Kidd v. General Motors Corp.

327 N.W.2d 265 | Mich. | 1982

414 Mich. 578 (1982) 327 N.W.2d 265

KIDD
v.
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION

Docket No. 64649, (Calendar No. 6).

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Argued May 5, 1981. Decided December 7, 1982.

MacDonald, Fitzgerald & MacDonald (by Robert J. MacDonald) for plaintiff.

Munroe & Nobach, P.C. (by Richard R. Weiser) and Otis Smith (of counsel), for defendant General Motors Corporation.

Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and Eileen D. Zielesch and Richard F. Zapala, Assistants Attorney General for defendant Second Injury Fund.

PER CURIAM:

This opinion was written by Justice BLAIR MOODY, JR., prior to his death on November 26, 1982. We concur in this opinion and adopt it as our own.

This workers' compensation case focuses on an employee's entitlement to total and permanent disability benefits after an initial receipt of benefits for 800 weeks from the date of injury. The questions presented are: (1) what is the proper standard to employ under MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a)^[1] in determining whether a worker who has received total and permanent disability benefits for the statutory conclusive presumption period of 800 weeks continues to be totally and permanently disabled and entitled to additional workers' compensation benefits; and (2) whether MCL 412.11; MSA 17.161, which subjects benefits to a setoff by wages earned, is applicable to the post-800-week period.

I

The plaintiff, Donald Kidd, was born in 1933. In July, 1953, he began working as a trim press operator for AC Spark Plug Division of General Motors Corporation. On April 25, 1960, Mr. Kidd was involved in a work-related accident which resulted in the amputation of the fingers of both hands. Mr. Kidd returned to work for defendant in late 1960, but was given a permanent restriction against the use of presses.

On December 21, 1973, following a full hearing in which both General Motors Corporation and the Second Injury Fund participated, Mr. Kidd was found to be totally and permanently disabled as a result of the loss of the industrial use of both hands. Plaintiff received total and permanent disability benefits under the provisions of MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a) and MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160^[2] from GMC and the fund. These benefits were terminated on August 24, 1975, the expiration of the statutory 800 weeks from the date of injury.

Plaintiff then petitioned for a hearing against GMC and the fund alleging his entitlement to benefits after 800 weeks. A second hearing was held. Plaintiff testified at this hearing that he returned to work for GMC as a raw material inspector in late 1960. Plaintiff's employment since that time has been continuous and at wages in excess of those earned at the time of injury. There was no dispute over the fact that Mr. Kidd could no longer perform his pre-injury job as trim press operator.

On June 28, 1976, the hearing referee found that plaintiff's physical condition had worsened since the accident and that plaintiff was totally and permanently disabled in fact and in law. GMC and the fund were ordered to continue the payment of benefits with no wage offset.

GMC and the fund appealed to the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board which found that plaintiff's physical condition had not improved but that he had been regularly employed by GMC since late 1960 at wages in excess of those he was earning when injured. Citing Clark v Gerity Michigan Corp, 84 Mich. App. 151; 269 NW2d 510 (1978), lv den 403 Mich. 856 (1978), the WCAB reversed the award of benefits beyond 800 weeks.

Application for leave to appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals was denied in an order citing Clark. Docket No. 46517 (February 1, 1980). This Court granted leave to appeal. 409 Mich. 946 (1980).

II

It is well-established that to qualify for the statutory 800-week conclusive presumption^[3] a claimant must come within the statutory definition of total and permanent disability.^[4]Hier v Boichot Concrete Products Corp, 379 Mich. 605; 153 NW2d 753 (1967); Verberg v Simplicity Pattern Co, 357 Mich. 636; 99 NW2d 508 (1959). As a result of his 1960 injury, plaintiff qualified for the 800 weeks of total and permanent disability benefits due to the loss of the industrial use of both hands.

Plaintiff contends that after the 800-week period, although the conclusive presumption of total and permanent disability ends, the standard to determine whether the worker is still permanently and totally disabled is the same one used to make the pre-800-week determination, i.e., does the claimant come within the statutory definition of total and permanent disability?

