Kerperien v. Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co.
100 S.W.3d 778
Mo.
2003
Check Treatment

Roxanne KERPERIEN, Respondent, v. LUMBERMAN‘S MUTUAL CASUALTY COMPANY, Appellant.

No. SC 84747.

Supreme Court of Missouri, En Banc.

March 4, 2003.

Rehearing Denied April 22, 2003.

75 S.W.3d 778

RONNIE L. WHITE, J.

psychiatric examination concerning mental state at the time of alleged criminal conduct without a plea of not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect. Section 552.050.2 speaks directly to the court‘s duty to order an examination if the court reasonably believes a defendant is currently unable to stand trial. Section 552.050.4 controls the court‘s action when a defendant asserts that she was not guilty due to mental disease or defect. That section contains the only instance in which the court can order an evaluation as to the defendant‘s mental state at the time of the alleged criminal act.

Respondent makes no assertion, and has no reasonable cause to believe that Relator is currently unable to stand trial and therefore he may not order an evaluation under section 552.020.2. Neither section 552.020.2 nor 552.020.4 allows the court, or the State, to assert a defense of mental disease or defect on behalf of the defendant. When the defendant does not on her own accord assert the mental disease or defect defense, the court has no authority to require her to submit to an examination relating to her mental state at the time of the alleged crime. Accordingly, Respondent lacks the authority to enforce his order requiring Relator to undergo psychiatric examination as to her mental state on the date of the alleged crime.

IV.

The preliminary writ of prohibition is made absolute.

All Concur.

RONNIE L. WHITE, J.

I.

This case involves the subrogation provision of the Missouri Worker‘s Compensation Law, section 287.150(3).1 The question is how a post-verdict settlement with a third party affects the subrogation right of an employer (or in this case, the employer‘s insurer) for remuneration made prior to the resolution with the third party.

This Court granted transfer after opinion by the court of appeals and has jurisdiction. Mo. CONST. ART. V, SEC. 10. The trial court‘s judgment is affirmed, though modified.

James W. Reeves, St. Louis, for Appellee.

Todd N. Hendrickson, Clayton, for Respondent.

II.

The facts are not in dispute. Respondent Roxanne Kerperien was injured in an accident arising out of and in the course of her employment with a cleaning service. Her employer‘s worker‘s compensation insurer, the appellant, paid a total of $116,119.53 in compensation benefits for disability and medical expenses.

Kerperien then filed in federal court a negligence action against the manufacturer whose machinery caused the injury. In that suit, the jury awarded damages of $2,500,000, finding that the manufacturer‘s negligence was responsible for 75 percent of the damages and that Kerperien was 25 percent at fault. The federal district court entered judgment against the defendant for $1,875,000 (75 percent of the original jury award). The manufacturer made post-trial motions. While those motions were pending, Kerperien and the manufacturer reached a settlement of $1,175,000 in full discharge of the claim. Kerperien paid attorneys fees of $470,000 and expenses of $31,505.80.

As set out below, because Kerperien and the insurer could not agree on the amount due for reimbursement of the worker‘s compensation benefits under section 287.150.3, Kerperien filed a declaratory judgment action. The trial court ruled in favor of Kerperien‘s proffered amount, and the insurer appeals.

III.

The standard of review in declaratory judgment cases is the same as in any other court-tried case.2 This Court will affirm the decision of the trial court “unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, unless it is against the weight of the evidence, unless it erroneously declares the law, or unless it erroneously applies the law.”3

IV.

At issue is the language of section 287.150.3:

Whenever recovery against the third person is effected by the employee or his dependents, the employer shall pay from his share of the recovery a proportionate share of the expenses of the recovery, including a reasonable attorney fee. After the expenses and attorney fee have been paid the balance of the recovery shall be apportioned between the employer and the employee or his dependents in the same ratio that the amount due the employer bears to the total amount recovered if there is no finding of comparative fault on the part of the employee, or the total damages determined by the trier of fact if there is a finding of comparative fault on the part of the employee....

The parties agree that the statute typically requires three steps.

