137 S.E. 5 | W. Va. | 1927
In 1897 William Kidwell and Martha, his wife conveyed the surface of a 60 acre tract to their daughter, Laura. The granting clause in the deed reads: "granted, bargained and sold". There is also a limiting clause in the deed: "And should the said Laura Kidwell die without an heir, the said tract of land is to — equally divided between John Kidwell and Wm. M. Kidwell". John and Wm. M. were sons of the grantors.
John died in 1923, and Wm. M. died in June, 1924. Laura died on November 24, 1924, without issue. On November 10, 1924, she had conveyed the tract to her sister, Christina Rogers.
This is an action of ejectment brought in the circuit court of Raleigh county by the heirs at law of John and Wm. M. Kidwell. Joined with Christina as defendant, is her son John, who is in actual possession of the tract. The case was submitted to the court on an agreed statement of facts. The finding was in favor of the defendants.
The main question for our consideration is the construction of the deed to Laura.
The defendants contend that the granting clause conveys an estate in absolute fee simple; that the limiting clause in favor of John and Wm. M. is wholly repugnant to the granting clause; and that the limitation is therefore void. This contention is supported by few decisions, notably several from the Supreme Court of Arkansas. The English courts also followed such theory at one time, but that was prior to Pell v. Brown, Cro. Jac. 590, decided in the year 1619.
The answer to defendants' argument may be taken from 21 C. J. par. 215, p. 1027: "But such reasoning does not seem to be sound, for a fee may be limited after a fee by executory limitation, and then in the very nature of the case the first fee is not absolute and the gift over is not repugnant. *274
In such case the question is generally one of intent, whether upon the whole instrument the intent is clear that the property should go over upon a contingency." This answer is consistent with the rules of construction adopted by this court. "The modern rule as to the construction of deeds is that a deed is to be so construed, taken as a whole, as to attain and execute the manifest intent of its parties." Waldron v. Coal Co.,
The West Virginia courts are bound to uphold such limitating clauses not only by virtue of the McKown case, but also because of statutory directions. "Any estate may be made to commence infuturo, by deed, in like manner as by will. And any estate which would be good as an executory devise or bequest shall be good if created by deed." Ch. 71, Sec. 5, Code. "Every limitation in any deed * * * contingent upon the dying of any person without heirs * * * shall be construed a limitation to take effect when such person shall die not having such heir. * * *" Sec. 10, supra. See also Dent v. Pickens,
In order that the word "heir", as used in the limiting clause in the deed under consideration, may have meaning, it must be construed in the sense of "heir of the body". Otherwise the grantors would have said, in effect, "and should Laura die without an heir at law, the tract is to be divided between John and Wm. M., two of her heirs at law", signifying nothing.
Consequently, we hold that the grant to Laura created a qualified fee, with a valid executory limitation over in favor of John and Wm. M. dependent on Laura's failure of issue.
Executory interests are held to be not mere possibilities, but substantial interests which descend by inheritance before the happening of the contingency upon which they depend. 4 Kents Comm., p. 284 (*p.); Thompson supra par. 2199; 24 A. E. Ency Law, p. 455-6; 11 Rawle C. L. p. 484-5; 21 C. J. p. 1032, par. 231; Kean's Lessee v. Hoffecker, 2 Harr. 103, 29 Am. Dec. 336. A limitation similar to the one here *276
was discussed in Medley v. Medley,
We therefore conclude that the plaintiffs have a valid subsisting title to the tract in controversy, and that the lower court erred in finding for defendants.
Counsel for defendants admit the signature of the trial judge to what they term an order making the bill of exceptions a part of the record, but contend that the bill itself was not signed by him and should therefore not be considered by this court. The so-called order follows the agreed statement of facts, and while for the most part it is worded like an order, it clearly shows that it is a part of the bill of exceptions by such expressions as "and tendered to the undersigned judge this, their bill of exceptions", and "said bill of exceptions is hereby signed, sealed", etc. The paper is signed and sealed by the trial judge. Below his signature is a properly signed order to the clerk, in which he directs the entry in the law order book of "the above order". Confusion in terms, even by the trial judge, cannot change the inherent nature of the so-called order, which we hold to be a part of the bill of exceptions.
The judgment of the lower court is reversed and judgment for plaintiffs entered here.
Reversed; judgment entered here for plaintiffs. *277