Defendants, on the other hand, contend that the post-800-week standard is different in that not only the worker's physical state but also the worker's actual earnings are to be considered in determining whether the worker remains permanently and totally disabled. The defendants thus suggest that a second requirement must be considered: whether the employee has re-established a capacity to earn wages in gainful and continuous employment. If so, benefits do not extend beyond the 800-week period.

From these two competing points of view emerge two distinct issues involving the post-800-week determination. First, what standard is to be applied to find whether a worker still suffers from a permanent and total disability and is therefore entitled to a continuation of compensation benefits. Second, assuming entitlement to benefits, whether such compensation payments are subject to a setoff by wages earned after the 800-week period.

A

The subject of the first issue is the following portion of MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a):

"[T]he conclusive presumption of total and permanent disability shall not extend beyond 800 weeks from the date of injury, and thereafter the question of permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time."

The Legislature has specifically defined "permanent and total disability" in MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160.^[5] Any claimant whose physical condition places him or her within one of the delineated categories is totally and permanently disabled. In this case, there is no dispute with respect to the initial finding that Mr. Kidd had lost the industrial use of both hands, thus coming within subsection (7).

The determination of whether a worker has lost the ability to use his or her injured limbs in industry is made by examining the physical condition of the injured limbs, i.e., have the limbs been injured to such a degree that their industrial use is lost. Pipe v Leese Tool & Die Co, 410 Mich. 510; 302 NW2d 526 (1981). Unlike general disability cases, the earning of post-injury wages is not relevant in specific loss cases under MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160. As we stated in Miller v Sullivan Milk Products, Inc, 385 Mich. 659, 666; 189 NW2d 304 (1971):

"A review of specific loss cases reveals that loss of `industrial use' is a question of fact. The test of that fact has been to equate such a loss with the physical or anatomical loss of use of a member of the body rather than with an economic reality test. * * * If `loss of use' is established, recovery follows even though there are no economic consequences from the loss." (Citations omitted.)

See also Paulson v Muskegon Heights Tile Co, 371 Mich. 312; 123 NW2d 715 (1963), and Dechert v General Motors Corp, 92 Mich. App. 124; 284 NW2d 751 (1979).

In contrast with this setting, defendants contend that in the post-800-week situation the claimant's physical state and his actual earnings and capacity to earn wages should be considered to determine whether he remains permanently and totally disabled. It is asserted that economic consequences should be one of the factors evaluated at this point to ascertain whether total and permanent disability is still the fact. Defendants claim support for their position in the following language of MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a):

"[T]he conclusive presumption of total and permanent disability shall not extend beyond 800 weeks from the date of injury, and thereafter the question of permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time." (Emphasis added.)

We are not persuaded by defendants' contention that the Legislature intended the post-800-week standard for permanent and total disability to be in any way different than the initial 800-week standard.

There is no indication in this or any other section of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act that any definition of "total and permanent disability" resulting from a single injury, other than the one given in MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160,^[6] is to be used. The act does not refer to facts such as the plaintiff's financial status or wage-earning capacity. In defining total and permanent disability, it enumerates only health impairments. This meaning is emphasized within MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a) itself. Several lines both before and after the quoted portion refer to permanent and total disability "as defined in sections 8a and 10". (Emphasis added.)^[7] Therefore, there is no statutory basis on which to conclude that the Legislature intended a different standard for or definition of "permanent and total disability" to prevail after 800 weeks. See Verberg v Simplicity Pattern Co, supra, 357 Mich. 642.

The significance of the 800-week period is that once a claimant has proved that he or she is permanently and totally disabled as defined by the act, it is conclusively presumed that this disability continues for 800 weeks. Rebutting evidence may not be offered because the conclusive presumption is actually a substantive rule of law.^[8]

After the 800-week period, the conclusive presumption no longer applies and "thereafter the question of permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time". MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a). The presumption operates to supply the real facts;^[9] thus, when it is no longer in effect, the then physical condition of the worker must come within the statutory definition.