The first step is to calculate the employee‘s net recovery:

Gross Recovery (GR)-Attorneys Fees (AF)-Expenses (E) = Net Recovery (NR).

The second step is to determine the ratio contemplated in the statute:

Employer‘s Payment (EP) / Total Amount Recovered or Total Damages (T) = Ratio (R).

The third step is to apply the ratio to the net recovery to determine subrogation amount: NR X R.

Because there was a finding of comparative fault and then a settlement, proper determination of the ratio, step 2, is contested. Specifically, the parties dispute whether to use the “total damages” because there was a finding of comparative fault or the “total amount recovered” because the parties settled post verdict. Both parties agree that the “total damages” are $2,500,000 and that the “total amount recovered” is $1,175,000--the sole question is which of those two figures is applied in the ratio here.

Kerperien contends that, based on the plain language of the statute, where there is a finding of comparative fault, the portion of the statute relating to comparative fault is applicable, regardless of whether there is a post-verdict settlement. The insurer argues that the post-verdict settlement renders the comparative fault finding moot and that the settlement is considered the “total amount recovered” for purposes of determining the ratio.

The insurer‘s reading of the statute yields the following calculations:

$1,175,000 (GR)-$470,000 (AF)-$31,505.80 (E) = $673,494.204 (NR). The ratio of the insurer‘s payments of $116,192.53 to the settlement amount of $1,175,000 (“total amount recovered“) would be .09888726.5 Therefore, the amount the insurer claims due is: $673,494.20 X .09888726 = $66,600. The insurer argues such reading follows the “purpose and intent” behind section 287.150.3 by incorporating the amount actually recovered and by protecting the employer, who had no input in the settlement.

Properly determining the ratio requires application of principles of statutory interpretation. “Where the language of a statute is unambiguous, courts must give effect to the language used by the legislature.”6 This Court has a duty to ascertain the intent of the legislature from the language used, to give effect to that intent if possible, and to consider words used in their plain and ordinary meaning.7 Rules of construction are not to be used if the statute contains no ambiguity.8

In this case, the legislature made no specific provision for a post-trial settlement. Rather, the statute addresses only two situations: where an amount is recovered with a finding of comparative fault, and where an amount is recovered without a finding of comparative fault. The statute does not contain an ambiguity, nor does it direct the path advocated by the insurer of judicially nullifying the jury‘s findings. Quite likely, the legislature did not contemplate post-verdict settlements after a determination of comparative fault. Regardless, it is not within this Court‘s province to rewrite the statute to so provide.9 Moreover, any contention that inclusion of the comparative fault finding amounts to a “double recovery” for the employee10 in this case is misplaced; for, without the jury findings, a settlement agreement in that amount would not have been fashioned.11

Using the amount of the jury verdict not only follows the plain language of the statute, but also it furthers this state‘s long-standing public policy of encouraging settlement. In future cases, a person such as Kerperien—forced to trial when initial settlement talks failed and then faced with the precarious nature of appeals—would be inhibited by the notion of settling with the third party post verdict. That is a situation that policy dictates avoiding.

Following the plain language of the statute, then, the proper determination of the insurer‘s recovery requires consideration of the comparative fault finding. Therefore, the correct calculation is as follows: $1,175,000 (GR) -$470,000 (AF) $31,505.80 (E) = $673,494.20 (NR). Under section 287.150.3, the ratio based on the “total damages determined by the trier of fact” because “there is a finding of comparative fault on the part of the employee“-is computed as: $116,192.53 (EP) / $2,500,000 (T) = .04647701(R). The amount thus owed to the insurer is: $673,494.20 (NR) X .04647701(R) = $31,302.12

V.

In its second point, the insurer makes the related argument that the trial court‘s calculation ignored the jury‘s finding of 25 percent comparative fault and therefore is inequitable. The insurer‘s share was calculated using the plain language of the applicable statute, as detailed above. Section 287.150.3 dictates that the starting point from which to begin calculating the employer‘s share is the balance of the recovery less attorney fees and expenses. That figure here is $673,494.20. Where there is a finding of comparative fault, the ratio by which to compute the employer‘s share is determined by the jury‘s finding of “total damages,” which was $2,500,000. As noted above, applying the insurer‘s proposal would be an affront to the statute‘s plain language.

