787 So. 2d 677 | Miss. Ct. App. | 2001
Lead Opinion
¶ 1. Jore King appeals the decision of the Harrison County Circuit Court, raising the following issues as error:
I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GRANT JNOY AND/OR MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL WHEN THE VERDICT WAS AGAINST THE OVERWHELMING WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE?
II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING DEFENDANT’S COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE INSTRUCTION (INSTRUCTION No. D^)?
III. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO SEND THE JURY INSTRUCTIONS WITH THE JURY TO THE JURY ROOM?
¶ 2. Finding error, we reverse and remand for a new trial. Because the second issue is dispositive, we will not address the first and third issue.
FACTS
¶ 3. On November 20, 1991, The Kroger Co. operated a supermarket on Pass Road in Gulfport, Mississippi. Ms. Jore King, a resident of Gulfport, was driving home with her friend and co-worker Ms. Queen Elizabeth Graves. While on their way home from work that day, King and Graves decided to stop at the Kroger store to purchase a few grocery items. The two proceeded to the produce section to get tomatoes and a few other items. King went to get a plastic produce bag for tomatoes, and as she turned to head back to the grocery cart, her feet slipped out from under her and she fell on the floor.
¶ 5. After the fall King continued to shop. While shopping, King started to experience more pain and decided that she should report the incident to a store employee. Once King had checked out, she went to the manager’s counter and reported the fall to Mr. John Jones, the assistant manager on duty. Mr. Jones prepared a written report of the incident based upon his interview of King and his inspection of the site where she claimed to have fallen. Included in the report was the condition of the floor as observed by him and the identity of witnesses to the fall. Gayle Lang was the only name listed on the report as a witness, and Graves was not identified as a witness by Jones nor did she speak to Jones at the time. After Jones interviewed King, she showed him the location where she had fallen, and Jones inspected the floor and put his findings in the written incident report. Jones noted a scuff mark on the floor, but otherwise found the floor to be dry at the place where King said she had fallen. Jones did note some drops of water on the floor, but they were a short distance away from the fall site. Jones made no notes that would lead one to believe the floor had just been mopped.
¶ 6. King returned to her home, and later that night she began experiencing discomfort due to a swollen hand and pain in her back. King went to the emergency room at Memorial Hospital in Gulfport, and at this time King advised the medical personnel in the hospital that she had slipped and fallen on her back. King returned to Gulfport Memorial Hospital on December 6, 1991, several weeks after the incident with similar complaints. In December of 1991, King was still experiencing pain in her shoulder and swelling in her arm. King went to see the family physician Dr. Dunn, who in turn referred her to Dr. Thomas Hewes in Gulfport. Dr. Hewes treated King for injuries to the right wrist and administered cortisone injections to her arm. King was then sent to Tulane Medical Center in New Orleans, and Dr. Ollie Edmunds performed nerve test and x-rays on King’s arm. However, Dr. Edmunds did not diagnose the injuries. King then went to see Dr. Chris Wiggins in Pascagoula, who in turn referred her to Dr. Terry Millette. At the time of the trial, King was continuing treatment with Dr. Terry Millette.
¶ 7. King brought a claim against Kroger alleging negligence and failure to warn a business invitee of a dangerous condition. The first trial in this matter was held in January of 1999, and the jury was unable to reach a verdict; therefore, the trial judge declared a mistrial. King and Kroger then agreed to have the matter heard in the Second Judicial District, and a second trial took place in Biloxi on July 27, 1999. A final judgment in favor of Kroger was entered in the Circuit Court of Harrison County, Mississippi. King filed a mo
ANALYSIS
II.
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING DEFENDANT’S COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE INSTRUCTION (INSTRUCTION No. D-4)?
¶ 8. Kroger requested and obtained Jury Instruction D^i which can only be read as informing the jury that an open and obvious defense existed in a comparative negligence instruction. That instruction reads:
The Court instructs the Jury that while shopping at Kroger Store V379, Jore King had a duty to exercise reasonable care to observe any hazard or risks on the floor in the produce department which could cause injury to her and which were readily apparent and if you believe from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that Jore King failed to do so, then she was guilty of negligence.
If you further believe from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that the negligence, if any of Jore King was a contributing proximate cause of the injuries and damages, if any, suffered by her when she fell, then you shall reduce any damages you award Jore King, if any, by the proportion or amount her negligence contributed to her injuries. However, if you believe by a preponderance of the evidence in this case that the negligence of Jore King, if any, was the sole proximate cause of her injury then you shall return a verdict for the Defendant, The Kroger Company.
King states that the trial court should not have given this instruction because it is an incorrect statement of the law, due to the fact that this instruction provides an open and obvious defense. Also, the sentence “However, if you believe by a preponderance of the evidence in this case that the negligence of Jore King, if any, was the sole proximate cause of her injury than you shall return a verdict for the Defendant” could have been confusing to the jury and conceivably perceived as contributory negligence which would bar recovery by King. We have considered carefully Kroger’s argument that the instruction correctly states the law on the theory that if the mopped or wet floor was readily apparent, then as a matter of law the sole proximate cause of the accident must have been King’s negligence. We hold the argument to be flawed.