It is axiomatic that when the language of an act clearly enunciates a standard and a definition which coincidentally also comport with the spirit and purpose of the act, it is repugnant to attempt to judicially read into the act other requirements or conditions that operate to defeat or limit its aim. The language of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act gives no indication that the Legislature intended that a different standard is to be used post 800 weeks. Rather, the logical interpretation is that the Legislature meant what it said to the effect that post 800 weeks the claimant may no longer rely on the presumption but must prove in fact that he or she still suffers from a permanent and total disability as defined in the act. Accordingly, the standard to be used is the same pre- and post-800 weeks: whether the physical condition of the claimant comes within the statutory definition of total and permanent disability. When loss of industrial use is the applicable category, the general standard relates to the physical impairment of the injured limbs. Actual earnings of the claimant are not considered. See Pipe v Leese Tool & Die Co, supra; Martin v Ford Motor Co, 401 Mich. 607; 258 NW2d 465 (1977); Mitchell v Metal Assemblies, Inc, 379 Mich. 368; 151 NW2d 818 (1967); Pleiness v Mueller Brass Co, 56 Mich. App. 169; 223 NW2d 634 (1974).

To be sure, in the case of specific loss less than total disability, the law of general disability applies at the end of the specified period. If a claimant is still unable to perform the work done when injured at the time benefits paid for the specific loss have expired, the claimant would be entitled to collect further compensation under the general disability sections of the act. Hlady v Wolverine Bolt Co, 393 Mich. 368; 224 NW2d 856 (1975); Van Dorpel v Haven-Busch Co, 350 Mich. 135; 85 NW2d 97 (1957). See also Powell v Casco Nelmor Corp, 406 Mich. 332; 279 NW2d 769 (1979). In the case of assessing permanent and total disability, however, § 9(a) itself specifies the standard to be used at the end of the 800-week period: "permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time." Pursuant to the statutorily mandated definition of what total and permanent disability means, this fact is the actual fact of the claimant's physical condition which is no longer conclusively presumed.^[10]

Defendants argue that the Legislature could not have intended that physical condition alone should be determinative because once an injured worker comes within the statutory definition of total and permanent disability, his or her physical condition is not likely to change. Thus, the post-800-week hearing to determine the worker's then physical condition would be a wasted effort.

It is true that most workers who initially come within the statutory definition will never experience an improvement in their physical conditions. This is an obvious conclusion when one examines the catastrophic physical conditions delineated in § 10. However, it does not follow that invariably there can be no improvements. While it is clear that amputated limbs will not regenerate, improvement of physical condition in every other category of § 10 is certainly possible. See, e.g., Pleiness, supra, 171.

Defendants also argue that if there is a subsequent change in physical condition, then the initial injury could not have been total and permanent. Certainly at the time of injury a claimant's physical condition must then appear to be total and permanent for him or her to come within the statutory definition. However, aside from the potential of regeneration in some categories, we credit the Legislature with knowledge of the quantum medical advances continually being made. A physical condition which renders a worker totally and permanently disabled today may not be the same 800 weeks hence. We find these assertions by the defendants insufficient to cause an interpretive alteration of what the Legislature specifically defined to be total and permanent disability.

At plaintiff's initial hearing in 1973, it was determined that he had lost the industrial use of both hands. When the 800-week conclusive-presumption period ended, plaintiff's physical condition had not changed. The WCAB found as a matter of fact that the physical condition of plaintiff's hands had not improved but that plaintiff had been "regularly employed doing work that appears to contribute to defendant's productivity". The WCAB denied benefits stating that it was bound by law to comply with Clark v Gerity Michigan Corp, 84 Mich. App. 151; 269 NW2d 510 (1978), lv den 403 Mich. 856 (1978).

The facts of Clark are closely analogous to those of the instant case. Mr. Clark, while working as a punch press operator, suffered the industrial amputation of both hands. He received total and permanent disability benefits for 800 weeks. In 1962, six years subsequent to his injury, Mr. Clark went to work as a night watchman and supervisor of boys in a county juvenile home. This employment was continuous and at wages greater than those he had been earning at the time of injury. The Court of Appeals denied post-800-week benefits because Mr. Clark's "incapacity for work at common labor terminated when he went to work in 1962". 84 Mich. App. 157.