In addition, the formula in section 287.150.3 reflects the relationship between the employer as payer of medical expenses and compensation and the total damages as determined by a trier of fact in a third-party action.13 Because comparative fault is not applicable in a worker‘s compensation proceeding, but is applicable in the third-party action, the total damages found by the trier of fact are in line with the amount expended by the employer. The ratio fraction is applied to the net recovery, not the jury assessed total damages. Therefore, the finding of comparative fault is reflected in the amount of the settlement, which does reflect the employee‘s fault.

VI.

The judgment is affirmed, though modified as set forth above, to correct the trial court‘s mathematical error.

STITH, PRICE and TEITELMAN, JJ., concur.

LIMBAUGH, C.J., dissents in separate opinion filed.

WOLFF and BENTON, JJ., concur in opinion of LIMBAUGH, C.J.

STEPHEN N. LIMBAUGH, JR., Chief Justice, dissents.

I respectfully dissent.

I would hold that the insurer‘s share of the settlement under section 287.150, RSMo, should be determined without reference to the verdict in the trial and the component finding of comparative fault. Obviously, the effect of the post-trial settlement was to annul the judgment and the

To hold that the order vacating the judgment nullifies the underlying jury verdict and therefore wipes the slate clean would put undue emphasis on the formality of court approval of the settlement. Kerperien earned her jury verdict, and it should not be taken away lightly. This is in line with section 287.800, which states that worker‘s compensation laws “shall be liberally construed with a view to the public welfare.”

verdict on which the judgment was based. . In fact, according to the docket sheet of the United States District Court in which the trial was conducted—a matter appropriate for judicial notice—while post-trial motions were pending, the trial court expressly vacated the judgment in light of the parties’ post-trial settlement. Thus, the finding of comparative fault is a nullity, and the final judgment, which was entered as a “Consent Judgment,” has no finding of comparative fault. The General Assembly, in basing the apportionment between employer and employee on a “finding of comparative fault,” could only have meant a finding that was final and valid. Ultimately, the section 287.150 alternative formula that is based on a finding of comparative fault cannot be invoked where the finding of comparative fault no longer exists.

For this reason, I would reverse the judgment and remand with directions to enter judgment for the insurers in the amount of $66,600.

Jerry and Kimberly NORMAN, and Jerry Norman as plaintiff ad litem for Kenneth D. Norman, Appellants, v. Andy J. WRIGHT, M.D., Respondent.

No. SC 84650.

Supreme Court of Missouri, En Banc.

March 18, 2003.

Motion to Modify Denied April 22, 2003.

Notes

1
All further statutory references are to RSMo 2000 unless indicated otherwise.
4
Both parties and the trial court miscalculated that number as $668,494.20.
5
All ratios have been rounded to the eighth decimal place, patterned after .
9
See (recognized potential inequity in disallowing employee from adjusting formula in section 287.150.3 to reflect employee‘s payment of attorney fees in third-party action but followed plain language of earlier version that did not mention attorney fees).
10
See (“double recovery” by employee has been described as “evil to be avoided“).
11
Any concern about the order vacating the third-party judgment is misplaced. For, as noted above, the settlement could only have been shaped following the jury verdict and was effected to avoid appeals and possible retrial. The manufacturer attempted to settle the third-party action before trial for a mere $50,000. The jury verdict and subsequent settlement expose the seriousness of Kerperien‘s injuries and lay bare the inadequacy of that offer. The manufacturer no doubt was swayed to settle by the jury verdict. Had Kerperien elected not to try the case, the insurer‘s recovery from Kerperien‘s third-party action would have been substantially less, if anything at all.
12
The trial court properly followed the plain language of the statute, but improperly calculated this figure. See supra note 4.
13
Such observation need be attributed to Judge Paul Simon in his dissenting opinion in this case in the court of appeals.