner’s "common law wife” and mother of Petitioner’s "two kids.” At no point during the trial, however, did the defense introduce admissible evidence that would have been sufficient to present a genuine jury question on the issue of whether any fact assumed or insinuated by Petitioner’s trial counsel—but denied by Ms. Lagarde during her cross-examination—was actually true.
. Petitioner was entitled to—and did—cross-examine Ms. Lagarde about her relationship with Mr. Phillips, even though she had testified on direct examination that Mr. Phillips was her fiancé.
. Petitioner was entitled to—but did not—cross-examine Ms. Lagarde about the fact that she had given Petitioner’s nickname to the investigating officers, and/or about the circumstances under which Mr. Phillips ultimately identified Petitioner as his assailant.