There are basically two errors in the Court of Appeals analysis. First, the Court found that the Legislature intended further entitlement to disability benefits for the statutorily defined totally and permanently disabled to be determined by using the same standard as in general disability cases. Although such an interpretation of legislative intent is contrary to both the legislative and case history of the act,^[11] the Court of Appeals opinion offers no explanation for its interpretation.

Secondly, the Court of Appeals opinion incorrectly interpreted and applied the general disability standard to the Clark facts. The Clark Court's finding that Mr. Clark was not incapacitated because he could do some work cannot be reconciled with the law of general disability.

It is well-established that the standard to be used in general disability cases is whether there is an impairment in wage-earning capacity. This is determined by comparing post-injury with pre-injury ability to compete with the able-bodied for jobs within the type of work in which the injury occurred. See Powell, supra; Kaarto v Calumet & Hecla, Inc, 367 Mich. 128; 116 NW2d 225 (1962); Levanen v Seneca Copper Corp, 227 Mich. 592; 199 N.W. 652 (1924). The earning of wages alone is not determinative of a wage-earning capacity. Evans v United States Rubber Co, 379 Mich. 457; 152 NW2d 641 (1967). Thus, it was error for the Court of Appeals to find that Mr. Clark's job as a common laborer was enough to establish his post-injury wage-earning capacity.^[12] The Clark standard which would circumscribe the statutory definitions and instead employ the general disability standard is erroneous. For the above reasons, Clark v Gerity Michigan Corp is overruled.

In the final analysis, the statute clearly mandates that the proper standard determinative of whether a worker remains totally and permanently disabled when the 800-week conclusive-presumption period ends is whether the worker's physical condition at that time comes within the statutory definition of total and permanent disability.^[13] It was factually determined by the WCAB that the plaintiff's disability had not improved. Plaintiff's entitlement to benefits was factually established.

B

Having determined that plaintiff is entitled to compensation benefits, we next address the issue of whether compensation is payable, i.e., are these benefits subject to setoff by wages earned subsequent to the 800-week period.^[14]

Plaintiff contends that setoff is not applicable in this case and cites Halas v Yale Rubber Mfg Co, 381 Mich. 542; 164 NW2d 15 (1969), as support for this position. We find that Halas does not control the case at bar.

Mr. Halas, while employed as an unskilled laborer in 1950, suffered the amputation of both hands. It is important to note at this point that an employer's liability for compensation benefits, both the amount of benefits and the time period over which these benefits extend, is determined in compliance with the law in effect on the date of injury. Tarnow v Railway Express Agency, 331 Mich. 558, 563; 50 NW2d 318 (1951). On the date of Mr. Halas' injury, the law then in effect stated that the loss of both hands constituted total and permanent disability for which the employer was liable for a specific amount of benefits for a specified number of weeks.^[15]

While Mr. Halas was receiving these benefits certain amendments to the Worker's Disability Compensation Act were enacted. The 1955 amendment to § 9(a) changed the initial employer liability to the totally and permanently disabled worker from a specified number of weeks to "the duration of such permanent and total disability".^[16] This provision had no effect on Mr. Halas, however, because his employer's liability had already been determined as of the date of injury as discussed above.

Another provision of the 1955 amendment, however, did have a major effect on Mr. Halas' situation. This was the creation of the Second Injury Fund which made increased benefits available to the totally and permanently disabled worker. The fund became liable for: (1) the difference between the amount of basic benefits in effect on the date of injury for which the employer was liable and the current amount of benefits in accordance with the schedule of benefits, and (2) the continuance of benefits for the duration of the total and permanent disability of the worker in those cases where the date of injury was prior to June 25, 1955, when the employer's liability ended after a specified number of weeks.^[17] Therefore, when the liability of Mr. Halas' employer had ended, the Second Injury Fund became solely liable for the continuation of Mr. Halas' benefits for the duration of his total and permanent disability.

After Mr. Halas had received benefits for 800 weeks from the date of his injury, a hearing was held to determine if he was in fact totally and permanently disabled at that time and thus entitled to the continuation of benefits payable from the fund. At the time of the hearing, Mr. Halas was employed at wages equal to or higher than his earnings at the time of the injury.

