Kforce, Inc. (Kforce) appeals a final order from the district court 1 granting summary judgment to Surrex Solutions Corporation (Surrex). We affirm.
I
Kforce and Surrex are competitors. They provide personnel staffing solutions in the information technology industry. In January 2004, Kforee’s St. Louis account manager, Richard Albert, resigned. In March 2004, Kforce discovered Albert accepted a position with Surrex, in violation of the non-compete agreement between Albert and Kforce.
Kforce filed suit in state court against Albert in Kforce, Inc. v. Richard A. Albert, Cause No. 04CC-001327, Division No. 32 (St. Louis County Cir. Ct. May 18, 2004) (Kforce I). The parties settled and the court entered a Final Judgment and Permanent Injunction on May 18, 2004. The judgment included liquidated damages in the amount of $20,000 and made no mention of attorneys’ fees.
On May 28, 2004, Kforce filed this action against Surrex in federal court, Kforce, Inc. v. Surrex Solutions Corp., No. 4:04-CV-669-SNL (E.D.Mo. March 28, 2005) (Kforce II). It alleged violations of state law including tortious inference with contract, conspiracy to breach contract, and violation of the Missouri Uniform Trade Secrets Act (MUTSA), Mo. Ann. Stat. §§ 417.450-.467 (West 2006).. Pursuant to the Missouri collateral litigation doctrine, it also claimed attorneys’ fees it spent enforcing the nomeompete agreement against Albert in Kforce I.
The district court granted Surrex’s motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). It first concluded the election of remedies did not apply and thus did not bar the suit because the theories of recovery were consistent with one another — but a doctrine prohibiting double recovery did bar the claims. Second, the district court found res judicata barred Kforce’s claims. Third, it held the collateral litigation exception was inapplicable.
II
We review a district court’s dismissal de novo.
Stone Motor Co. v. General Motors Corp.,
A
It is well settled in Missouri that a party cannot be compensated for the same injury twice.
E.g., Ross v. Holton,
In general, where a plaintiff can choose to proceed in tort or contract on a course of conduct involving two possible defendants and he chooses to proceed to a final judgment against one defendant in contract, he may not later attempt to pursue a tort action against the second defendant; the initial waiver of tort waived tort for all purposes.
Similarly, in
Norber v. Marcotte,
A party cannot be compensated for the same injury twice.... whether the injury arises out of contract or tort. Although a plaintiff is entitled to proceed on various theories of recovery, he or she cannot receive duplicative damages; instead he or she must establish a separate injury on each theory. While a single transaction may invade more than one right, a plaintiff may not be made more than whole or receive more than one full recovery for the same harm.
Here, the course of conduct was Albert’s breach of the non-compete agreement, and the damages in both cases arose directly from the breach. As the district court held: “While Albert and Surrex may have acted independently in committing separate and distinct wrongful acts, such acts caused an indivisible injury ...”
Further, the actual and compensatory damages sought in
Kforce I
and
Kforce II
are the same. In
Kforce I,
Kforce sought injunctive relief and damages for breach of the non-compete agreement. The injunctive relief is not at issue here. Regarding damages for breach of contract, “[ujnder the contract claim the injured party can recover actual damages for the direct and natural consequences of the breach, or for damages that were within the contemplation of the contracting parties.”
Ross,
In
Kforce II,
Kforce sought relief for tortious interference with contract, civil conspiracy, and violation of MUTSA. Kforce sought damages under a theory of tortious interference for its lost business from one or more of its customers doing business with Surrex, attorneys’ fees expended in
Kforce I,
and punitive damages. The damages recoverable for intentional interference are: the pecuniary loss of the benefits of the contract; consequential losses for which the interference is the legal cause; and, emotional distress or actual harm to reputation if they are reasonably expected to result from the interference. Restatement (Second) Torts § 774 A (cited in
Ross,
Therefore, regarding actual and compensatory damages, Kforee is seeking the same damages from the same transaction in
Kforee II
as it sought in
Kforee I.
“The nexus between the two [sets of] causes of action is the breach of the contract^] ... [t]his is the element from which the injured party’s actual damages flow on both the contract and tort claims.”
Ross,
Although Kforee claims it neither received attorneys’ fees 2 nor alleged punitive damages in Kforee I, 3 this is irrelevant under Perez. It received a full recovery under a contract claim and cannot now pursue a tort or MUTSA action for the same injury arising from the same course of conduct. Thus, the district court correctly dismissed Kforee II. Because we affirm the district court on this basis, we need not address Kforce’s claim the district court improperly found res judicata barred Kforee II.
B
Kforee also argues the district court erred in finding the collateral litigation exception did not apply. “The general rule is that ‘absent statutory authorization or contractual agreement, with few exceptions, each litigant must bear his attorney’s fees.’ The few exceptions [include] ... where the natural and proximate result of a breach of duty is to involve the wronged party in collateral litigation.”
Mo. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass’n v. Pott Indus.,
Without addressing the underlying merits of the collateral litigation claim, we find Missouri law implicitly provides, although no Missouri court has so explicitly held, the collateral litigation doctrine does not afford a separate cause of action and instead provides a party may recover attorneys’ fees expended in a prior action in a collateral action. In
City of Cottleville v. Charles County,
This follows from a reading of the doctrine, stating the “result of a wrong or breach of duty is to involve the wronged party in collateral litigation, reasonable attorney’s fees ... incurred in protecting [one]self from the injurious consequence thereof are proper ... damages.”
Mo. Prop.,
Ill
For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Notes
. The Honorable Stephen N. Limbaugh, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.
. However, as the district court noted, the non-compete agreement provided for attorneys’ fees should the employer bring a court action and prevail in any aspect of such action. Whether attorneys’ fees were included in the liquidated damages award, they were available to Kforee in Kforee I and there was a full recovery.
. "Missouri follows the general rule that no punitive damages can be awarded absent an award of actual or nominal damages.” Williams v. Williams, 99 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Mo.Ct.App.2003) (citations omitted). Thus, when there is a full recovery in the first action there are no actual or nominal damages recoverable in a later suit to attach punitive damages to, regardless of whether punitive damages were available in the first litigation.