Kilmer v. Hicks

Dec 17, 1974

2 CA-CIV 1651

Versions:529 P.2d 706

22 Ariz. App. 552

1974 Ariz. App. LEXIS 534

OPINION

HATHAWAY, Chief Judge.

This appeal arises from the granting of defendants’ motion for summary judgment in a wrongful death action. The action was brought for the death of Diane Marie Kilmer, the unborn daughter of appellant.

Evelyn P. Kilmer, wife of appellant, was killed in an automobile accident оn December 7, 1972, allegedly caused by Mr. Hicks. Her death was essentially instantaneous. She was then over 9 months pregnant. The expected date of delivery was December 5, 1972. According to the certificate of fetal death, the fetus died of fetal anoxia сaused by the pre-partum maternal death. There is no question that the fetus was viable.

We are called upon to determine whether a cause of action exists for the death of a viable fetus caused by the wrongful ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍death of its mother at the еnd of a 9-month pregnancy. This is a question of first impression in Arizona, having been *553 raised but not decided in Larriva v. Widmer, 101 Ariz. 1, 415 P.2d 424 (1966).

There is no common law right of action for the tortious killing of a human being. Gay v. Thompson, 266 N.C. 394, 146 S.E.2d 425 (1966). The right to recovеr damages for wrongful death is statutory, and if maintainable for the death of an unborn child, it must be brought under A.R.S. § 12-611, which provides:

“When death of a person is caused by [the] wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured to maintain an action to recover damages in respect thereof, then, and in every such case, thе person who or the corporation which ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍would have been liable if death had nоt ensued shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured, and although the death was caused under such circumstances as amount in law tо murder in the first or second degree or manslaughter.” (Emphasis added)

At common law an unborn fеtus is not a “person.” State v. Dickinson, 28 Ohio St.2d 65, 275 N.E.2d 599 (1971), quoting, at 601, 3 Coke, Institutes 58 (1648). The common law, so far as it is not rеpugnant to the constitution of the United States, the constitution or laws of this state, or established customs of the people of this state, was adopted by the legislature and is “the rule of decision in all courts of this state.” Huebner v. Deuchle, 109 Ariz. 549, 514 P.2d 470 (1973). Statutes are not to be сonstrued as effecting any change in the common ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍law beyond that which is clearly indicated. In re Estate of Thelen, 9 Ariz.App. 157, 450 P.2d 123 (1969). If possible, statutory enactments should be construed by courts as consistent with the common law. Farnsworth v. Hubbard, 78 Ariz. 160, 277 P.2d 252 (1954).

A.R.S. § 12-611 abrogated the common law only insofar аs it allows an action for damages for the death of a “person.” The Supreme Cоurt of Virginia, reasoning that words in statutes should be given their ordinary acceptance аnd meaning, held that the word “person” as used in Virginia’s wrongful death statute, virtually identical to Arizona’s, does not include an unborn viable fetus. Lawrence v. Craven Tire Company, 210 Va. 138, 169 S.E.2d 440 (1969). The court stated:

“If plaintiff’s deсedent had no right, at time of death, to maintain an action for personal injuries, then thе right to maintain ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the present action could not be transmitted to her personal representative. We are unwilling to hold that a child en ventre sa mere can maintain a common law action for personal injuries, and it is plain that such a holding would be necessary in order for any right оf action to have been transmitted to the present plaintiff. If a child en ventre sa mere were held to be able to maintain an action for personal injuries, logic and consistency would rеquire that if such child were injured and subsequently stillborn for reason wholly unrelated to the injuries, a right of action would survive under Code § 8-628.1.” 169 S.E.2d at 441.

The United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed.2d 147 (1972) held that it was not the intent of the framers of the constitution tо include the unborn in the word “person,” and that a fetus was not a “person” within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍Other cases which have denied recovery for the wrongful death оf an unborn viable fetus under statutes permitting recovery for the death of a “person” оr “minor person” include Norman v. Murphy, 124 Cal.App.2d 95, 268 P.2d 178 (1954); Bayer v. Suttle, 23 Cal.App.3d 361, 100 Cal.Rptr. 212 (1972) ; Stokes v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, 213 So.2d 695 (Fla.1968); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303, 204 A.2d 140 (1964); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478, 301 N.Y.S.2d 65, 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) ; Drabbels v. Skelly Oil Company, 155 Neb. 17, 50 N.W.2d 229 *554 (1951); Gay v. Thompson, supra; Padillow v. Elrod, 424 P.2d 16 (Okl.1967).

We note there is a minority of cases which have аllowed the cause of action being advocated here, among them Kwaterski v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., 34 Wis.2d 14, 148 N.W.2d 107 (1967); State v. Sherman, 234 Md. 179, 198 A.2d 71 (1964); Verkennes v. Corniea, 229 Minn. 365, 38 N.W.2d 838 (1949).

However, our Supreme Court has said in Huebner v. Deuchle, supra, that when the common law or “judge-made” law is unjust or no longer suitable to the times, courts will not hеsitate to change them. On the other hand, it said, when dealing with legislative enactments, it is only proper for the legislature to correct deficiencies. We believe that the meaning of the word “person” in the statute is clear and unambiguous in its non-inclusion of a viable fetus. It is a matter for the legislature to expand the statutory definition if it deems it appropriate and not a matter for this court.

The judgment is affirmed.

KRUCKER and HOWARD, JJ., concur.