The hearing referee held on February 21, 1966, that Mr. Halas was totally and permanently disabled and that although he was employed at wages equal to or higher than his earnings at the time of his injury, no setoff of wages was allowed. The Workers' Compensation Appeal Board and the Halas Court affirmed these findings.

The initial issue addressed by this Court in Halas was whether Mr. Halas continued to be totally and permanently disabled in compliance with the standard we have previously considered as set forth in § 9(a):

"The conclusive presumption of total and permanent disability shall not extend beyond 800 weeks from the date of injury, and thereafter the question of permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time." MCL 412.9; MSA 17.159 as amended by 1965 PA 44.

The Halas Court adopted the factual findings of the WCAB that Mr. Halas was still permanently and totally disabled and thus entitled to the continuation of benefits to be paid by the fund.

The other issue which the Halas Court addressed was whether Mr. Halas was entitled to receive benefits at current rates without diminution or setoff for his current earnings. The Court found conflict between §§ 9 and 11. The pertinent portion of § 9(a) then provided:^[18]

"Payments from this second injury fund shall continue after the period for which any such person is otherwise entitled to compensation under this act for the duration of such permanent and total disability according to the full rate provided in the schedule of benefits." MCL 412.9; MSA 17.159 as amended by 1965 PA 44.

The pertinent portion of § 11, the setoff provision, stated:

"The weekly loss in wages referred to in this act shall consist of such percentage of the average weekly earnings of the injured employee computed according to the provisions of this section as shall fairly represent the proportionate extent of the impairment of his earning capacity in the employment in which he was working at the time of the injury, the same to be fixed as of the time of the injury, but to be determined in view of the nature and extent of the injury. The compensation payable, when added to his wage earning capacity after the injury in the same or another employment shall not exceed his average weekly earnings at the time of such injury." MCL 412.11; MSA 17.161 as amended by 1965 PA 44.

The Halas Court determined that the Legislature did not intend that § 9 should be subject to § 11. The Court's rationale centered on the fact that § 11 was enacted in 1927, well before the 1955 and 1956 amendments which instituted "a new concept for compensating" the seriously injured worker: creation of the Second Injury Fund.^[19]Halas, 550. Section 9(a) was interpreted to mean that when the employer's obligation to pay compensation benefits ended, the Second Injury Fund would continue payment of the benefits. Since Mr. Halas' injury occurred prior to the 1955 and 1956 amendments to § 9, his employer's liability for benefits had ended and it was only the Second Injury Fund's liability in the post-800-week period which was determined.

The Halas Court's rationale for denying setoff is premised on this fact. Because the post-800-week benefits were to be paid by the fund, the cost thus assessed to all employers and not to the individual employer, the Court opined that this new concept for compensating the totally and permanently injured should not be subject to § 11's setoff provision which was enacted in 1927.

This line of reasoning is not applicable to the case at bar. Expanding the previously limited liability of employers for a specific amount of benefits for a specified number of weeks, the 1955 amendment to § 9 made employers liable for all basic compensation benefits (those in effect at the time of the injury) for the duration of workers' total and permanent disabilities. Welch v Jackson County Road Comm, 51 Mich. App. 372; 214 NW2d 871 (1974), lv den 392 Mich. 757 (1974); Miller v Dunn Paper Co, 47 Mich. App. 471; 209 NW2d 519 (1973). Thus, in cases where the date of injury is subsequent to June 25, 1955, the effective date of this amendment, the employer is liable for basic benefits for the duration of the worker's permanent and total disability. Unlike Halas, the employer's liability does not end after a specified number of weeks when the Second Injury Fund takes over payment of the benefits. Rather, the Second Injury Fund is only liable in those cases for any increases in benefits in accordance with subsequent statutory amendments.^[20]

Mr. Kidd's 1960 injury date places his case within this category. Unlike the employer in Halas, Mr. Kidd's employer is liable for the basic benefits for the duration of Mr. Kidd's disability. Because Mr. Kidd's employer continues to be liable for the basic benefits, the Halas Court's rationale on this point does not apply to the case at bar.^[21]