¶ 9. Our Mississippi Supreme Court sets forth the premise that there may be more than one proximate cause to a negligent act. See King v. Dudley, 286 So.2d 814, 817 (Miss.1973); Braswell v. Economy Supply Co., 281 So.2d 669, 676 (Miss.1973). The defendant may be negligent, but so too may be the plaintiff. Thus, our comparative law applies. The “open and obvious” standard is simply a comparative negligence defense used to compare the negligence of the plaintiff to the negligence of the defendant. If the defendant was not negligent, it makes no difference if the dangerous condition was open and obvious to the plaintiff since the plaintiff must prove some negligence on part of the defendant before recovery may be had. On the other hand, if the defendant and the plaintiff were both at fault in causing or attributing to the harm, then damages can be determined through the comparative negligence of both. In Bell v. City of Bay St. Louis, 467 So.2d 657, 663 (Miss.1985), the Mississippi Supreme Court states that where a defendant negligently creates an unreasonably unsafe con
¶ 10. In giving Jury Instruction D-4, the trial court erred, since there was not a single instance of negligence on the part of King which could have supported a comparative negligence finding by the jury other than the fact that King should have apparently recognized the mopped floor. This evidence would support the “open and obvious” defense, which is no longer applicable in our comparative negligence doctrine. Finding error, we reverse and remand.
¶11. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HARRISON COUNTY IS REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED EQUALLY BETWEEN THE PARTIES.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
¶ 12. The majority finds that the trial court fatally infected jury deliberations by giving an instruction on “open and obvious” dangers as an absolute defense. The majority is seeing something in this instruction that I do not find. With deference for my colleagues, I dissent.
¶ 13. Kroger was successful in presenting several instructions to the jury, though only the alleged open and obvious defense instruction is challenged. Kroger offered evidence that after King informed an assistant manager of the fall, the two of them went to the place where it was said to have occurred. The assistant manager testified that he found only a scuff mark and the floor to be dry where King said that she had fallen. The plaintiff King gave a partial explanation of why that might have been, namely, that soon after her fall she saw someone with a mop near the produce department who then walked out a specific door. Kroger, on the other hand, presented evidence that attempted to show why that testimony was not plausible, including the location of the mops at the store, the fact that the view of the door was blocked from where King was standing, and that the door went to a loading dock and not to any location relevant for an employee who was mopping.
¶ 14. Whether the plaintiffs version of events was proved by a preponderance of the evidence was to be decided by the jury. Based on instructions that I find appropriate, the jurors held for Kroger.
¶ 15. The instruction challenged on appeal is said to present the dreaded open and obvious defense as an absolute bar. The majority quite properly points out that whether a hazard is open and obvious is still relevant, but it is no longer by itself a bar to recovery. It is just one consideration in determining the contributions to causation. This is the instruction:
The Court instructs the Jury that while shopping at Kroger Store V379, Jore King had a duty to exercise reasonable care to observe any hazard or risks on the floor in the produce department which could cause injury to her and which were readily apparent and if you believe from a preponderance of the evi*682 dence in this case that Jore King failed to do so, then she was guilty of negligence.
If you further believe from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that the negligence, if any of Jore King was a contributing proximate cause of the injuries and damages, if any, suffered by her when she fell, then you shall reduce any damages you award Jore King, if any, by the proportion or amount her negligence contributed to her injuries.
However, if you believe by a preponderance of the evidence in this case that the negligence of Jore King, if any, was the sole proximate cause of her injury then you shall return a verdict for the Defendant, The Kroger Company.1
¶ 16. The first paragraph is unexceptional. King had a duty to exercise reasonable care for her own safety, just as a premises’ owner has a duty to exercise reasonable care to maintain premises in a safe manner. If the jurors found that the reasonable inference from the events was that King was careless as she walked through the produce department, then those jurors were entitled to find that she had some fault in the accident. If her carelessness was in failing to note a hazard or risk that was obvious, the jury is not forbidden from being told about that because of the lessening of the effect of the open and obvious defense. The defense is no longer a complete bar to recovery, but it is a factor in comparative negligence.
¶ 17. The second paragraph instructs the jury on comparative negligence. If •both parties were at fault, the jury was to assign comparative responsibility. I find nothing wrong with this paragraph.
¶ 18. Finally, the third paragraph presents the possibility that King was solely responsible for her fall. There was no direct evidence of King’s negligence, but there was direct evidence both that she fell — that evidence came from King — and that soon after the event that the floor was dry — that evidence came from Kroger. Whether anyone mopped away the evidence was also a jury question. If the jury believed that the floor was dry, then not only was King a partial contributor to her injuries by failing to watch where she was going, she was solely responsible for them.
¶ 19. I note one problem, not raised by King, that fe logically unaddressed in the instruction. People fall for all sorts of reasons. The plaintiff says that she fell and the floor was wet. Kroger says it does not know if she fell, but the floor was not wet. So King could have fallen, the floor might not have been wet, and therefore some other reason explains the fall. What the instruction did not cover is that the something else may not have been King’s or Kroger’s negligence.
¶ 20. The instruction could have said that King may have fallen for a variety of reasons not of Kroger’s making, including clumsiness, the act of someone else such as one of her companions, or for reasons that would amount essentially to an act of God. Such precision seems unnecessary to me. Saying that King’s “negligence” might have been the sole cause of the accident adequately expresses the remainder, since the relevant jury issue that is being addressed in that third paragraph is whether reasons totally independent of Kroger were the sole cause of the injury. By a preponderance of the evidence, King must show Kroger’s culpability. Kroger does not
¶ 21. In fact, Kroger is the one who would have benefitted from a longer explanation. Kroger has no liability unless King proves that it was negligent, regardless of whether the jury ever believes that King was negligent. Limiting the third paragraph of the instruction to the requirement of an actual jury finding of King’s negligence, as opposed just to uncertainty about what happened and a failure of proof to show Kroger’s liability, was potentially to Kroger’s detriment. I am satisfied that any defects in the instruction were harmless as to King.
¶22. With respect for the majority, a jury question was properly presented and it was answered. I would affirm.
McMILLIN, C.J. and CHANDLER, J., join this separate opinion.
. The bracketed numbers and the paragraph breaks were not in the instruction as given to the jury.