Also to support its view that the setoff provision of § 11 is not applicable to § 9, the Halas Court relied on the language in § 9(a) which states that payments from the Second Injury Fund shall be paid "according to the full rate provided in the schedule of benefits". From this language, the Halas Court inferred that the Legislature intended post-800-week total and permanent disability benefits to be exempt from § 11's setoff provision. We do not believe that this language of § 9(a), read in context, supports such an inference. Section 9(a) extant at the time of the Halas Court's analysis read in its entirety as follows:

"Sec. 9. (a) While the incapacity for work resulting from the injury is total, the employer shall pay, or cause to be paid as hereinafter provided, to the injured employee, a weekly compensation of 66-2/3% of his average weekly wages, but not more than $58.00 as of September 1, 1965, $61.00 as of September 1, 1966 and $64.00 as of September 1, 1967 if such injured employee has no dependents; $63.00 as of September 1, 1965, $66.00 as of September 1, 1966 and $69.00 as of September 1, 1967 if 1 dependent; $70.00 as of September 1, 1965, $72.00 as of September 1, 1966 and $75.00 as of September 1, 1967 if 2 dependents; $77.00 as of September 1, 1965, $79.00 as of September 1, 1966 and $81.00 as of September 1, 1967 if 3 dependents; $84.00 as of September 1, 1965, $86.00 as of September 1, 1966 and $87.00 as of September 1, 1967 if 4 dependents and $91.00 as of September 1, 1965, $92.00 as of September 1, 1966 and $93.00 as of September 1, 1967 if 5 or more dependents, except as provided in subsection (f). Compensation shall be paid for the duration of the disability. Weekly payments shall in no event be less than $27.00 if there are no dependents; $30.00 if 1 dependent; $33.00 if 2 dependents; $36.00 if 3 dependents; $39.00 if 4 dependents; and $42.00 if 5 or more dependents; except as provided in subsection (f). Compensation shall be paid for the duration of the disability. The conclusive presumption of total and permanent disability shall not extend beyond 800 weeks from the date of injury, and thereafter the question of permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time. Any permanently and totally disabled person as defined in this act who, on or after June 25, 1955, is entitled to receive payments of workmen's compensation under this act in amounts per week of less than is presently provided in the workmen's compensation schedule of benefits for permanent and total disability and for a lesser number of weeks than the duration of such permanent and total disability shall after the effective date of any amendatory act, by which his disability is defined as permanent and total disability or by which the weekly benefit for permanent and total disability is increased, receive weekly, without application, from the second injury fund, an amount equal to the difference between what he is now or shall hereafter be entitled to receive from his employer under the provisions of this act as the same was in effect at the time of his injury and the amount now provided for his permanent and total disability by this or any other amendatory act with appropriate application of the provisions of paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section since the date of injury. Payments from this second injury fund shall continue after the period for which any such person is otherwise entitled to compensation under this act for the duration of such permanent and total disability according to the full rate provided in the schedule of benefits." (Emphasis added.) MCL 412.9; MSA 17.159 as amended by 1965 PA 44.

We are persuaded that the last sentence of § 9(a) means that, limited to those cases where the employer's liability to the totally and permanently disabled has ended, the benefits will continue to be paid by the Second Injury Fund for the duration of the total and permanent disability at the current rate as set forth in the schedule of benefits. The Legislature has made it clear that the Second Injury Fund's liability differs from that of the employer. As we have discussed, the Second Injury Fund, unlike the employer, is liable for increases in the amount of benefits payable as provided in amendments to the Worker's Disability Compensation Act. Also, unlike the employer, the Second Injury Fund, at the time applicable to this case, was not subject to the 2/3 limitation of weekly benefits. King v Second Injury Fund, 382 Mich. 480; 170 NW2d 1 (1969). While the employer's liability is established on the date of injury, the fund's liability fluctuates as applicable portions of the act are amended but is always payable at the then current rate as set forth in the schedule of benefits. We find no basis in the language of § 9 for the Halas Court's inference that post-800-week total and permanent disability benefits are exempt from § 11's setoff provision.

Section 11 sets forth the intended method of computing "weekly loss in wages referred to in this act". This method applies to all cases in which "weekly loss in wages" must be computed. Section 11 also limits the compensation payable to not exceed the average weekly earnings at the time of injury. There is no specific language in § 11 itself which limits the applicability of this setoff to certain types of disability only. Rather, § 11 is written as the general rule.

Pursuant to legislative intent certain exceptions to § 11's setoff provision have been recognized. For example, it is well-established that § 11 is not applicable to the mandatory disability benefits payable for specific losses or during the 800-week period of conclusively presumed total and permanent disability. Louagie v Merritt, Chapman & Scott, 382 Mich. 274, 283-284; 170 NW2d 13 (1969). However, in these situations language in other sections of the act indicates that the Legislature did not intend that § 11's setoff should apply. With respect to the instant situation, however, we are not persuaded that the language of § 9 suggests that the Legislature intended the post-800-week period to be another such exception. This Court should not add to the exceptions to the statutory mandate of § 11 without a clearer indication of legislative intent than the inference relied on in Halas. See Powell, supra, 406 Mich 347-348; Lynch v Briggs Mfg Co, 329 Mich. 168; 45 NW2d 20 (1950); MacDonald v Great Lakes Steel Corp, 268 Mich. 591; 256 N.W. 558 (1934).

Accordingly, we hold that the compensation payable to a totally and permanently disabled worker subsequent to the initial 800-week period is subject to § 11's wage setoff.

In the case at bar, the WCAB found that Mr. Kidd's physical condition had not improved. Therefore, he remained totally and permanently disabled and entitled to post-800-week compensation benefits. Mr. Kidd's post-800-week employment at wages greater than when he was injured subjects these benefits to § 11.^[22]

CONCLUSION

The proper standard to employ in determining whether a worker who has received total and permanent disability benefits for 800 weeks continues to be totally and permanently disabled and thus entitled to compensation benefits is whether the worker's physical condition at the time comes within the statutory definition of total and permanent disability. MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160. We further hold that the setoff provision of MCL 412.11; MSA 17.161 is applicable to this post-800-week period.

This case is remanded to the WCAB for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

FITZGERALD, C.J., and KAVANAGH, WILLIAMS, LEVIN, COLEMAN, and RYAN, JJ., concurred.

NOTES

[1] The 1912 act, MCL 411.1 et seq.; MSA 17.141 et seq., in effect in 1960, was repealed and replaced by the 1969 act, MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq.

[2] An injured employee's right to workers' compensation is controlled by the law in effect at the time the right to compensation springs into existence. Tarnow v Railway Express Agency, 331 Mich. 558, 563; 50 NW2d 318 (1951).

[3] MCL 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a):

"While the incapacity for work resulting from the injury is total, the employer shall pay, or cause to be paid as hereinafter provided, to the injured employee, a weekly compensation of 66-2/3% of his average weekly wages, but not more than $33.00 if such injured employee has no dependents; $36.00 per week if 1 dependent; $40.00 if 2 dependents; $45.00 if 3 dependents; $51.00 if 4 dependents and $57.00 if 5 or more dependents. Weekly payments shall in no event be less than $18.00 if there are no dependents; $20.00 if 1 dependent; $22.00 if 2 dependents; $24.00 if 3 dependents; $26.00 if 4 dependents; and $28.00 if 5 or more dependents, and in no case shall the period covered by such compensation be greater than 500 weeks from the date of injury, nor shall the total compensation exceed an amount equal to 500 times the total weekly amount payable under this section 9, except for permanent and total disability as defined in sections 8a and 10, when the compensation shall be paid for the duration of such permanent and total disability: Provided, That the conclusive presumption of total and permanent disability shall not extend beyond 800 weeks from the date of injury, and thereafter the question of permanent and total disability shall be determined in accordance with the fact, as the fact may be at that time. Any permanently and totally disabled person as defined in sections 8a and 10 who, on or after June 25, 1955, is entitled to receive payments of workmen's compensation under this act in amounts per week of less than is presently provided in the workmen's compensation schedule of benefits for permanent and total disability and for a lesser number of weeks than the duration of such permanent and total disability shall after the effective date of this amendatory act receive weekly, without application, from the second injury fund, an amount equal to the difference between what he is now receiving per week and the amount per week now provided for permanent and total disability with appropriate application of the provisions of paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section since the date of injury. Payments from this second injury fund shall continue after the period for which any such person is otherwise entitled to compensation under this act for the duration of such permanent and total disability according to the full rate provided in the schedule of benefits."

[4] The pertinent portion of MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160 states:

"Total and permanent disability, compensation for which is provided in section 9 hereof, means:

"(1) Total and permanent loss of sight of both eyes.

"(2) Loss of both legs or both feet at or above the ankle.

"(3) Loss of both arms or both hands at or above the wrist.

"(4) Loss of any 2 of the members or faculties enumerated in (1), (2) or (3).

"(5) Permanent and complete paralysis of both legs or both arms or of 1 leg and 1 arm.

"(6) Incurable insanity or imbecility.

"(7) Permanent and total loss of industrial use of both legs or both hands or both arms or 1 leg and 1 arm; for the purpose of this subsection (7) such permanency to be determined not less than 30 days before the expiration of 500 weeks from the date of injury."

[5] See fn 4.

[6] See fn 4.

[7] See fn 4 for the entire text of § 10. Section 8a refers to total and permanent disability resulting from a second injury which is not here applicable.

[8] See McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 342, p 804; Pleiness v Mueller Brass Co, 56 Mich. App. 169; 223 NW2d 634 (1974).

[9] In re Herbert's Estate, 311 Mich. 608, 613; 19 NW2d 115 (1945); Blodgett v Snobble, 295 Mich. 374, 377-378; 295 N.W. 192 (1940).

[10] This is analogous to the established principle that once a matter is adjudicated and an award is made, subsequent modifications may be made upon a showing that the employee's physical condition has changed. Hlady v Wolverine Bolt Co, 393 Mich. 368, 376; 224 NW2d 856 (1975). See also Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich. 147, 161; 294 NW2d 165 (1980).

[11] See discussion above, pp 585-587.

[12] In assessing Clark, even if the general disability standard were to be applied, we would be unable to find that this bilateral amputee was able to compete with the able-bodied for jobs within the type of work in which he was injured. The impairment to Mr. Clark's wage-earning capacity would remain as long as the physical aspect of general disability remained.

[13] MCL 412.8a; MSA 17.158(1) and MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160.

[14] Setoff is mandated in paragraph 1 of MCL 412.11; MSA 17.161 which reads:

"The weekly loss in wages referred to in this act shall consist of such percentage of the average weekly earnings of the injured employee computed according to the provisions of this section as shall fairly represent the proportionate extent of the impairment of his earning capacity in the employment in which he was working at the time of the injury, the same to be fixed as of the time of the injury, but to be determined in view of the nature and extent of the injury. The compensation payable, when added to his wage earning capacity after the injury in the same or another employment, shall not exceed his average weekly earnings at the time of such injury." As amended, 1965 PA 44.

[15] MCL 412.9; MSA 17.159 and MCL 412.10; MSA 17.160.

[16] 1955 PA 250.

[17] This portion of § 9(a) was further clarified by 1956 PA 195.

[18] This emphasized portion of § 9 was deleted in the 1968 amended act, 1968 PA 227.

[19] 1955 PA 250; 1956 PA 195.

[20] These benefits are calculated by subtracting the amount of the basic benefit paid by the employer from the current amount of benefits provided in the schedule of benefits.

[21] See Downing, Workmen's Compensation, 21 Wayne L Rev 735, 740 (1975).

[22] We do not address those post-800-week situations in which either the employee has never been employed during the post-injury period or the employee was employed at some time during the post-injury period but has subsequently stopped working. For guidance in these situations we direct the reader to Powell, supra, 406 Mich 346-352, and Ferns v Russ Graham Shell Service, 413 Mich. 550; 321 NW2d 380 (1982).